203 lines
14 KiB
XML
203 lines
14 KiB
XML
|
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="99919CB6472530F3FC8E359F51D2CEB7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Trikentrion africanum Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number>239</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:end>70</mods:end>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:location>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|||
|
|
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037780" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0807BE5A-BD22-4C6A-907D-3772E69CA479" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/99919CB6472530F3FC8E359F51D2CEB7" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0807BE5A-BD22-4C6A-907D-3772E69CA479" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion africanum" order="Axinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="africanum">Trikentrion africanum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="45" pageNumber="46">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
Figs 26
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion laeve" order="Axinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laeve">Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Institut royal colonial Belge Bulletin des Seances" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="753 - 758" title="Marine sponges of Congo coast." volume="19" year="1948">Burton 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 757 (Congo);
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 142.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Not (Trikentrion) laeve" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species" species="laeve" subGenus="Trikentrion">Not: Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="material examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type specimen: Holotype BMNH 1939.2.20.9, preserved in alcohol.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Type locality:
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="République">Republique</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
du Congo, Pointe Noire, approximately at
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-4.7667">4.7667°S</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="11.8333">11.8333°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, coll. E. Darteville, June 1938.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Upright flattened branch with two or three short side projections (Fig. 26A), with wider base and a cut-off upper ending, possibly the specimen is only a fragment as base and apex look damaged. Length of holotype 6.5 cm, diameter 1.5 cm at the base, 1 cm higher up. Side projections only on one side of the branch, less than 1 cm long and 0.5 cm thick, with rounded apex. Surface uneven, somewhat hispid. No apparent oscules. Consistency firm. Colour (alcohol) red-brown.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Skeleton: a dense mass of polyactines, towards the periphery surrounding long thin styles and short thin styles, which are embedded in the skeleton more so than in other
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species. No oxeas present, but T-shaped polyactines with very short basal clade appear to have taken the position of oxeas.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, polyactines, trichodragmas.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Long thin styles (Fig. 26B), smooth, straight, usually broken, so only a small number (five) were available for length measurements, 295
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–870.4–">-870.4-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1394
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–14.6–">-14.6-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
24
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Short thin styles (Fig. 26C, C1), straight or gradually curved, 192
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–241.1–">-241.1-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
358
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.3–">-2.3-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
3
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Polyactines (Fig. 26D), basically three-claded, with the basal clade provided with strong conical spines near the apex. Two major morphological types appear dominant, those with almost equiangular outline (Fig. 26D1), and T-shaped forms with
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">very</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
short basal clade (Fig. 26D2), which is occasionally entirely smooth; basal cladi 27
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–51.3–">-51.3-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
96
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
11
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–13.7–">-13.7-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
21
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, lateral cladi 33
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–96.3–">-96.3-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
121
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–13.9–">-13.9-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
19
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
Trichodragmas (Figs 26E, E1), straight or sometimes curved sinuously, up to 50 or more individual raphides with apical spines, 49
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–54.4–">-54.4-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
61
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–7.7–">-7.7-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
11
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 26.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion africanum" order="Axinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="africanum">Trikentrion africanum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n., holotype BMNH 1939.2.20.9, A shape of holotype (scale bar = 1 cm) B details of long thin style C short thin style C1 details of short thin style D various shapes of polyactines E trichodragma E1 detail of trichodragma.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="etymology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">The name is anadjective referring to the type locality.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="République">Republique</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
du Congo.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Shallow water</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">Discussion</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Institut royal colonial Belge Bulletin des Seances" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="753 - 758" title="Marine sponges of Congo coast." volume="19" year="1948">Burton (1948</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="47" pageNumber="48">1956</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) assigned this material to the relatively unknown species
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion laeve" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laeve">Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Carter without any morphological information. This is obviously wrong, a.o. because that species has abundant oxea megascleres, lacking in the present material.
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carter’s">Carter's</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion laeve" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laeve">Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was expressly differentiated from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its possession of long thin styles, which are indeed absent in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Both
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion laeve" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laeve">Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were described and illustrated by Carter to have a strong complement of oxeas (see also above). Their function appears to have been entirely taken over by the polyactine spicules in the present material.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|||
|
|
The lack of choanosomal genuine oxeas is shared with Californian
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but these species have flabelliform or bladed shape and much larger polyactine spicules.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|