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146 lines
19 KiB
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<document id="5860483130F1CD1B5F51DD0B461D95E4" ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00025.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5436041" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630435099426" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Gower, David J." docDate="2002" docId="EA76A36CCE472F4EFC0079F00887FA32" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2002.00025.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00025.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Tikisuchus romeri Chatterjee & Majumdar 1987" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="164FDB14CE562F5CFFF07A490900FFD0" masterDocTitle="Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1699270463298" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="54D63DD5879C83486E8AEB27311403EE">Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B76CD50FD1B9FCEE8D50C8258DB3A37">Gower, David J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="81AF1E8615C1F0DF7F4179037CDADA9D">2002</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9C0018E9A5C86E3C0609B861BC4CB13E">2002-09-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="EA76A36CCE472F4EFC0079F00887FA32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5490870" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5490870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA76A36CCE472F4EFC0079F00887FA32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA76A36CCE472F4EFC0079F00887FA32" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection id="2AC541F1CE472F4DFC0079F00DDDFC1F" box="[1008,1245,953,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6260127ACE472F4DFC0079F00DDDFC1F" blockId="17.[1008,1245,953,977]" box="[1008,1245,953,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="3928A516CE472F4DFC0079F00DDDFC1F" box="[1008,1245,953,977]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE472F4DFC0079F00DDDFC1F" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[1008,1245,953,977]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE472F4DFC0079F00DDDFC1F" box="[1008,1245,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE472F4DFC0079F00D7DFC1F" box="[1008,1149,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">TIKISUCHUS</emphasis>
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ROMERI
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2AC541F1CE472F4EFCC379A80B70FE85" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6260127ACE472F4DFCC379A80AD1FA56" blockId="17.[819,1435,993,1905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE472F4DFCC379A80C13FC27" authority="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[819,1299,993,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE472F4DFCC379A80AFBFC27" box="[819,1019,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">Tikisuchus romeri</emphasis>
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Chatterjee & Majumdar
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</taxonomicName>
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is a rauisuchian from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of
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<collectingCountry id="1AC852EACE472F4DFAA67E490C95FBC6" box="[1366,1429,1024,1046]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">India</collectingCountry>
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, known from a single incomplete specimen, ISI R 305. The osteology of this taxon has been described only briefly by
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<bibRefCitation id="064E6F8BCE472F4DFC4B7E150C42FBA2" author="Chatterjee S & Majumdar PK" box="[955,1346,1116,1138]" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" pagination="787 - 793" refId="ref19550" refString="Chatterjee S, Majumdar PK. 1987. Tikisuchus romeri a new rauisuchid reptile from the late Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology 61: 787 - 793." type="journal article" year="1987">Chatterjee & Majumdar (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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. These authors figured a restoration of the braincase in posterior view and presented the following description: ‘braincase very deep with elongated and well pronounced basipterygoid processes; supraoccipital tapers dorsally and makes a movable contact with parietal’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="064E6F8BCE472F4DFC577F5D0C50FAFA" author="Chatterjee S & Majumdar PK" box="[935,1360,1300,1322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" pagination="787 - 793" refId="ref19550" refString="Chatterjee S, Majumdar PK. 1987. Tikisuchus romeri a new rauisuchid reptile from the late Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology 61: 787 - 793." type="journal article" year="1987">Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987: 788</bibRefCitation>
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). Furthermore, they (p. 787) included ‘ossified laterosphenoid’ in a list of archosaurian features possessed by the specimen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6260127ACE472F4EFCBB7FC60B70FE85" blockId="17.[819,1435,993,1905]" lastBlockId="18.[142,759,196,1506]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="17" pageNumber="66">I have re-examined this material as part of this study. The surface preservation of ISI R 305 is very crumbly, and sutures and other details are hard to make out. In addition, several regions of the braincase are not preserved or could not be located at the time of this study. This makes it impossible to comment on the laterosphenoids (which could not be located), exoccipitals, metotic region, fenestra ovalis. The paroccipital processes are fairly short with strong distal expansions. The basioccipital bears dorsal facets that indicate that the ventral ends of the exoccipitals met along the midline to form the ventral border of the foramen magnum. The basal tubera of the basioccipital are barely bilobed. There is no sign that the entrance foramina for the cerebral branches of the internal carotid arteries were located on the posterior or posteroventral wall of the parabasisphenoid. The anterolateral surfaces of the same element are even less perfectly preserved, but I tentatively interpret that this is where the foramina for the cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery are positioned.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2AC541F1CE442F4EFF577B140887FA32" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6260127ACE442F4EFF577B140801FC4B" blockId="18.[142,759,196,1506]" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
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The braincase of
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE687B1708FCFEA3" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[408,508,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFE687B1708FCFEA3" box="[408,508,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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resembles that of
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF7E7B34082AFE41" box="[142,298,380,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFF7E7B34082AFE41" box="[142,298,380,402]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">P. kirkpatricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, particularly in the elongated region of the parabasisphenoid between the basipterygoid processes and the basal tubera, and in the way this region harbours a dorsoventrally elongate median pharyngeal recess. This is a derived feature within Suchia, and it represents a potential synapomorphy shared by
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF7E787C082AFD99" box="[142,298,564,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFF7E787C082AFD99" box="[142,298,564,586]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">P. kirkpatricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE9A787C08CDFD9A" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[362,461,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFE9A787C08CDFD9A" box="[362,461,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the exclusion of other known suchians, including
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE31781A0B80FDB8" box="[449,640,595,616]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFE31781A0B80FDB8" box="[449,640,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">B. kupferzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(although the braincase UMMP 7473 appears to possess a similar feature, see above). One clear difference between the parabasisphenoids of
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE4878E60B55FD14" box="[440,597,687,708]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFE4878E60B55FD14" box="[440,597,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">P. kirkpatricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFD6278E60BF6FD14" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[658,758,687,708]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFD6278E60BF6FD14" box="[658,758,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lies in the presence of paired short hook-like (in the transverse plane) processes on the parabasisphenoid of the latter taxon. These are not apparent in
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<bibRefCitation id="064E6F8BCE442F4EFF7E796008FFFCEF" author="Chatterjee S & Majumdar PK" box="[142,511,809,831]" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" pagination="787 - 793" refId="ref19550" refString="Chatterjee S, Majumdar PK. 1987. Tikisuchus romeri a new rauisuchid reptile from the late Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology 61: 787 - 793." type="journal article" year="1987">Chatterjee & Majumdar’s (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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figure 2, but they can be clearly detected on the posterior surface of the element between the bases of the basipterygoid processes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6260127ACE442F4EFF5779ED0887FA32" blockId="18.[142,759,196,1506]" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
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In summary, rauisuchian braincases are slowly becoming better known. The braincases of
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFD79798A0B07FC26" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFD79798A09EBFC26" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">B. kupferzellensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF0979AB085CFC26" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1959" box="[249,348,993,1015]" class="Reptilia" genus="Saurosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thecodontia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilei">S. galilei</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE9A79AB0B07FC26" box="[362,519,993,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">P. kirkpatricki</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFDB879AB0BABFC27" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[584,683,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFDB879AB0BABFC27" box="[584,683,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share many features. Most of these are apparently plesiomorphic for Archosauria (e.g. undivided metotic foramen, external foramina for hypoglossal nerve not posterior to subvertical ridge), some are probably derived for Archosauria (e.g. well ossified otic bullae, lateral foramen for the cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery), but few if any seem to be both derived for Suchia and restricted to rauisuchians. The elongate median pharyngeal recess of
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFDA97EBF0BF6FADA" box="[601,758,1269,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFDA97EBF0BF6FADA" box="[601,758,1269,1291]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">P. kirkpatricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF397F5C082CFAFA" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[201,300,1301,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFF397F5C082CFAFA" box="[201,300,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is perhaps the only such character.
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF7E7F7A084EFA98" box="[142,334,1331,1352]" class="Reptilia" genus="Batrachotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kupferzellensis">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFF7E7F7A084EFA98" box="[142,334,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">B. kupferzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFE7C7F7A0B29FA98" box="[396,553,1331,1352]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Postosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkpatricki">
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<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFE7C7F7A0B29FA98" box="[396,553,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">P. kirkpatricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share a separate foramen possibly for the posterior cerebral/cephalic vein above the dorsal end of the metotic foramen, but a probable equivalent is also present in at least some crocodilians, and the condition in
|
|||
|
<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFDA57FE70BB5FA12" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1959" box="[597,693,1453,1475]" class="Reptilia" genus="Saurosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thecodontia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilei">
|
|||
|
<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFDA57FE70BB5FA12" box="[597,693,1453,1475]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">S. galilei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
and
|
|||
|
<taxonomicName id="A5DF69F9CE442F4EFF7E7F8409F1FA32" authorityName="Chatterjee & Majumdar" authorityYear="1987" box="[142,241,1485,1506]" class="Reptilia" family="Rauisuchidae" genus="Tikisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
|
|||
|
<emphasis id="50ABCE68CE442F4EFF7E7F8409F1FA32" box="[142,241,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">T. romeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
is unknown.
|
|||
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
</document>
|