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<mods:titleid="EA0AEDCB6C953ED1AD6E809F55CA144B">Systematic revision of the South American “ Nuncia ” (Opiliones, Laniatores, Triaenonychidae)</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="4409B1D26F5294972F4F3269293B3763">División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales – CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina & Sección Aracnología y Miriapodología, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque s / n, (1900) La Plata, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="4096240350617A710929283765552484">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & San Diego Natural History Museum, Department of Entomology, San Diego, CA 92101, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="AA86AF7494567682C70FDA1C6280EFD7">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="1A4FD48B19ACBFDE626A70BFEF8E749B">División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales – CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="4B3739C58A79E94BA8B134A03915403B"authority="(Maury, 1990)"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="A86861028707BC1D2695F52A6C473E05"author="Maury EA"journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepción"pagination="103-119"refId="B31"refString="Maury EA (1990) Triaenonychidae sudamericanos. VI. Tres nuevas especies del genero Nuncia Loman 1902 (Opiliones, Laniatores). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion 61: 103 - 119."title="Triaenonychidae sudamericanos. VI. Tres nuevas especies del género Nuncia Loman 1902 (Opiliones, Laniatores)."volume="61"year="1990">Maury, 1990</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="DE006C9D4C53E023F7B3C4FFF0E96C6D"captionStart="Figure 29"captionStartId="F29"captionText="Figure 29. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. habitus, male A dorsal view C lateral view E ventral view. Female B dorsal view D lateral view F ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm. Species of Clade A, see Fig. 3."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure29"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090635">Figs 29</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="E8325BB2C7F6E2017ACE1E6130287B9C"captionStart="Figure 30"captionStartId="F30"captionText="Figure 30. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. male, SEM images of habitus A dorsal view B lateral view C, D ventral view. Scale bars: 500 µm."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure30"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090636">30</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="97F040EC75C7EA22147CCE6227673989"captionStart="Figure 31"captionStartId="F31"captionText="Figure 31. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. chelicerae: mesal A ectal B pedipalps: mesal C ectal D. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B); 500 µm (C, D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure31"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090637">31</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="EAFE918556F01C0500104605DD33BADD"captionStart="Figure 32"captionStartId="F32"captionText="Figure 32. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. legs I A II B III C IV D. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C); 100 µm (B, D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure32"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090638">32</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="400918348F83F169A6A710E1B5ED5854"captionStart="Figure 33"captionStartId="F33"captionText="Figure 33. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. penis: ventral A, B apical C lateral D, E dorsal F, G. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, D, F); 50 µm (B, C, E, G)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure33"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090639">33</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="CFD7767FFAEEB2B046D6B1CD32DA93BE"captionStart="Figure 34"captionStartId="F34"captionText="Figure 34. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. penis: ventral A apical B lateral C dorsal D. Colors: ventral plate (yellow), capsula externa (blue), capsula interna (red). Scale bars: 50 µm (A – C); 200 µm (D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure34"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090640">34</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="2374A4DAE30A3022C22F6F01CAA4C705"author="Maury EA"journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepción"pagination="103-119"refId="B31"refString="Maury EA (1990) Triaenonychidae sudamericanos. VI. Tres nuevas especies del genero Nuncia Loman 1902 (Opiliones, Laniatores). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion 61: 103 - 119."title="Triaenonychidae sudamericanos. VI. Tres nuevas especies del género Nuncia Loman 1902 (Opiliones, Laniatores)."volume="61"year="1990">Maury, 1990: 108</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="A3537AB0AE62AA0D65796571E490C70E"author="Maury EA"firstAuthor="Maury"journalOrPublisher="Aracanología"page="5"pagination="1-10"refId="B32"refString="Maury EA (1992) Lista de los ejemplares típicos de “ Arachnida ” (Opiliones, Scorpiones y Solifugae) depositados en el Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “ Bernardino Rivadavia ” Suplemento I. Aracanología 6: 1–10."title="Lista de los ejemplares típicos de “ Arachnida ” (Opiliones, Scorpiones y Solifugae) depositados en el Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “ Bernardino Rivadavia ” Suplemento I."volume="6"year="1992">Maury 1992: 5</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitationid="07A86D1252A1F7536BD5FC9FAFF03C28"author="Acosta LE & Maury EA"page="579"year="1998">
<bibRefCitationid="EF1EFC06D73C6D445C51844A15E4AB36"author="Acosta LE & Maury EA"editor="Morrone JJ & Coscarón S"firstAuthor="Acosta"journalOrPublisher="La Plata"page="579"pagination="569-580"refId="B1"refString="Acosta LE, Maury EA (1998) Opiliones. In: Morrone JJ, Coscarón S (Eds) Biodiversidad de artrópodos argentinos, una perspectiva biotaxonómica. La Plata, 569–580."title="Opiliones."volumeTitle="Biodiversidad de artrópodos argentinos, una perspectiva biotaxonómica."year="1998">Acosta and Maury 1998: 579</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="0C9FFE9D9D8C0C64D6E5D826419AFBA2"author="Kury A"firstAuthor="Kury"page="22"refId="B25"refString="Kury A (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología espec: 325."year="2003">Kury 2003: 22</bibRefCitation>
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). Same collector,
<dateid="421E530F7BAF277E1BC12F53127BECE1"value="1985-12-04">04. XII. 1985</date>
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). Valdivia: Las Lajas (Las Trancas), W. La Unión, L. Peña coll.,
<dateid="24D079422988F1F5324E699E8FFE412A"value="1990-11-19">19. XI. 1990</date>
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This species can be easily distinguished from the other species in the genus by its long interocular apophysis (not as long as in
<taxonomicNameid="9F205833FF5C05EF404C2FFAAC657B41"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="mauryi">
<figureCitationid="138593AE1FA79D80AC0A776D9A40D02B"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Maps showing the distribution of the species used in this work. South America (Chile and western Argentina inset). Chile in green, Argentina / South America in grey. Terrestrial ecoregions (following Olson et al. 2001) highlighted in yellow (Chilean Matorral) and orange (Valdivian temperate forests)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090610">4 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSectionid="SECID0EY5AI"type="description">
<paragraphid="897A6D06EE3E08A136163026A678D83F">
<headingid="0547517A02250D5DECE849A39DD53813"reason="title">Description of male.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraphid="9531EBF19323178C2846230185E9CFC2">Measurements: Total length 3.29, carapace length 0.77, dorsal scutum 2.22 length. max. width of the carapace 1.72. max. width of the mesotergum 2.01. Appendage measurements: Pedipalps. Trochanter length 0.28, femora length 1.27, patella length 0.64, tibia length 1.05, tarsus length 0.95. Leg I: trochanter (tr) 0.30, femora (fe) 1.13, patella (pa) 0.58, tibia (ti) 0.92, metatarsus (mt) 1.03, tarsus (ta) 0.76. II: tr 0.34, fe 1.71, pa 0.63, ti 1.47, mt 1.75, ta 1.55. III: tr 0.36, fe 1.17, pa 0.51, ti 1.13, mt 1.44, ta 0.97. IV: tr 0.41, fe 1.56, pa 0.71, ti 1.47, mt 1.98, ta 1.10.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="69512EFA9497663EAEC9869E66DA0EC7">
Dorsum (Fig.
<figureCitationid="D4056C4F750D6E2C9A93922DC6E4297A"captionStart="Figure 29"captionStartId="F29"captionText="Figure 29. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. habitus, male A dorsal view C lateral view E ventral view. Female B dorsal view D lateral view F ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm. Species of Clade A, see Fig. 3."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure29"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090635">29</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="36D39030306E92BAE0CE32F8D10749D6"captionStart="Figure 30"captionStartId="F30"captionText="Figure 30. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. male, SEM images of habitus A dorsal view B lateral view C, D ventral view. Scale bars: 500 µm."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure30"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090636">30</figureCitation>
). Eta (η) hourglass-shaped dorsal scutum. Ocularium elevated, accompanied by a long apophysis located between the eyes. Additionally, there are two dorsal rows of setae present in the ocularium. Carapace with fine microgranulation, small tubercles located on each side of the ocular region. A group of five small tubercles can be observed near leg I. Mesotergum with fine microgranulation and features areas that are delineated by prominent tubercles. These tubercles create triangular patterns on the dorsal surface of the mesotergum. Areas I – IV with rows of three, nine, ten, and 12 setiferous tubercles, respectively. The two central tubercles of rows II and III more robust than the others. Posterior margin of the mesotergum with a row of 16 setiferous tubercles. Free tergites, similarly to the posterior margin of the dorsal scutum, display a row of setiferous tubercles.
<taxonomicNameid="6B5FD2C5795E263D2ADB7E42DE538576"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm. Species of Clade A, see Fig.
<figureCitationid="2A2F604EF726BC3C29905112FAFAEC47"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetics relationships of Triaenonychidae, with clade names as discussed in the main text. Phylogeny is derived from the IQ-TREE analysis. Nodes without circles have < 95 % bootstrap support to AH-aLR and UFBoot."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090609">3</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="83FF84D647511E532DE0AF69E6C1312F"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
<taxonomicNameid="050088D8B739048C10DAA23B7577F34A"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
<figureCitationid="1FD8223A610F9E42C54B209791EC7E14"captionStart="Figure 31"captionStartId="F31"captionText="Figure 31. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. chelicerae: mesal A ectal B pedipalps: mesal C ectal D. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B); 500 µm (C, D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure31"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090637">31 C, D</figureCitation>
). The pedipalps exhibit several distinctive features. Trochanter of the pedipalp possesses one ventral and three small dorsal setiferous tubercles. Femora and tibia covered with granules, visible in both dorsal and ectal views. Femora of the pedipalp particularly notable, with a series of six ventral spines with subdistal setae. Proximal process subtriangular in shape, while the fourth and sixth spines are smaller compared to the others. On the mesal surface of the femora, a row of small tubercles of varying sizes can be observed. Additionally, three small distal tubercles with setae and 6–8 granules are present. Dorsal surface of the femora with a row of six spines with subdistal setae. Patella with two mesal and one ectal small spines, each adorned with subdistal setae. In ventral view, tibia displays four ectal and mesal spines with subdistal setae, with a row of setiferous granules. Tarsus with three mesal and ectal tubercles, all covered in subdistal setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraphid="E935ACA63BA8E3935D1144D19A415513">
Legs (Fig.
<figureCitationid="DE1951259F4D474F72992B5DA03677F4"captionStart="Figure 32"captionStartId="F32"captionText="Figure 32. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. legs I A II B III C IV D. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C); 100 µm (B, D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure32"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090638">32</figureCitation>
). Legs I to IV characterized by short setiferous tubercles. Leg I with three long tubercles with subdistal setae. Legs II and III are connected by four or five bridges, while leg IV is connected to the opisthosoma by 6–8 bridges. Spiracles not covered by these bridges. The smooth surface occupies <¼ of leg IV, indicating the presence of microgranulation or other textural variations. Legs II and III each with ~ 1 / 3 of their surfaces covered in a row of four small tubercles. Leg II with seven small tubercles. On the opisthosomal sternites, a row of tiny setiferous tubercles can be observed. Sternum arrow-shaped, with a triangular-shaped posterior. Femora I – IV bearing small setiferous tubercles, metatarsus I with a distal notch.
<taxonomicNameid="FBC58FB1C250195C21E0DE4987BEA61D"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
<figureCitationid="8B393AC11D352C5386E27C8497E608A7"captionStart="Figure 33"captionStartId="F33"captionText="Figure 33. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. penis: ventral A, B apical C lateral D, E dorsal F, G. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, D, F); 50 µm (B, C, E, G)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure33"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090639">33</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="FE751E1A1F5086F59EA2D89B30E08A57"captionStart="Figure 34"captionStartId="F34"captionText="Figure 34. Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov. penis: ventral A apical B lateral C dorsal D. Colors: ventral plate (yellow), capsula externa (blue), capsula interna (red). Scale bars: 50 µm (A – C); 200 µm (D)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1207.120068.figure34"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1090640">34</figureCitation>
). Pars distalis with a ventral plate that bears a groove dividing it into two long lamellae. Each lamella has three small macrosetae on the ventral surface and one macroseta on the dorsal surface, and the ventral plate is composed of scale-like structures. Capsula externa shorter than capsula interna, with a groove dividing the dorsal fold into two halves. Capsula interna with apical projections on the ventral view.
<taxonomicNameid="9AF71451ECAA175679527DB6FF51D588"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">
<taxonomicNameid="EB329E8CB052322E14ABFE3E88AD7AF0"authorityName="Porto & Derkarabetian & Giribet & Pérez-González"authorityYear="2024"baseAuthorityName="Maury"baseAuthorityYear="1990"class="Arachnida"family="Triaenonychidae"genus="Fresiax"kingdom="Animalia"order="Opiliones"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="spinulosa"status="comb. nov.">