213 lines
40 KiB
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213 lines
40 KiB
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<document id="16489E656AABB9BDBC7FA8FB9ABDB356" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172619" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fc2cfbf1-64f7-401d-8752-9bef74bc7eee" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172619" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459759026330" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sutou, Mitsuaki" docDate="2006" docId="03C887CB2D6AFFE75A0310D9FC3EDB8F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01223p018.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1223" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Plecia membranifera Hardy & Takahashi 1960" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFF1FFB32D6DFFEF5B0B1351FFD6DD59" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of three Japanese species of the genus Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698214459310" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="616757EB1EE29ACE93B92E651B422BA1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CFB6AFB2F74269B64E560BBC0005B6C2">
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<mods:title id="8F2752E9AF969DAE9F93CAF39049CA3E">Immature stages of three Japanese species of the genus Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BFAFD93250ED02CDFA7134C9D0A3E8B5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="892D1F0E8627F67CF4E964CD93707E2D">Sutou, Mitsuaki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1310F713E8F083ACC4E803EEC359072C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E76B6BC5310BBB0B4187F215F770C4C1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B60304728BF634921464C98AA10C06FE">
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<mods:date id="37770416B06E820C5D5F6B5FF67443C1">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="43850B1408F7BB386FB2E9FBF3E3D3C1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A210831EF54DC22249BEAA6484BCF924">1223</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="CDDDBDD4FC2FBE229E43560BE07A3642">18</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="63AD575DBB6691A8CC876A860021C397">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="66B1482880A0D9F61C1BB25F17DC8AB1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.172619</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C267DB073000F1820657FE4BD77797A0" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AF95B3534E306449758257EE2E519734" type="Zenodo-Dep">172619</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C887CB2D6AFFE75A0310D9FC3EDB8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6260293" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119344375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6260293" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887CB2D6AFFE75A0310D9FC3EDB8F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887CB2D6AFFE75A0310D9FC3EDB8F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C37B65562D6AFFE85A0310D9FC84DEFB" box="[264,850,904,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D6AFFE85A0310D9FC84DEFB" blockId="7.[264,850,904,930]" box="[264,850,904,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D09681B12D6AFFE85A0310D9FC84DEFB" bold="true" box="[264,850,904,930]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5E2D6AFFE85A0310D9FC84DEFB" ID-CoL="4K2LL" authority="Hardy & Takahashi, 1960" authorityName="Hardy & Takahashi" authorityYear="1960" box="[264,850,904,930]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="membranifera">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A0310D9FC84DEFB" bold="true" box="[264,850,904,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A0310D9FDD1DEFB" bold="true" box="[264,519,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia membranifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2C2D6AFFE8590510D9FC84DEFB" author="Hardy" box="[526,850,904,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Hardy, D. E. & Takahashi, M. (1960) Revision of the Japanese Bibionidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Pacific Insects, 2, 383 - 449." type="journal article" year="1960">Hardy & Takahashi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B65562D6AFFE75A031082FC3EDB8F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D6AFFE85A031082FE44DEB5" blockId="7.[264,1323,979,1885]" box="[264,402,979,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A031082FE44DEB5" box="[264,402,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D6AFFE85A3310AAFC49D964" blockId="7.[264,1323,979,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A3310AAFEB1D94D" box="[312,359,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Egg</emphasis>
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: Shiny brown, with slightly rough surface (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE858CC10AAFBCED94C" box="[967,1048,1019,1045]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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A) observed at high magnification (×200–400),
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<quantity id="4C999B382D6AFFE859471772FD21D964" box="[588,759,1059,1085]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="0.67" valueMin="0.58">0.58–0.67 mm</quantity>
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long (
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE858491772FC87D965" box="[834,849,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
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= 20).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D6AFFE85A33171AFC3ED8AC" blockId="7.[264,1323,979,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A33171AFDD0D93D" box="[312,518,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Firstinstar larva</emphasis>
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: Head (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE8596C171AFD78D93C" box="[615,686,1099,1125]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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C), yellowish brown; genae with 6 setae anteriorly, 2 sensory pits and 6 minute setae along posterior stem of ecdysial suture (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85F751722FB11D9D4" box="[1150,1223,1139,1165]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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C: 4–7), these minute setae sometimes disappear depending on condition of specimen; frontal apotome with 2 long and 2 short setae (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE859D51792FCF3D984" box="[734,805,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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C: 1–2); clypeus with 4 setae and 6 sensory pits dorsally, lateral projection of clypeus with short setae apically; labrum with 2 papillae and conical processes anteriorly; antennal plate relatively large in comparison to that of finalinstar larva; mandible with 3 setae on basal half. Body (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85F1B166AFB8DD80C" box="[1040,1115,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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B) creamy white without processes, body segmentation of thorax indistinct, weakly arched in shape; brownish gut contents visible through translucent cuticle; only 1 pair of spiracles located posteriorly. Width of head capsule
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<quantity id="4C999B382D6AFFE859A816E2FC98D894" box="[675,846,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.215" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.2">0.20–0.23 mm</quantity>
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(mean ± SD = 0.21 ±
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<quantity id="4C999B382D6AFFE85F5C16E2FB15D894" box="[1111,1219,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
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,
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85FC616E2FB0AD895" box="[1229,1244,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
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= 20); Body length 1.0–
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<quantity id="4C999B382D6AFFE85ADF168AFDFAD8AC" box="[468,556,1499,1525]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
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(mean ± SD = 1.2 ±
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<quantity id="4C999B382D6AFFE85828168AFC56D8AC" box="[803,896,1499,1525]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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,
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85887168AFC4DD8AD" box="[908,923,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
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= 28).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D6AFFE85A331552FAFEDA04" blockId="7.[264,1323,979,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B915EACF2D6AFFE85A331552FDDADB45" box="[312,524,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Finalinstar larva</emphasis>
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: Genae with 6 setae anteriorly, 2 minute setae and 14 sensory pits dorsally including 4 pairs along posterior stem of ecdysial suture (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85F0D157AFB9CDB1C" box="[1030,1098,1579,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G: 4–7); genae and frontal apotome with some spotted maculae; frontal apotome with 2 setae and 4 sensory pits (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85A4E152AFE5BDBCC" box="[325,397,1659,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G: 1–3). Clypeus with 4 setae and 6 sensory pits dorsally (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85F5F152AFB4DDBCC" box="[1108,1179,1659,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G). Labrum with 2 small papillae dorsally, about 10 small papillae and fine setae on its anterior membranous part (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85AE7159AFDE3DBBC" box="[492,565,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G). Epipharynx (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE8580F159AFC9ADBBC" box="[772,844,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
H) with many fine setae, small conical processes, 2 rows of denticles, 8 differentiated small papillae and 4 sensory pits. Mandible (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D6AFFE85A1A144AFEBEDA6C" box="[273,360,1819,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
Figs.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D6AFFE85A52144AFEBEDA6C" box="[345,360,1819,1845]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</date>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
I, J) with 3 blunt teeth (teeth may be rather worn by feeding activity), welldeveloped prostheca attached inside, 3 setae and 2 dorsal sensory pits on its basal half.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A03124DFB36DE4F" blockId="8.[264,1326,284,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
Cardo with 3 setae and sensory pit ventrally (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75829124DFCBEDC6F" box="[802,872,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
M). Galeolacinia nearly trapezoidal in shape, with conical projection anteriorly (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE758031215FC8BDC07" box="[776,861,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
L, M); dorsal surface with fine setae, spinules, minute papilla, and 6–7 sensory pits (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75830123DFC57DCDF" box="[827,897,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
L); ventral surface with 2 setae and row of denticles anteriorly (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE7596312C5FD65DCF7" box="[616,691,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
M). Stipes composed of 3 parts: proximal isolated appendage, middle sclerite bearing seta and sensory pit with dorsal Ushaped invagination, and distal membranous ring with sensory pit and some spinules (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75F1B12B5FBB7DCA7" box="[1040,1121,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
L, M). Maxillary palpus with sensory pit and 10–12 apical papillae, one of which is slightly larger than others (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75A6A1165FE71DF17" box="[353,423,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
M). Central membranous area of labium with 10–14 small papillae and fine setae on its anterior margin (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE7596B110DFD71DF2F" box="[608,679,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
K). Hypopharynx nearly elliptical in shape with some pubescence (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75A9411D5FE35DFC7" box="[415,483,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
K). Body brown, arrangement of processes as shown in
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6E303662D65FFE75F7E11D5FB1EDFC7" box="[1141,1224,644,670]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 1. Arrangement of the processes on the body segments. a: finalinstar larva, b: pupa. T: thorax, A: abdomen. Arrangement of the processes is divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts except for T 1 and A 9. Dorsal and ventral processes of each of T 2 – A 8 of the finalinstar larva are subdivided into anterior, medial, and posterior rows. Venter of A 1 and A 2 of the pupa are covered by the leg and wing sheaths." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
a. Platelike ventral swelling of prothorax (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE7599411FDFD34DF9F" box="[671,738,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
E) with 2 conical processes. Body cuticle covered with many spinules (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75AF51185FD93DFB7" box="[510,581,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1653,1677]" captionTargetBox="[297,1285,319,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,304,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Plecia membranifera. A, microstructure of egg surface. B, C, firstinstar larva. D – M, finalinstar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, dorsal view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, platelike ventral swelling of prothorax. F, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations. Scales: G, 0.5 mm. C, F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172622/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
F). Width of head capsule
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE758751185FBFCDFB7" box="[894,1066,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.81" valueMax="0.88" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.88 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(mean ± SD = 0.81 ±
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75A0311ADFEA2DE4F" box="[264,372,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A7411ADFE58DE4C" box="[383,398,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
= 9); Body length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE7596711ADFCC1DE4F" box="[620,791,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.495" metricValueMax="1.71" metricValueMin="1.28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="14.95" valueMax="17.1" valueMin="12.8">12.8–17.1 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(mean ± SD = 15.1 ±
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75F1711ADFBAEDE4F" box="[1052,1144,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75F8F11ADFB45DE4C" box="[1156,1171,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
= 15).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A331075FAD1D90F" blockId="8.[264,1326,284,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A331075FEA0DE64" box="[312,374,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pupa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Male (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE75AC41075FDF6DE67" box="[463,544,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[264,367,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[316,1270,322,736]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[264,1323,296,751]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Plecia membranifera, pupa. A, male, frontal view. B, male, lateral view. C, female, lateral view. See Fig. 2 for abbreviations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172623/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
A, B): Vertex semicircular in frontal view; antenna slightly arched, lying transversely; maxillary palpus attenuated apically and extending transversely; rostrum short. Prothoracic spiracle vestigial. Extremities of hind legs reaching posterior part of 2nd abdominal segment. Arrangement of body processes as shown in
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6E303662D65FFE75F9B10CDFB32DEEF" box="[1168,1252,924,950]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 1. Arrangement of the processes on the body segments. a: finalinstar larva, b: pupa. T: thorax, A: abdomen. Arrangement of the processes is divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts except for T 1 and A 9. Dorsal and ventral processes of each of T 2 – A 8 of the finalinstar larva are subdivided into anterior, medial, and posterior rows. Venter of A 1 and A 2 of the pupa are covered by the leg and wing sheaths." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
b, but dorsum of A2 and A7 each with only 2 setae in some specimens. Abdominal spiracles slightly protruded from body surface. Body length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE7586510BDFC28D95F" box="[878,1022,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="7.7" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="6.9">6.9–8.5 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(mean ± SD = 7.6 ±
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75E0E10BDFEEED977" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A421745FE8ED974" box="[329,344,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
= 13). Female (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D65FFE7592F1745FDA6D977" box="[548,624,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[264,367,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[316,1270,322,736]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[264,1323,296,751]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Plecia membranifera, pupa. A, male, frontal view. B, male, lateral view. C, female, lateral view. See Fig. 2 for abbreviations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172623/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
C): similar to male, but compound eye smaller, abdomen thicker than that of male. Body length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE759C7176DFC8FD90F" box="[716,857,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="8.25" valueMax="8.6" valueMin="7.9">7.9–8.6 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(mean ± SD = 8.4 ±
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75F5B176DFB7BD90F" box="[1104,1197,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75FB2176DFB1ED90C" box="[1209,1224,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
= 5).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A0317DDFE2AD9FC" blockId="8.[264,1323,1164,1390]" box="[264,508,1164,1189]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A0317DDFE2AD9FC" box="[264,508,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Specimens examined</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A3317E5FBACD837" blockId="8.[264,1323,1164,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A3317E5FEB1D994" box="[312,359,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Egg</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Laid by females reared from larvae collected on
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D65FFE758FC17E5FBACD997" box="[1015,1146,1204,1230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2001-03-19">
|
|||
|
|
19.III.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75F3017E5FBACD997" box="[1083,1146,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
in Korimoto,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D65FFE75A03178DFEBBD9AF" box="[264,365,1244,1270]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="31.566668">31°34’N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D65FFE75A74178DFE24D9AF" box="[383,498,1244,1270]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="130.53334">130°32’E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE75903178DFD98D9AF" box="[520,590,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
alt., Kagoshima, Kagoshima Pref.
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75F16178DFB25D9AC" box="[1053,1267,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Firstinstar larva</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: 28 examples (5 examples in NSMT), late
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D65FFE759D31655FC82D847" box="[728,852,1284,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2001-05">May 2001</date>
|
|||
|
|
, hatched from above eggs.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75F961655FE93D81C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Finalinstar larva</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: 16 examples (3 examples in NSMT),
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D65FFE75807167DFC45D81F" box="[780,915,1324,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2001-03-19">19.III.2001</date>
|
|||
|
|
, same locality.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75F4E167DFB55D81C" box="[1093,1155,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pupa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D65FFE75F99167DFB14D866" box="[1170,1218,1324,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">13♂</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
, 6Ψ (
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D65FFE75E08167DFAF5D866" box="[1283,1315,1324,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">3♂</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
, 2Ψ in NSMT), reared from larvae collected on
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D65FFE758241605FC65D837" box="[815,947,1364,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2001-03-19">
|
|||
|
|
19.III.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B382D65FFE7587F1605FC65D837" box="[884,947,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
in same locality.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A0316F5FE1AD8E4" blockId="8.[264,1324,1444,1750]" box="[264,460,1444,1469]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A0316F5FE1AD8E4" box="[264,460,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ecological notes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D65FFE75A33169DFC3EDB8F" blockId="8.[264,1324,1444,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
This is a rare species, evidenced by the fact that this is only the second record of this species since its original description. Its distribution appears to be restricted to Kagoshima Prefecture, the southernmost part of Kyushu Island. The gregarious larvae of this species, consisting of 103 individuals, were collected in March from soils in open habitat where the herb
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5E2D65FFE75A4E153DFDD8DBDC" box="[325,526,1644,1669]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Hedera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhombea">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D65FFE75A4E153DFDD8DBDC" box="[325,526,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hedera rhombea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was dominant. Afterward, the reared adults emerged in midApril. Adult males flying over a lawn near the site were collected in
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFDF101D2D65FFE758D115C5FBA2DBF7" box="[986,1140,1684,1710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1999-08">August 1999</date>
|
|||
|
|
. Therefore, this species most likely produces two or three generations per year.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|