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<mods:title id="9CF0B0587CAD475526E09E41FCA552C3">Sponge epizoism in the Caribbean and the discovery of new Plakortis and Haliclona species, and polymorphism of Xestospongia deweerdtae (Porifera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5EE5B90403C00833446CFC4E655ADDD2">Vicente, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="357C81E5FFD6CC4B15D9FDC6FCBC0CC1" bold="true" box="[151,789,617,643]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B15D9FDC6FCBC0CC1" ID-CoL="7G9MX" authority="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1999" authorityName="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,789,617,643]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
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<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9FDC6FE6C0CC1" bold="true" box="[151,453,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B17DCFDC6FCBC0CC1" author="Soest" box="[658,789,617,643]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest 1999</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B15D1FD23FF470CE7" box="[159,238,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B15B4FD22FEA30CE6" box="[250,266,653,676]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">7</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="23090332FFD6CC4B1459FD23FEC30CE6" box="[279,362,652,677]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,239,548,571]" captionTargetBox="[159,1359,630,944]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements of strongyles (length and width) of Xestospongia deweerdtae associated and free living. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" tableUuid="3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9FD7AFE300CA8" box="[151,409,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
Lehnert &amp; Van 
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: 163
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, Figs. 44–47; Van Soest &amp; De 
<treatmentCitation id="EF2A1098FFD6CC4B116EFD7BFB7F0CA8" author="Weerdt" box="[1056,1238,724,746]" page="114" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B116EFD7BFB0C0CA8" author="Weerdt" box="[1056,1189,724,746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51, 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">Weerdt 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 114
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B11AFFD7BFAB50CA8" box="[1249,1308,724,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1279,1301]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,596,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,591,1257]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4 Maximum likelihood topology generated from partial sequences of cytochrome b oxidase (cob) (A) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox 1) (B) of the Homoscleromorpha of this study and from sequences downloaded from GenBank. Topology for both trees is rooted on the sponge Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing &amp; Michelloti, 1864) EU 23748.1 (Class Demospongiae, Order Axinellida). Bootstrap values less than 50 % were omitted from the trees. Coding following the species names refers to the museum catalogue number or collection location (PA-Panama, PR- Puerto Rico, BH-Bahamas) followed by lifestyle (AS-associated, FL-free-living). Species highlighted in bold represented sequences provided by this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255305/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–D, 5C–D; 
<treatmentCitation id="EF2A1098FFD6CC4B1589FD5DFE070D4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507140" author="Rutzler" box="[199,430,754,776]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C23A87C6FFE9FF82FF11FB7B18A4F835" page="91" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B1589FD5DFE2E0D4A" author="Rutzler" box="[199,391,754,776]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., van Soest, R. W. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Rützler 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1456FD5CFEED0D4A" box="[280,324,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: 91
</treatmentCitation>
; Zea 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B14ABFD5CFDBB0D4A" box="[485,530,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
. 2014 (“-associated” and “-free living” forms); 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B16B6FD5DFB130D4A" author="Vicente" box="[1016,1210,754,776]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1102FD5CFBD00D4A" box="[1100,1145,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B118BFD5DFAA00D4A" box="[1221,1289,754,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,198,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[215,1371,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254650) (brown) being overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (pink) with zoanthids (red) in situ; (B) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (C) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (D) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (E-F) diods (SEM); (G) triods (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255304/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
a–f, 5, 6, 7a–d (ecology and symbiosis with 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B14A1FCBEFDE50D65" ID-CoL="84SBK" box="[495,588,785,807]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B14A1FCBEFDE50D65" box="[495,588,785,807]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Plakortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC4B15D9FC9EFD260D04" blockId="13.[151,1436,724,869]" box="[151,655,816,838]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B15D9FC9EFEB60D04" ID-CoL="84VRX" box="[151,287,817,838]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9FC9EFEB60D04" box="[151,287,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Xestospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.2; 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B1412FC9EFE160D04" author="Zea" box="[348,447,816,838]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Zea, S. (2001) Patterns of sponge (Porifera, Demospongiae) distribution in remote, oceanic reef complexes of the southwestern Caribbean. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 25 (97), 579 - 592." type="journal article" year="2001">Zea 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 
<tableCitation id="23090332FFD6CC4B1487FC9FFDBD0D04" box="[457,532,816,838]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,260,283]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of Plakortis deweerdtaephila and Plakortis symbiotica. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Table 1</tableCitation>
(appendix).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B15D9FCFFFEB60D27" box="[151,287,848,869]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9FCFFFEB60D27" box="[151,287,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Xestospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.-thin pink sheet over 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B1754FCE1FDDF0D26" box="[538,630,846,868]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1754FCE1FDDF0D26" box="[538,630,846,868]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Plakortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B17CDFCE0FCB60D26" author="Zea" box="[643,799,846,869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. &amp; Pawlik, J. (2009) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 2 nd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org / 2 ndEdition (Accessed 3 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article" year="2009">
Zea 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B17FEFCFFFD740D26" box="[688,733,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC4B15D9FC23FE8A0A52" blockId="13.[151,1437,908,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9FC23FEB80DE7" bold="true" box="[151,273,908,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Thinly to thickly encrusting, pink, red and white mottled sponge. Surface smooth. Consistency hard but easily broken and only slightly compressible. Ectosome is a dense tangential reticulation of strongyles bound by spongin. Choanosome is an isotropic reticulation of single spicules with some paucispicular tracts (Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B15D9FC57FEBE0A52" author="Soest" box="[151,279,1016,1040]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC4B1589FBB3FDF50B16" blockId="13.[151,1437,908,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
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examined.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD6CC4B14F7FBB3FD8F0A77" box="[441,550,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: ZMAPOR13584, 
<collectingMunicipality id="8E50ACF3FFD6CC4B17B5FBB3FC0D0A77" box="[763,932,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Discovery Bay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B16FEFBB3FBA40A77" box="[944,1037,1052,1077]" name="Jamaica" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B1154FBB3FBFD0A76" box="[1050,1108,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="82.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B1154FBB3FBFD0A76" box="[1050,1108,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="82.0">82 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B11ACFBB3FA310A77" box="[1250,1432,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Helmut Lehnert</collectorName>
, 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B15D9FBEFFE930A1A" box="[151,314,1087,1112]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="1996-06-26">
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B15D9FBEFFF620A15" box="[151,203,1088,1111]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">June</collectorName>
26, 1996
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B1409FB90FDD20A3F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019924" collectingDate="2015-06-13" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente &amp; Micah J." country="Panama" elevation="8" latitude="9.3777" location="Punta Caracol" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.1265" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254644" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B1409FB90FE540A1A" box="[327,509,1087,1112]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B1409FB90FE330A1A" box="[327,410,1087,1112]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254644
</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="6B546052FFD6CC4B1744FBEFFD050A1A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD6CC5715D9FDC6FBEF0A76:6B546052FFD6CC4B1744FBEFFD050A1A" box="[522,684,1087,1112]" country="Panama" latitude="9.3777" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.1265" name="Punta Caracol" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Punta Caracol</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B17F7FBEFFCC10A15" box="[697,872,1087,1112]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B1638FBEFFC660A15" box="[886,975,1088,1111]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B1691FBEFFBF10A15" box="[991,1112,1088,1112]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="9.3777">9.3777° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B112BFB90FB590A1A" box="[1125,1264,1087,1112]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-82.1265">82.1265° W</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B104FFBEFFA990A15" box="[1281,1328,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="8.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B104FFBEFFA990A15" box="[1281,1328,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1039FBEFFF440A3F" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B146DFBCBFE2A0A3E" box="[291,387,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Micah J.</collectorName>
Marty, 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B1495FBCAFDD20A3F" box="[475,635,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2015-06-13">
<collectingDate id="0A71E9A1FFD6CC4B1495FBCAFDD20A3F" box="[475,635,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2015-06-13">June 13, 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B17C8FBCBFC630AE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019923" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente &amp; Arcadio Castillo May" country="Panama" elevation="14" latitude="9.35076" location="Dolphin Rock" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.1863" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254645" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B17C8FBCBFC950A3F" box="[646,828,1124,1149]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B17C8FBCBFD730A3F" box="[646,730,1124,1149]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254645
</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="6B546052FFD6CC4B1609FBCBFC410A3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD6CC5715D9FDC6FBEF0A76:6B546052FFD6CC4B1609FBCBFC410A3F" box="[839,1000,1124,1149]" country="Panama" latitude="9.35076" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.1863" name="Dolphin Rock" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Dolphin Rock</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B16BDFBCAFB360A3E" box="[1011,1183,1124,1149]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B11E5FBCAFAAD0A3E" box="[1195,1284,1125,1148]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B105CFBCBFA310A3E" box="[1298,1432,1124,1149]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="1" value="9.35076">9.35076° N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B15D0FB28FE820AE2" box="[158,299,1159,1184]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-82.1863">82.1863° W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B1470FB27FEDE0ADD" box="[318,375,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="14.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B1470FB27FEDE0ADD" box="[318,375,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</elevation>
</quantity>
coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B14FBFB27FD9F0AE2" box="[437,566,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1723FB28FCF60AE2" box="[621,863,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
Arcadio Castillo 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B1662FB27FCF60AE2" box="[812,863,1160,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2015-05-20">May</date>
</collectorName>
20, 2015
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B1698FB28FBF70A86" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019917" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente October" country="Puerto Rico" elevation="23" latitude="18.3918" location="Yellow Reef" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-67.476" municipality="Desecheo Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254648" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B1698FB28FB220AE2" box="[982,1163,1159,1184]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B1698FB28FB800AE2" box="[982,1065,1159,1184]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254648
</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="6B546052FFD6CC4B11D8FB28FA8C0AE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD6CC5715D9FDC6FBEF0A76:6B546052FFD6CC4B11D8FB28FA8C0AE2" box="[1174,1317,1159,1184]" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="18.3918" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-67.476" municipality="Desecheo Island" name="Yellow Reef" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Yellow Reef</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="8E50ACF3FFD6CC4B1061FB28FF770A87" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Desecheo Island</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B15A7FB02FEC70A87" box="[233,366,1196,1221]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B1432FB03FE560A86" box="[380,511,1196,1220]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="18.3918">18.3918° N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B1743FB03FD310A86" box="[525,664,1196,1221]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-67.476">67.4760° W</geoCoordinate>
) 
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B17E9FB03FD490A86" box="[679,736,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="23.0">
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B17E9FB03FD490A86" box="[679,736,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
</elevation>
coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1650FB02FBA80A87" box="[798,1025,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
Jan Vicente 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B16E9FB03FBA80A87" box="[935,1025,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2011-10-07">October</date>
</collectorName>
7, 2011
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B1127FB03FA3E0AAA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019921" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="La Parguera &amp; Jan Vicente &amp; Milton Carlo August" country="Puerto Rico" elevation="31" latitude="17.8883" location="Old Bouy" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-66.9981" municipality="La Parguera" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254649" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B1127FB03FAB60A87" box="[1129,1311,1196,1221]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B1127FB03FB150A87" box="[1129,1212,1196,1221]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254649
</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="6B546052FFD6CC4B1064FB03FA310A87" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD6CC5715D9FDC6FBEF0A76:6B546052FFD6CC4B1064FB03FA310A87" box="[1322,1432,1196,1221]" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="17.8883" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-66.9981" municipality="La Parguera" name="Old Bouy" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Old Bouy</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="8E50ACF3FFD6CC4B15D9FB7FFE8A0AAA" box="[151,291,1232,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B15D9FB7FFE8A0AAA" box="[151,291,1232,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">La Parguera</collectorName>
</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B147FFB7FFE110AAA" box="[305,440,1231,1256]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B1487FB7FFDF80AA5" box="[457,593,1232,1256]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="17.8883">17.8883° N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B172BFB60FD5B0AAA" box="[613,754,1231,1256]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-66.9981">66.9981° W</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B164AFB7FFCE80AA5" box="[772,833,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="31.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B164AFB7FFCE80AA5" box="[772,833,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="31.0">31 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B16C7FB7FFBA40AAA" box="[905,1037,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1106FB60FA9C0AAA" box="[1096,1333,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
Milton Carlo 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B11AAFB7FFA9C0AAA" box="[1252,1333,1232,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2012-08-08">August</date>
</collectorName>
8, 2012
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B15D9FB5BFE0B0B72" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019932" collectingDate="1919-07" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente &amp; Steven E." country="Bahamas" elevation="33" latitude="24.0406" location="San Salvador" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-74.5314" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254647" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B15D9FB5BFEE50B4F" box="[151,332,1268,1293]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B15D9FB5BFF430B4F" box="[151,234,1268,1293]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254647
</specimenCode>
, 
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B1410FB5BFE530B4F" box="[350,506,1268,1293]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B1745FB5BFDDC0B4F" box="[523,629,1268,1293]" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B17C3FB5BFCB00B4E" box="[653,793,1268,1293]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="24.0406">24.0406° N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B167CFB5BFC6A0B4E" box="[818,963,1268,1293]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-74.5314">74.5314° W</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B1696FB5BFBBF0B4E" box="[984,1046,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="33.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B1696FB5BFBBF0B4E" box="[984,1046,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="33.0">33 m</elevation>
</quantity>
coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B112FFB5AFB410B4F" box="[1121,1256,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1062FB5BFA350B4E" box="[1324,1436,1268,1292]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Steven E.</collectorName>
McMurray 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B1459FAB8FEC30B72" box="[279,362,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="1919-07">
<collectingDate id="0A71E9A1FFD6CC4B1459FAB8FEC30B72" box="[279,362,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="1919-07">July 19</collectingDate>
</date>
, 201
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD6CC4B14E3FAB8FDF10B16" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019928" collectingDate="2011-07-21" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente &amp; Steven E." country="Bahamas" elevation="32" latitude="22.6045" location="Plana Cays" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-73.5465" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="USNM1254646" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD6CC4B14E3FAB8FDCD0B72" box="[429,612,1303,1328]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD6CC4B14E3FAB8FDA90B72" box="[429,512,1303,1328]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">USNM</collectionCode>
1254646
</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="6B546052FFD6CC4B1720FAB8FD470B72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD6CC5715D9FDC6FBEF0A76:6B546052FFD6CC4B1720FAB8FD470B72" box="[622,750,1303,1328]" country="Bahamas" latitude="22.6045" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-73.5465" name="Plana Cays" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Plana Cays</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B17B6FAB8FCF70B72" box="[760,862,1303,1328]" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B1623FAB8FC5B0B6D" box="[877,1010,1303,1328]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="22.6045">22.6045° N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD6CC4B114BFAB8FB380B72" box="[1029,1169,1303,1328]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" precision="5" value="-73.5465">73.5465° W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B11EBFAB7FB740B6D" box="[1189,1245,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="32.0">
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD6CC4B11EBFAB7FB740B6D" box="[1189,1245,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</elevation>
</quantity>
coll. 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1055FAB7FA350B72" box="[1307,1436,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD6CC4B1588FA93FE980B16" box="[198,305,1340,1364]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Steven E.</collectorName>
McMurray, 
<date id="1A351049FFD6CC4B14F0FA93FDF10B16" box="[446,600,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2011-07-21">
<collectingDate id="0A71E9A1FFD6CC4B14F0FA93FDF10B16" box="[446,600,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" value="2011-07-21">July 21, 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD6CC481589FAF0FE220B0C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" type="description">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC4B1589FAF0FD570836" blockId="13.[151,1437,908,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1589FAF0FEFB0B3A" bold="true" box="[199,338,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B1428FAF0FE110B3A" box="[358,440,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
A–B, 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B174EFAF0FDE90B3A" box="[512,576,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig 7</figureCitation>
A–B). External morphology is influenced by lifestyle (associated with 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B10C9FACEFEF90BDF" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B10C9FACEFEF90BDF" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1416FA2BFE1B0BDF" bold="true" box="[344,434,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD6CC4B1416FA2BFE1B0BDF" box="[344,434,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
or 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B1497FA2AFDC60BDF" box="[473,623,1412,1437]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1497FA2AFDC60BDF" box="[473,623,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">P. symbiotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1738FA2BFD790BDF" bold="true" box="[630,720,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD6CC4B1738FA2BFD790BDF" box="[630,720,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
or free-living) and by environmental factors. Free-living forms of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B15F6FA06FEF00B82" box="[184,345,1447,1472]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15F6FA06FEF00B82" box="[184,345,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B14CCFA08FDBD0B82" box="[386,532,1447,1472]" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B1768FA08FDC50B82" box="[550,620,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A) and 
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<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B178BFA07FCB70BFD" box="[709,798,1448,1471]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B1661FA08FCDD0B82" box="[815,884,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A) fit the original description of Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B15D9FA63FE8F0BA6" author="Soest" box="[151,294,1484,1508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest (1999)</bibRefCitation>
and Van Soest &amp; De 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B176EFA63FD6F0BA6" author="Weerdt" box="[544,710,1484,1509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51, 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">Weerdt (2001)</bibRefCitation>
. They form volcano shaped elevations that can measure up to 
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in length and with oscules on top, up to 
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in diameter. Individuals are light to dark pink, purple (
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<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B107CFA5FFA38084A" box="[1330,1425,1520,1544]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
), orange (
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B15BFF9BBFEF2086F" box="[241,347,1556,1581]" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
) and turn white when preserved in ethanol; color in the choanosome is the same. Surface smooth; consistency hard, slightly compressible. Although not mentioned in the original description, we noticed that freeliving sponges always exude a viscous slime when cut.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC4B1589F9D0FBD509D6" blockId="13.[151,1437,908,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
The external morphology of associated lifestyles does not fit the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B11E5F92EFAE208DA" box="[1195,1355,1663,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B11E5F92EFAE208DA" box="[1195,1355,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B1034F9D0FEA808FF" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, associated individuals can be a thin encrusting veneer of patchy tissue that overlays and burrows into the 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B15D9F968FF5708A2" box="[151,254,1735,1760]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B15D9F968FF5708A2" box="[151,254,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Plakortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. body (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B14C7F968FE6608A2" box="[393,463,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B) (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B14B3F968FDE808A2" box="[509,577,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A–C in 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD6CC4B17EEF968FCD708A2" author="Vicente" box="[672,894,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B164EF966FC9208A2" box="[768,827,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
) with no visible oscula. In 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B11F1F966FAB208A2" box="[1215,1307,1737,1760]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD6CC4B11F1F966FAB208A2" box="[1215,1307,1737,1760]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
, associated individuals are thickly encrusting (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD6CC4B176DF943FDF20946" box="[547,603,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
) and completely overgrow the 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD6CC4B16F2F942FB3A0947" box="[956,1171,1772,1797]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B16F2F942FB3A0947" box="[956,1171,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B11D4F943FB5C0947" bold="true" box="[1178,1269,1772,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD6CC4B11D4F943FB5C0947" box="[1178,1269,1772,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
body, forming 
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diameter plates (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B1489F8A0FDA6096A" box="[455,527,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B; small oscules (
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) are aligned probably due to the high wave energy environment of Dolphin Rock). Associated individuals are softer, slightly compressible and more brittle than freeliving individuals. Color is a light pink and even though we did not find free-living individuals with zoanthids, associated individuals in 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD6CC4B14FFF8D2FD9F09D7" box="[433,566,1916,1941]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
were densely covered with red zoanthids (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD6CC4B115BF8D3FBFE09D6" box="[1045,1111,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,198,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[215,1371,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254650) (brown) being overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (pink) with zoanthids (red) in situ; (B) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (C) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (D) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (E-F) diods (SEM); (G) triods (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255304/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD6CC481589F830FEC50F5E" blockId="13.[151,1437,908,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD6CC4B1589F830FE9C09FA" bold="true" box="[199,309,1951,1976]" pageId="13" pageNumber="222">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Despite the differences in external morphology from the different lifestyles, the ectosome of both associated and free-living morphologies regardless of location consist of a unispicular regular skeleton of strongyles with 6–7 spicules meeting at each node (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD5CC481797FF38FCB20EF2" box="[729,795,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C–D; 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD5CC481611FF38FC090EF2" box="[863,928,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C–D). Meshes of the ectosome are somewhat triangular. The choanosome for all lifestyles and regardless of location consist of an isotropic reticulation of strongyles with occasional paucispicular tracts, which conform to 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC481632FF4EFAF60EBA" authority="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1999" authorityName="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest" authorityYear="1999" box="[892,1375,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481632FF4EFBB50EBA" box="[892,1052,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
(Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC481194FF4FFAFE0EBA" author="Soest" box="[1242,1367,224,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD5CC481020FF70FF0C0F5F" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[249,1349,183,1888]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Xestospongia deweerdtae from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254646; B, USNM 1254647 (pink) with Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E–H; 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD5CC4815A9FEABFE810F5E" box="[231,296,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E–H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC481589FE88FDD30FB6" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481589FE88FE9B0F02" bold="true" box="[199,306,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Spicules:</emphasis>
Thick and sometimes thin strongyles, 151–423 µm long by 6.5–28.2 µm in width. Size and morphology of strongyles depends on the associated status of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC48161CFEE2FC5B0F27" box="[850,1010,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFEE2FC5B0F27" box="[850,1010,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and geographical location. Across all geographical areas sampled (
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4814A7FEC0FDFD0FCA" box="[489,596,367,392]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC48172DFEDFFD590FCA" box="[611,752,367,392]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC48164EFEDFFCF40FCA" box="[768,861,368,392]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC48164EFEDFFCF40FCA" box="[768,861,368,392]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
), associated individuals have smaller and thinner spicules than free-living ones (see also discussion in 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4817A1FE3BFC630FEE" author="Vicente" box="[751,970,404,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481603FE3AFCD60FEF" box="[845,895,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
); and between geographical areas, across lifestyles, individuals from island locations such as 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4817A9FE18FCF80F92" box="[743,849,439,464]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481610FE17FC4C0F92" box="[862,997,439,464]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481151FE18FBD00F92" box="[1055,1145,439,464]" name="Jamaica" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
have smaller and thinner spicules than those from 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4814E1FE72FDA10FB6" box="[431,520,477,500]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC4814E1FE72FDA10FB6" box="[431,520,477,500]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="23090332FFD5CC481758FE73FDC40FB6" box="[534,621,476,501]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,239,548,571]" captionTargetBox="[159,1359,630,944]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements of strongyles (length and width) of Xestospongia deweerdtae associated and free living. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" tableUuid="3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19">Table 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" ID-Table-UUID="3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" targetBox="[159,1359,630,944]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" blockId="14.[151,1435,547,603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4815D9FD8BFEA70C79" bold="true" box="[151,270,548,571]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Spicule measurements of strongyles (length and width) of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4816E4FD8BFB170C79" box="[938,1214,547,571]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4816E4FD8BFB170C79" box="[938,1214,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
associated and free living. Measurements are expressed as minimum– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4817E3FDEBFD4E0C19" box="[685,743,580,603]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">mean</emphasis>
(±1 standard deviation)–maximum. N=30.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC4815D1FDD9FAEA0DF2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<table id="1C8BC429FFD533B915D1FDD9FAE60DF2" box="[159,1359,630,944]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FDD9FAE60CCE" box="[159,1359,630,652]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FDD9FEE70CCE" box="[159,334,630,652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Specimen</th>
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFDD9FD990CCE" box="[401,560,630,652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Location</th>
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FDD9FD4F0CCE" box="[630,742,630,652]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Life style</th>
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFDD9FBBF0CCE" box="[800,1046,630,652]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Length (µm)</th>
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FDD9FAE60CCE" box="[1126,1359,630,652]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Width (µm)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FD30FAE60CFA" box="[159,1359,671,696]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FD30FEE70CFA" box="[159,334,671,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
ZMAPOR13584 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481409FD30FEE70CE9" bold="true" box="[327,334,671,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">*</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFD30FD990CFA" box="[401,560,671,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">DB, Jamaica</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FD30FD4F0CFA" box="[630,742,671,696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Free-living</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFD30FBBF0CFA" box="[800,1046,671,696]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
288– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFD0FFC220CF4" box="[850,907,672,694]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">340.9</emphasis>
(± 16.9)–373
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FD30FAE60CFA" box="[1126,1359,671,696]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
6.5– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811DDFD0FFB160CF4" box="[1171,1215,672,694]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">12.1</emphasis>
(± 2.2)–17.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FD63FAE60CA0" box="[159,1359,716,738]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FD63FEE70CA0" box="[159,334,716,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254646</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFD63FD990CA0" box="[401,560,716,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">SS, Bahamas</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FD63FD4F0CA0" box="[630,742,716,738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Free-living</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFD63FBBF0CA0" box="[800,1046,716,738]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
305– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFD63FC220CA0" box="[850,907,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">336.6</emphasis>
(± 14.8)–362
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FD63FAE60CA0" box="[1126,1359,716,738]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
6.7– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811DDFD63FB150CA0" box="[1171,1212,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">11.8</emphasis>
(± 2.3)–17.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FD5AFAE60D49" box="[159,1359,757,779]" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FD5AFEE70D49" box="[159,334,757,779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254647</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFD5AFD990D49" box="[401,560,757,779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">SS, Bahamas</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FD5AFD4F0D49" box="[630,742,757,779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Associated</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFD5AFBBF0D49" box="[800,1046,757,779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
151– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFD5AFC220D49" box="[850,907,757,779]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">203.0</emphasis>
(± 18.8)–243
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FD5AFAE60D49" box="[1126,1359,757,779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
6.3– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811DDFD5AFB1A0D49" box="[1171,1203,757,779]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">7.9</emphasis>
(± 1.1)–11.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FCB1FAE60D76" box="[159,1359,798,820]" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FCB1FEE70D76" box="[159,334,798,820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254644</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFCB1FD990D76" box="[401,560,798,820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">BDT, Panama</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FCB1FD4F0D76" box="[630,742,798,820]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Free-living</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFCB1FBBF0D76" box="[800,1046,798,820]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
340– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFCB1FC220D76" box="[850,907,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">376.8</emphasis>
(± 19.7)–424
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FCB1FAE60D76" box="[1126,1359,798,820]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
15.5– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811D1FCB1FB620D76" box="[1183,1227,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">21.8</emphasis>
(± 3.6)–28.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FCE8FAE60D1F" box="[159,1359,839,861]" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FCE8FEE70D1F" box="[159,334,839,861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254645</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFCE8FD990D1F" box="[401,560,839,861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">BDT, Panama</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FCE8FD4F0D1F" box="[630,742,839,861]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Associated</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFCE8FBBF0D1F" box="[800,1046,839,861]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
229– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFCE8FC220D1F" box="[850,907,839,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">323.8</emphasis>
(± 22.0)–379
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FCE8FAE60D1F" box="[1126,1359,839,861]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
12.8– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811D1FCE8FB620D1F" box="[1183,1227,839,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">18.6</emphasis>
(± 2.8)–23.9
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FCDEFAE60DC5" box="[159,1359,881,903]" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FCDEFEE70DC5" box="[159,334,881,903]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254648</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFCDEFD990DC5" box="[401,560,881,903]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">LP, Puerto Rico</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FCDEFD4F0DC5" box="[630,742,881,903]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Free-living</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFCDEFBBF0DC5" box="[800,1046,881,903]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
296– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFCDEFC220DC5" box="[850,907,881,903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">324.3</emphasis>
(± 15.2)–355
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FCDEFAE60DC5" box="[1126,1359,881,903]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
9.3– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811DDFCDEFB160DC5" box="[1171,1215,881,903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">13.0</emphasis>
(± 2.1)–17.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0BB34CBFFD533B915D1FC35FAE60DF2" box="[159,1359,922,944]" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<th id="936A5DB7FFD533B915D1FC35FEE70DF2" box="[159,334,922,944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">USNM1254649</th>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B914DFFC35FD990DF2" box="[401,560,922,944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">LP, Puerto Rico</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91738FC35FD4F0DF2" box="[630,742,922,944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Associated</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B9166EFC35FBBF0DF2" box="[800,1046,922,944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
159– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48161CFC35FC220DF2" box="[850,907,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">223.8</emphasis>
(± 23.5)–274
</td>
<td id="936A5DB7FFD533B91128FC35FAE60DF2" box="[1126,1359,922,944]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
7.3– 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811DDFC35FB160DF2" box="[1171,1215,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">10.2</emphasis>
(± 1.7)–13.8
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC4815D9FC7EFC340DAA" blockId="14.[151,925,977,1000]" box="[151,925,977,1000]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
*Specimen ZMAPOR13584 is the 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD5CC481742FC7EFDC00DAA" box="[524,617,977,1000]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC481650FC7EFC3C0DAA" author="Soest" box="[798,917,977,1000]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC481589FBBAFE220B0C" blockId="14.[151,1437,1045,2006]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481589FBBAFE680A6C" bold="true" box="[199,449,1045,1070]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC48149DFBB9FDDC0A6C" box="[467,629,1045,1070]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48149DFBB9FDDC0A6C" box="[467,629,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from deep (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC48116AFBB9FBC80A6C" box="[1060,1121,1046,1070]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="82.0">82 m</quantity>
) fore reef habitats and reef caves of Jamaica (Lehnert &amp; Van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC48175BFB96FD3B0A13" author="Soest" box="[533,658,1081,1105]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest 1999</bibRefCitation>
) and then later found in reef caves (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC481164FB96FB390A13" box="[1066,1168,1081,1105]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 m</quantity>
) of Curaçao (Van Soest &amp; De 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC481592FBF2FEC60A34" author="Weerdt" box="[220,367,1117,1142]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51, 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">Weerdt 2001</bibRefCitation>
). In our study, we found 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4817C8FBF1FC8C0A34" box="[646,805,1117,1142]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4817C8FBF1FC8C0A34" box="[646,805,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growing beneath scleractinean corals and on the shaded side of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4815A5FB2DFEE70ADB" box="[235,334,1154,1177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Agariciidae" genus="Agaricia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4815A5FB2DFEE70ADB" box="[235,334,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Agaricia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reefs in Panama at depths as shallow as 
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC481652FB2EFCE30ADB" box="[796,842,1153,1177]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
. 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC481618FB2DFC5F0AD8" box="[854,1014,1153,1178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481618FB2DFC5F0AD8" box="[854,1014,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC481160FB2EFB3C0AD8" box="[1070,1173,1153,1178]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481160FB2EFB3C0AD8" box="[1070,1173,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Plakortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811D2FB2EFAAF0AD8" bold="true" box="[1180,1286,1153,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">spp. nov.</emphasis>
sponge pairs can be found on the shaded side of spur and groove reef formations (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC4816A6FB09FB810AFC" box="[1000,1064,1190,1214]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
) exposed to high wave energy environments in Panama. In the Bahamas and Puerto Rico sponge pairs are found deeper, below 
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in cryptic habitats growing on vertical walls, on the roof of overhangs and on the bottom of reef caves. Associated individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4815FAFABDFEFA0B68" box="[180,339,1297,1322]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4815FAFABDFEFA0B68" box="[180,339,1297,1322]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more frequently observed than free-living ones when both lifestyles are present in a given area (
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4815D0FA9AFE290B0C" author="Vicente" box="[158,384,1333,1358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4815B2FA99FE9C0B0C" box="[252,309,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD5CC571589FAF6FBFA0FEE" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC481589FAF6FBD30864" blockId="14.[151,1437,1045,2006]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481589FAF6FEC90B30" bold="true" box="[199,352,1369,1394]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Distribution.</emphasis>
(FL=free-living, 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481763FAF6FDF90B30" box="[557,592,1369,1394]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">AS</collectingCountry>
=associated) 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4817A6FAF6FCEB0B30" box="[744,834,1369,1394]" name="Jamaica" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(Discovery Bay-FL) (Lehnert &amp; van 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC481042FAF6FA3D0B33" author="Soest" box="[1292,1428,1369,1393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49, 141 - 169." type="journal article" year="1999">Soest, 1999</bibRefCitation>
) Curaçao-FL (van Soest &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4814A6FAD2FDD50BD4" author="Weerdt" box="[488,636,1405,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51, 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">Weerdt 2001</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4817DFFAD2FD4E0BD4" box="[657,743,1405,1430]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC4817DFFAD2FD4E0BD4" box="[657,743,1405,1430]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Mexico</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(Cozumel-FL, Banco Chinchorro-FL) (
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4811E5FAD2FA390BD4" author="Vicente" box="[1195,1424,1405,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481044FAD1FAED0BD4" box="[1290,1348,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4815D9FA0EFF570BF8" box="[151,254,1441,1466]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(Plana Cays-FL-AS, Mayaguana-FL, San Salvador-AS, Little San Salvador-AS, Little Inagua-FL-AS, Acklins-FL, Great Inagua-AS, Mira Por Voz-AS) (Also 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC481669FA6AFBAF0B9C" author="Vicente" box="[807,1030,1477,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4816C9FA69FC150B9C" box="[903,956,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
and Zea 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481137FA69FB070B9C" box="[1145,1198,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
. 2014), 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC48105DFA69FA350B9C" box="[1299,1436,1477,1502]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(Mona-AS, Desecheo-FL-AS, La Parguera-AS) (also 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4817BEFA46FC6F0843" author="Vicente" box="[752,966,1513,1538]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481602FA45FC2D0840" box="[844,900,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481697FA45FB9C0843" box="[985,1077,1514,1537]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC481697FA45FB9C0843" box="[985,1077,1514,1537]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC48110EFA45FB410843" box="[1088,1256,1513,1538]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
(Fiugre 7A-FL, Punta Caracol, 
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD5CC48140DF9A2FE090864" box="[323,416,1549,1574]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Figure 7</figureCitation>
B-AS, Dolphin Rock), 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4817EAF9A2FCBB0864" box="[676,786,1549,1574]" name="Colombia" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(Serrana Bank-AS) (
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4816B1F9A1FBC70864" author="Zea" box="[1023,1134,1550,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Zea, S. (2001) Patterns of sponge (Porifera, Demospongiae) distribution in remote, oceanic reef complexes of the southwestern Caribbean. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 25 (97), 579 - 592." type="journal article" year="2001">Zea 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD5CC571589F99EFBFA0FEE" blockId="14.[151,1437,1045,2006]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,1077]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC481589F99EFE170808" bold="true" box="[199,446,1585,1610]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
The polymorphic nature of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4817B1F99DFC090808" box="[767,928,1585,1610]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4817B1F99DFC090808" box="[767,928,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is revealed by lifestyle (associated and freeliving) and by environmental factors (high wave energy and high silica environments, the latter associated with geographical location). Associated individuals do not exhibit a massive morphology and long volcano shaped oscules mentioned in the original description are absent. Instead, associated sponges are thinly to thickly encrusting. In 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481475F96DFE3D089B" box="[315,404,1730,1753]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC481475F96DFE3D089B" box="[315,404,1730,1753]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
oscules for associated cases are small but visible (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC481694F96EFB93089B" box="[986,1082,1729,1753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
) and colonies are more thickly (
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC4815D1F94AFEB908BC" box="[159,272,1765,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
) encrusting than associated individuals from 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC48167AF949FC6908BC" box="[820,960,1765,1790]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC48114DF94AFB3308BC" box="[1027,1178,1765,1790]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD5CC4811FCF949FB5508BC" box="[1202,1276,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
). Oscules for associated individuals from 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC481495F8A5FDCA0960" box="[475,611,1801,1826]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4817D1F8A6FC9B0960" box="[671,818,1801,1826]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
were not visible. Significantly smaller strongyles are observed in associated (250 × 12.2 µm) sponges than free-living sponges (346 × 15.5 µm) in three different geographic areas resembling high and low silica concentrations. This was interpreted as a possible benefit for 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD5CC4810CAF8FDFEBE09CC" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4810CAF8FDFEBE09CC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in terms of a lower investment in skeleton synthesis for support (see discussion in 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD5CC4811F6F8DAFA3809CC" author="Vicente" box="[1208,1425,1909,1934]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC48105AF8D9FAE409CC" box="[1300,1357,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Another possible explanation is that nutrients may be limiting for both sponges and one species might be depriving the other of silica. On the other hand, in the high silica environments in 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD5CC4816FAF811FBA40997" box="[948,1037,1982,2005]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD5CC4816FAF811FBA40997" box="[948,1037,1982,2005]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(see D’Croz 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD5CC4811EEF811FB7E0994" box="[1184,1239,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2005) longer and thicker spicules were present in both free-living and associated sponges when compared with both associated and free-living individuals of 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFCACC571489FF12FDFB0E97" box="[455,594,188,213]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFCACC5717DDFF13FC800E97" box="[659,809,188,213]" name="Bahamas" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="23090332FFCACC571673FF13FC310E96" box="[829,920,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,239,548,571]" captionTargetBox="[159,1359,630,944]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements of strongyles (length and width) of Xestospongia deweerdtae associated and free living. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" tableUuid="3AF46601FFD5CC4815D9FD8BFB180C19">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Free-living individuals from 
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFCACC571044FF12FACA0E96" box="[1290,1379,189,212]" name="Panama" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFCACC571044FF12FACA0E96" box="[1290,1379,189,212]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Panama</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
also produced not only thicker and longer strongyles, but also had sharply bent terminals that bend either opposite (sshaped) or in the same direction (bracket-shaped) (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFCACC571799FEABFCB20F5E" box="[727,795,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
Fig. 
<date id="1A351049FFCACC571643FEABFCB20F5E" box="[781,795,260,284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">7</date>
</figureCitation>
I) probably due to hypersilicification (
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFCACC571185FEABFAE80F5E" author="Zea" box="[1227,1345,260,284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe colombiano: Catalogo cientifico, Colombia" type="book" year="1987">Zea, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Zea 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC5710C6FEAAFF1D0F02" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014). One other important character from free-living sponges, missing in the original description, is the release of viscous mucus by sponges when cut. Associated sponges however, produce very little mucous when cut. The conspecificity of associated and free-living individuals was confirmed with phylogenetic analysis from partial sequences of the 18S, 28S rRNA and 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571770FE3BFDDA0FEE" box="[574,627,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">cox1</emphasis>
genes (see below and 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFCACC571621FE3BFBEE0FEE" author="Vicente" box="[879,1095,404,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. &amp; Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
Vicente 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571682FE3AFC550FEF" box="[972,1020,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="3AF46601FFD4CC4915D9F8DAFB1409A5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255307/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="224" targetBox="[260,1336,185,1871]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD4CC4915D9F8DAFB1409A5" blockId="15.[151,1436,1909,2023]" pageId="15" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD4CC4915D9F8DAFEBA09C8" bold="true" box="[151,275,1909,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="224">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD4CC491454F8D9FDB409C9" box="[282,541,1909,1931]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="224" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD4CC491454F8D9FDB409C9" box="[282,541,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="224">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Bahamas, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) life styles. (A, B) in situ underwater images (A, USNM1254646; B, USNM1254647 (pink) with 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD4CC491125F83BFA9609E8" box="[1131,1343,1940,1962]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="224" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD4CC491125F83BFA9609E8" box="[1131,1343,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="224">Plakortis symbiotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD4CC491006F83BFA3209EB" bold="true" box="[1352,1435,1940,1961]" pageId="15" pageNumber="224">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD4CC491006F83BFA3209EB" box="[1352,1435,1940,1961]" pageId="15" pageNumber="224" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(brown); (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) strongyles (SEM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3AF46601FFCBCC5615D9F8C3FAC3099C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="225" targetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFCBCC5615D9F8C3FAC3099C" blockId="16.[151,1436,1900,2014]" pageId="16" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCBCC5615D9F8C3FEBC09C3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1900,1922]" pageId="16" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCBCC561450F8C2FD8A09C0" box="[286,547,1900,1922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="225" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCBCC561450F8C2FD8A09C0" box="[286,547,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="225">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM1254644; B, USNM1254645 completely overgrowing 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCBCC561451F806FD8209FD" box="[287,555,1961,1983]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="225" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCBCC561451F806FD8209FD" box="[287,555,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="225">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="26916502FFCACC571589FE18FBEF0A76" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="description">
<paragraph id="6E343689FFCACC571589FE18FCB70D1E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571589FE18FE7A0F92" bold="true" box="[199,467,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Phylogenetic analysis.</emphasis>
To confirm the identity of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC571667FE18FBB60F92" box="[809,1055,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plakophila" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571667FE18FBB60F92" box="[809,1055,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Haliclona plakophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571162FE18FB250F92" bold="true" box="[1068,1164,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFCACC571162FE18FB250F92" box="[1068,1164,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
as a new species and reconfirm the conspecificity of associated and free-living morphotypes of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC5716A5FE72FAA20FB7" box="[1003,1291,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC5716A5FE72FAA20FB7" box="[1003,1291,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we partially sequenced the 18S, 28S rRNA and 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57177DFDAFFDC10C5A" box="[563,616,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">cox1</emphasis>
genes of 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFCACC571792FE50FC970C5A" box="[732,830,511,536]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFCACC571634FDAFFC730C5A" box="[890,986,512,536]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
specimens. We conducted a maximum likelihood analysis from sequences of species belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57160BFD8BFC480C7F" box="[837,993,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Haplosclerida</taxonomicName>
that were closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC571062FD8BFA350C7F" box="[1324,1436,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571062FD8BFA350C7F" box="[1324,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Haliclona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57144BFDE6FE350C22" box="[261,412,585,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57144BFDE6FE350C22" box="[261,412,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Xestospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. deposited in GenBank. The maximum likelihood analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence placed 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57142DFDC2FDAD0CC7" box="[355,516,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plakophila">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57142DFDC2FDAD0CC7" box="[355,516,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">H. plakophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distant from any of the monophyletic clades (A–E) previously reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFCACC5715D9FD20FE030CEA" box="[151,426,655,680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" refString="Redmond, N., Morrow, C., Thacker, R., Diaz, M., Boury-Esnault, N., Cardenas, P., Hajdu, E. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu, G. (2013) Phylogeny and systematics of Demospongiae in light of new small-subunit ribosomal DNA (18 S) sequences. Integrative and Comparative Biology, ict 078. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 078" type="book chapter">
Redmond 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57145CFD3EFEFB0CEA" box="[274,338,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFCACC57148FFD20FDA20CEA" box="[449,523,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[172,1417,324,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[153,1434,301,1735]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8 Maximum likelihood topology generated from partial sequences of (A) 18 S rRNA genes, (B) 28 S rRNA genes and (C) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox 1) of the Haplosclerida generated in this study (bold) and sequences downloaded from GenBank. Topology is rooted on Amphimedon compressa (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864) (EU 702409.1) for 18 S rRNA genes, Axinella corrugata (George &amp; Wilson 1919) (DQ 915619.1) for 28 S rRNA genes and Amphimedon queenslandica (Hooper &amp; Van Soest 2006) (DQ 915619.1) for cox 1. Bootstrap values less than 50 % have been omitted from the trees. Clades A, B, D and E refer to Redmond et al. (2013 Fig. 4). Coding following the species names refers to the museum catalogue number or collection location (PA—Panama, PR—Puerto Rico, BH—Bahamas) followed by lifestyle (AS—associated, FLfree-living). Associated samples from Puerto Rico involve P. symbiotica and associated samples from the Bahamas and Panama involve P. deweerdtaephila. Species highlighted in bold represented sequences provided by this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255309/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A). Members of clade C (
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFCACC571600FD20FBF30CEA" author="Redmond" box="[846,1114,655,680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" refString="Redmond, N., Morrow, C., Thacker, R., Diaz, M., Boury-Esnault, N., Cardenas, P., Hajdu, E. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu, G. (2013) Phylogeny and systematics of Demospongiae in light of new small-subunit ribosomal DNA (18 S) sequences. Integrative and Comparative Biology, ict 078. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 078" type="book chapter" year="2013">
Redmond 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571685FD3EFBA30CEA" box="[971,1034,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) were not included in the phylogenetic analysis, because sequences from 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC571789FD1AFCCC0C8F" box="[711,869,692,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plakophila">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571789FD1AFCCC0C8F" box="[711,869,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">H. plakophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were highly dissimilar to species in this clade. Sequences from associated and free-living individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57166FFD76FC680CB2" box="[801,961,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57166FFD76FC680CB2" box="[801,961,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were all&gt;99% homologous to each other and to the 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFCACC571454FD53FED50D57" box="[282,380,764,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC5714E4FD52FDE40D57" box="[426,589,764,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC5714E4FD52FDE40D57" box="[426,589,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZMAPOR13584), confirming that all specimens of both life styles are conspecific. Conspecificity of all 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57175FFC8EFD180D7A" box="[529,689,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57175FFC8EFD180D7A" box="[529,689,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lifestyles, including the 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFCACC571688FCB0FB810D7A" box="[966,1064,799,824]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen, had a&gt;99% sequence homology for the 28S rRNA and 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571743FCEBFDEA0D1E" box="[525,579,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">cox1</emphasis>
genes (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFCACC5717D6FCEBFD730D1E" box="[664,730,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[172,1417,324,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[153,1434,301,1735]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8 Maximum likelihood topology generated from partial sequences of (A) 18 S rRNA genes, (B) 28 S rRNA genes and (C) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox 1) of the Haplosclerida generated in this study (bold) and sequences downloaded from GenBank. Topology is rooted on Amphimedon compressa (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864) (EU 702409.1) for 18 S rRNA genes, Axinella corrugata (George &amp; Wilson 1919) (DQ 915619.1) for 28 S rRNA genes and Amphimedon queenslandica (Hooper &amp; Van Soest 2006) (DQ 915619.1) for cox 1. Bootstrap values less than 50 % have been omitted from the trees. Clades A, B, D and E refer to Redmond et al. (2013 Fig. 4). Coding following the species names refers to the museum catalogue number or collection location (PA—Panama, PR—Puerto Rico, BH—Bahamas) followed by lifestyle (AS—associated, FLfree-living). Associated samples from Puerto Rico involve P. symbiotica and associated samples from the Bahamas and Panama involve P. deweerdtaephila. Species highlighted in bold represented sequences provided by this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255309/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B–C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E343689FFCACC571589FCC7FBEF0A76" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
We were unable to retrieve enough sequence data from the 
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFCACC571625FCC8FC640DC2" box="[875,973,871,896]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC571128FCC6FAAE0DC2" box="[1126,1287,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571128FCC6FAAE0DC2" box="[1126,1287,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to produce a phylogenetic tree of the 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC5714E9FC23FE720DE6" box="[423,475,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">cox1</emphasis>
with strong bootstrap values, encompassing all closely related 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC5711EFFC23FA940DE7" box="[1185,1341,908,933]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Haplosclerida</taxonomicName>
species. However, we had enough sequence data from our material and proceeded to do a maximum likelihood analysis of the 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57158DFC7BFF510DAE" box="[195,248,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">cox1</emphasis>
including members of the 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57177CFC7BFD670DAF" box="[562,718,980,1005]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Haplosclerida</taxonomicName>
that form monophyletic clades A and B from 
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFCACC5711A4FC7BFF490A52" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" refString="Redmond, N., Raleigh, J., van Soest, R. W., Kelly, M., Travers, S. A., Bradshaw, B., Varitia, S., Stephens, K. M. &amp; McCormack, G. P. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships of the marine Haplosclerida (Phylum Porifera) employing ribosomal (28 S rRNA) and mitochondrial (cox 1, nad 1) gene sequence data. PLOS ONE, 6, e 24344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0024344" type="journal article">
Redmond 
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57102FFC7AFA350DAF" box="[1377,1436,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFCACC5715BCFC58FE900A52" box="[242,313,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1736,1758]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,202,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 Maximum likelihood topology generated from partial sequences of cox 1 of the Haplosclerida in this study (bold) and from sequences downloaded from GenBank. Bootstrap values less than 50 % were omitted from the tree. Clades A – B refer to Redmond et al. (2011) Fig. 3. Coding following the species names refers to the museum catalogue number or collection location (PA—Panama, PR- Puerto Rico, BH-Bahamas) followed by lifestyle (AS-associated, FL-free-living). Associated samples from Puerto Rico involve P. symbiotica and associated samples from the Bahamas and Panama involve P. deweerdtaephila. Species highlighted in bold represented sequences provided by this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255310/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The clade of all 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57175FFC56FD1A0A52" box="[529,691,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57175FFC56FD1A0A52" box="[529,691,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conspecifics did not fall into either monophyletic clade. Like 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC5710CAFC56FEBE0A77" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC5710CAFC56FEBE0A77" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFCACC57146BFBB2FE160A77" box="[293,447,1052,1077]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plakophila" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC57146BFBB2FE160A77" box="[293,447,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">H. plakophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFCACC571488FBB3FDB60A77" bold="true" box="[454,543,1052,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFCACC571488FBB3FDB60A77" box="[454,543,1052,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="226" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also did not fall into either clade A or B (
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFCACC5716BDFBB3FB910A76" box="[1011,1080,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1736,1758]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,202,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1715]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 Maximum likelihood topology generated from partial sequences of cox 1 of the Haplosclerida in this study (bold) and from sequences downloaded from GenBank. Bootstrap values less than 50 % were omitted from the tree. Clades A – B refer to Redmond et al. (2011) Fig. 3. Coding following the species names refers to the museum catalogue number or collection location (PA—Panama, PR- Puerto Rico, BH-Bahamas) followed by lifestyle (AS-associated, FL-free-living). Associated samples from Puerto Rico involve P. symbiotica and associated samples from the Bahamas and Panama involve P. deweerdtaephila. Species highlighted in bold represented sequences provided by this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255310/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="226">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>