296 lines
37 KiB
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296 lines
37 KiB
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<document id="9A0178C87676A17F7E92330C87ED3CBC" ID-CLB-Dataset="110557" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="253ac560-caad-4129-802d-2094c5cc69de" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6422593" ID-ZooBank="7F4D5550-8B85-4694-9482-8A125E9A2650" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629864694971" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Moradmand, Majid" docDate="2013" docId="03B787E98269131825A58625FAFFFCC0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03675p108.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3675 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Olios quesitio Moradmand, 2013, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="FF8EFF918223135325328503FFB2FF9C" masterDocTitle="The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1699144388785" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7F6A21DB57942AC39B6F74490BEC1D89">The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3160CA6E4AD700516DE8CC263E9F1CDE">Moradmand, Majid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C203DB8FDA1226FCCEB49B7061A7EFE0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9D1AA7EFAB5D29DEE4D6030D99E8D72C">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4C2E566FCAF2C560565C42BA99ECFA65">2013-06-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CAB9B902D3C56914C618748C787EA88E">3675</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B787E98269131825A58625FAFFFCC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6949852" ID-GBIF-Taxon="198139560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6949852" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787E98269131825A58625FAFFFCC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787E98269131825A58625FAFFFCC0" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection id="C30465748269131925A58625FD09FCA3" box="[151,699,806,831]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131925A58625FD09FCA3" blockId="74.[151,699,806,831]" box="[151,699,806,831]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="D0E981938269131925A58625FD09FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,699,806,831]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A58625FD09FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,699,806,831]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131925A58625FE86FCA3" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Moradmand" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,308,806,831]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quesitio" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A58625FE86FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,308,806,831]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios quesitio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259579682691319240E8624FE0EFCA3" box="[316,444,807,831]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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et replacement name
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30465748269131925A5866DFE63FC5D" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131925A5866DFE63FC5D" blockId="74.[151,1436,878,961]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131924B5866CFCEBFC18" authority="Caporiacco, 1939: 353" authorityName="Caporiacco" authorityPageNumber="353" authorityYear="1939" box="[391,857,878,901]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131924B5866CFDDBFC19" box="[391,617,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Eusparassus concolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E826913192742866DFCEBFC18" author="Caporiacco, L. di" box="[624,857,878,900]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="303 - 385" refId="ref50007" refString="Caporiacco, L. di. (1939) Arachnida In: Missione biologica nel paese dei Borana. Raccolte zoologiche. Reale Accademia d'Italia, 3, 303 - 385." type="journal article" year="1939">Caporiacco, 1939: 353</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(description of subadult male) [subadult male
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<typeStatus id="54A5885D82691319200F866DFA2AFC18" box="[1341,1432,878,900]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F309766F8269131925F5868EFE93FC3F" box="[199,289,909,931]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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: Moyale,
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<date id="FFA0103F8269131924B7868EFDA2FC3F" box="[389,528,909,931]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="1973-05-13">13 May 1973</date>
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, Prof. Zavattari leg., MZUF 212, examined] (preoccupied by
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131921B5868EFE9DFC5D" ID-CoL="6SKDC" authority="Keyserling, 1884: 682" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityPageNumber="682" authorityYear="1884" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131921B5868EFAADFC3F" box="[1159,1311,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios concolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E826913192014868EFE9DFC5D" author="Keyserling, E." pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="649 - 684" refId="ref51346" refString="Keyserling, E. (1884) Neue Spinnen aus America. V. Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 33, 649 - 684." type="journal article" year="1884">Keyserling, 1884: 682</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 21, fig. 29).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30465748269131925A586ECFB06FBD2" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131925A586ECFB06FBD2" blockId="74.[151,1436,1006,1318]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A586ECFEAFFB9B" bold="true" box="[151,285,1007,1031]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The largest
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319249F86EDFD83FB9A" authorityName="Bertkau" authorityYear="1872" box="[429,561,1006,1030]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sparassidae</taxonomicName>
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genus in terms of species number,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131926F586EDFBB1FB9A" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1837" box="[967,1027,1006,1030]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131926F586EDFBB1FB9A" box="[967,1027,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, needs a comprehensive revision to uncover its hidden diversity and several misplacements. “Quesitio” is the Latin translation for the term “investigation”, referring to the need for taxonomic revision of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319266F8135FC7DFBD2" box="[861,975,1078,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319266F8135FC28FBD2" box="[861,922,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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Noun in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30465748269131825F58158FAFFFCC0" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131925F58158FC33FABA" blockId="74.[151,1436,1006,1318]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925F58158FE89FBEF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1115,1139]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The subadult male
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<typeStatus id="54A5885D8269131927028159FD20FBEE" box="[560,658,1114,1138]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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was collected by Prof Edoardo Zavattari from Borana region in Southern
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<collectingCountry id="F309766F826913192436817DFED4FB0A" box="[260,358,1150,1174]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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. The combination of somatic characters revealed that the specimen belongs to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319206D817DFA2EFB0A" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1837" box="[1375,1436,1150,1174]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319206D817DFA2EFB0A" box="[1375,1436,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on eye arrangement, equal length and width of prosoma, absence of intermarginal denticles, presence of two to five thick bristles at retromarginal side of chelicerae basal segment and spotted legs. The new combination is a secondary homonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319249881E8FCAFFA9E" authority="Keyserling, 1884" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1884" box="[426,797,1258,1283]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319249881E8FDE1FA9F" box="[426,595,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Olios concolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E82691319276981E9FCAFFA9E" author="Keyserling, E." box="[603,797,1258,1282]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="649 - 684" refId="ref51346" refString="Keyserling, E. (1884) Neue Spinnen aus America. V. Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 33, 649 - 684." type="journal article" year="1884">Keyserling, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(currently considered a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319203E81E8FEE9FABA" authority="Keyserling, 1884" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1884" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Olios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giganteus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319203E81E8FA2EFA9E" box="[1292,1436,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">O. giganteus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E8269131925A5800DFEE9FABA" author="Keyserling, E." box="[151,347,1294,1318]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="649 - 684" refId="ref51346" refString="Keyserling, E. (1884) Neue Spinnen aus America. V. Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 33, 649 - 684." type="journal article" year="1884">Keyserling, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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), therefore a replacement name is proposed here.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131925A5806CFDA7FA15" blockId="74.[151,533,1391,1417]" box="[151,533,1391,1417]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A5806CFDA7FA15" bold="true" box="[151,533,1391,1417]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Systematics and zoogeography</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136FF8269131825A580B5FC30FE68" blockId="74.[151,1436,1462,2026]" lastBlockId="75.[151,1436,151,860]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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With completion of this revision, 30 species of the stone huntsman spiders, genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131921B680B4FAA0FA52" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[1156,1298,1463,1486]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131921B680B4FAA0FA52" box="[1156,1298,1463,1486]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Eusparassus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are known (including
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319242380D8FEC7FA6E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1902" box="[273,373,1499,1523]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Cercetius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perezi">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319242380D8FEC7FA6E" box="[273,373,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">C. perezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), of which 27 species are classified into six species groups and the rest three species are listed as incertae sedis. All species groups show a continuous range of distribution, fully to partially separated from nearby groups. The intermarginal denticles of chelicerae are present in just two species groups namely
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131925A58345FE91F9C2" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[151,291,1606,1630]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walckenaeri">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A58345FE91F9C2" box="[151,291,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">walckenaeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131924698344FE1EF9C2" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" box="[347,428,1607,1630]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131924698344FE1EF9C2" box="[347,428,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">jaegeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(present also in some specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131926798345FC00F9C2" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1902" box="[843,946,1606,1630]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Cercetius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perezi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131926798345FC00F9C2" box="[843,946,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">C. perezi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but in different pattern). Thus, it could be assumed that these two groups are phylogenitically closely related. Consequently, the recently discovered
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131925A5838CFE95F93A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,295,1679,1702]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131925A5838CFE95F93A" box="[151,295,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
fossil (amber),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131924D5838CFDC6F93A" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[487,628,1679,1702]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131924D5838CFDC6F93A" box="[487,628,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">E. crassipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, is probably allied to one of these groups, since its chelicerae have distinct intermarginal denticles (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E82691319273B83B1FD57F956" author="Dunlop, J. A. & Penney, D. & Daluge, N. & Jager, P. & McNeil, A. & Bradley, R. S. & Withers, P. J. & Preziosi, R. F." box="[521,741,1714,1739]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="519 - 527" refId="ref50503" refString="Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D., Daluge, N., Jager, P., McNeil, A., Bradley, R. S., Withers, P. J. & Preziosi, R. F. (2011) Computed tomography recovers data from historical amber: an example from huntsman spiders. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 519 - 527. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 011 - 0796 - x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|||
|
|
Dunlop
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319275A83B0FD13F957" box="[616,673,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2011
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: figs 2e–f). The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319269383B0FC40F956" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" box="[929,1010,1715,1738]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319269383B0FC40F956" box="[929,1010,1715,1738]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">jaegeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group is endemic to Southern Africa (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A7A8269131925AD83D5FF45F972" box="[159,247,1750,1774]" captionStart="FIGURE 71" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1668,1691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,272,1638]" captionTargetId="figure-30@103.[151,1436,271,1639]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 71. Distribution range of (a) Eusparassus vestigator group; (b) Eusparassus tuckeri and jaegeri groups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6422766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6422766/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig.71b</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) which is far from the locality of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319274583D4FD4DF972" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[631,767,1751,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319274583D4FD4DF972" box="[631,767,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">E. crassipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in Northern Europe. Thus,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319210583D4FB0DF972" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1079,1215,1751,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319210583D4FB0DF972" box="[1079,1215,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">E. crassipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is probably closely related to the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319241D83F8FE0AF88F" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[303,440,1787,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walckenaeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319241D83F8FE0AF88F" box="[303,440,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">walckenaeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group whose distribution range extends into the Eastern Mediterranean region (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A7A82691319200483F9FA3DF88E" box="[1334,1423,1786,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 70" captionStartId="102.[151,250,2010,2033]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,180,1988]" captionTargetId="figure-31@102.[152,1435,179,1994]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 70. Distribution range of (a) Eusparassus walckenaeri group; (b) Eusparassus dufouri group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6422764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6422764/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig.70a</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The remaining four species groups lack any intermarginal denticles on their chelicerae. Nevertheless, the presence of intermarginal denticles could be also the result of homoplasy and gain and loss of the character might have been taken place several times during the evolution of the members. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319269B8265FC4EF8E2" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1932" box="[937,1020,1894,1918]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319269B8265FC4EF8E2" box="[937,1020,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">dufouri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131921048264FB14F8E2" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1078,1190,1895,1918]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestigator">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131921048264FB14F8E2" box="[1078,1190,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">vestigator</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
groups are related in terms of the presence of the dark marking ventrally on the opisthosoma and the spination of the legs femora (I–IV 424, exception
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319247F82ACFE61F85A" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[333,467,1967,1990]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pearsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319247F82ACFE61F85A" box="[333,467,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">E. pearsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
323). The disjunctive distribution of the isolated member of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82691319218182ACFA91F85A" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1203,1315,1967,1990]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestigator">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82691319218182ACFA91F85A" box="[1203,1315,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">vestigator</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8269131920B682ACFF4BF876" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pearsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8269131920B682ACFF4BF876" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">E. pearsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F82691319241682D1FED2F876" box="[292,352,2002,2026]" name="India" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, far from its closest relatives in Eastern Africa (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A7A8269131926AB82D1FC48F876" box="[921,1018,2002,2026]" captionStart="FIGURE 71" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1668,1691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,272,1638]" captionTargetId="figure-30@103.[151,1436,271,1639]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 71. Distribution range of (a) Eusparassus vestigator group; (b) Eusparassus tuckeri and jaegeri groups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6422766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6422766/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 71a</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) can be explained by the following hypothesis: the occurrence of this species in Indian plate is a secondary distribution of its ancestral stock from Eastern Africa. The Indian subcontinent was not totally isolated from Africa after its separation from Gondwanaland.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F82681318246285DCFE3BFF6B" box="[336,393,223,247]" name="India" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
was reattached to northeast Africa via Greater
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F82681318269985DCFBB5FF6B" box="[939,1031,223,247]" name="Somalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
around 65–60 MYA (million years ago), on its northward drift toward Eurasia (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E8268131827A88407FC9FFE80" author="Briggs, J. C." box="[666,813,260,284]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="381 - 388" refId="ref49925" refString="Briggs, J. C. (2003) The biogeography and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 381 - 388. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2003.00809. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Briggs 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The hypothesized ancestor of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131821AC8406FA91FE80" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1182,1315,261,284]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pearsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131821AC8406FA91FE80" box="[1182,1315,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">E. pearsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
may have dispersed from Eastern Africa to Western
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F8268131827418424FD1EFEA3" box="[627,684,295,319]" name="India" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
at that time. A similar scenariao was proposed for the distribution of the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318241A844FFD77FEF8" authority="Strand, 1906" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[296,709,332,356]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Mallinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318241A844FFE2FFEF8" box="[296,413,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Mallinella</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Strand, 1906 (Zodariidae)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E8268131827C2844FFBADFEF8" author="Dankittipakul, P. & Jocque, R. & Singtripop, T." box="[752,1055,332,356]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref50150" refString="Dankittipakul, P., Jocque, R. & Singtripop, T. (2012) Systematics and biogeography of the spider genus Mallinella Strand, 1906, with description of new species and new genera from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Zodariidae). Zootaxa, 3369, 1 - 327." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
|||
|
|
Dankittipakul
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131826A0844EFC78FEF8" box="[914,970,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(2012)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318216F844FFB14FEF8" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1117,1190,332,356]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318216F844FFB14FEF8" box="[1117,1190,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">doriae</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group - distributed in the Middle East to parts of Central and South Asia - might have evolved from the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131821168473FB1FFE14" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1060,1197,368,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walckenaeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131821168473FB1FFE14" box="[1060,1197,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">walckenaeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group by losing their intermarginal denticles. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131824D68497FD80FE30" authorityName="Moradmand" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[484,562,404,428]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuckeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131824D68497FD80FE30" box="[484,562,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">tuckeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group represents an endemic lineage in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F8268131821238497FB6AFE30" box="[1041,1240,404,428]" name="Namibia" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Southwest Africa</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A7A8268131821DE8497FAF5FE30" box="[1260,1351,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 71" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1668,1691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,272,1638]" captionTargetId="figure-30@103.[151,1436,271,1639]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 71. Distribution range of (a) Eusparassus vestigator group; (b) Eusparassus tuckeri and jaegeri groups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6422766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6422766/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig.71b</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Since most parts of the distribution range of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318277E84BAFC81FE53" box="[588,819,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318277E84BAFD68FE4C" box="[588,730,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
species
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are not explored yet, more species are to be expected, especially in the transition zones between different species groups.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136FF8268131825C784FCFAFFFCC0" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,860]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
|||
|
|
The stone huntsman spiders inhabit semidry and dry deserts. Tectonic drifts have caused major changes in the position of the continents and consequently those of deserts. Many of the current deserts are geologically young, but in contrast, the world’s oldest desert is believed to be the Namib Desert, originating from some 55 MYA (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E8268131825AC876FFE96FD18" author="Ward, D." box="[158,292,620,644]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref53328" refString="Ward, D. (2009) The biology of deserts. Oxford University Press, New York, 304 pp." type="book" year="2009">Ward 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Since the close relatives of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131827B5876EFCA6FD18" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[647,788,621,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131827B5876EFCA6FD18" box="[647,788,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C826813182666876FFC41FD18" authorityName="Jarvi" authorityYear="1912" box="[852,1011,620,644]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eusparassinae">Eusparassinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(e.g.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318210E876FFAA9FD18" authorityName="Jarvi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1084,1307,620,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Pseudomicrommata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318210E876FFAA9FD18" box="[1084,1307,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pseudomicrommata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318201C876FFA27FD18" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1938" box="[1326,1429,620,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Arandisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318201C876FFA27FD18" box="[1326,1429,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Arandisa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131825A58793FE8EFD34" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,316,656,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Leucorchestris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131825A58793FE8EFD34" box="[151,316,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Leucorchestris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C8268131824418793FDBAFD34" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1962" box="[371,520,656,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Carparachne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED8268131824418793FDBAFD34" box="[371,520,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Carparachne</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) are living in the Namib Desert and nearby regions, this area is a potential centre of origin of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318241487B6FE5EFD57" box="[294,492,692,716]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318241487B6FE06FD50" box="[294,436,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
spp.
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
This hypothesis of a Southern African origin of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318211587B6FB06FD50" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[1063,1204,693,716]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318211587B6FB06FD50" box="[1063,1204,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is supported by the absence of representatives in the Americas,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F8268131827B087D4FCBBFD73" box="[642,777,727,751]" name="Madagascar" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F309766F82681318267287D4FC15FD73" box="[832,935,727,751]" name="Australia" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(previous records from these regions proved to be misidentifications). Thus,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D7C82681318273387FEFD3CFC88" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[513,654,765,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Eusparassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAED82681318273387FEFD3CFC88" box="[513,654,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Eusparassus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
does not have a Gondwanan distribution and probably evolved after the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland, which was completed in Early Cretaceous at around 110–100 MYA (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B0E8268131825D68647FEC1FCC0" author="Briggs, J. C." box="[228,371,836,860]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref49904" refString="Briggs, J. C. (1995) Global biogeography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, XVII, 452 pp." type="book" year="1995">Briggs 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Diversification of the genus and area expansion probably occurred during the Tertiary.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|