361 lines
46 KiB
XML
361 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<document id="AFF3646977D0C6A0CAF4EF1CE548C40A" ID-CLB-Dataset="3336" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5721161" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d49c093c-d189-4593-ad9c-e2d4036ea128" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721161" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633650758772" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="039CED53FFC2FF8BFF292B4A19D293E0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Tapiridae_0182.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Tapirus bairdii" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="201" masterDocId="FFA5952BFFC1FF8FFFEC264B1E3D944E" masterDocTitle="Tapiridae" masterLastPageNumber="204" masterPageNumber="182" pageNumber="200" updateTime="1699458861133" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="6CA7CC14F841D6BB18EE1BF0E09DD4EE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="00F936339C276E7CF5DBE59F28A0E23E">
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<mods:title id="20DE7BEE9B21E2E58D38E6E0C7689788">Tapiridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="32DFCB9F4D2C30D5596BB6D83F03612C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F0001D511B4266C3DFDB3110FE3AD334">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7E963F956AF908FA9837CE820DC7AF1E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8E38AE1C5EF66B362B007394B9980078" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A93A872CCE13B4A0C5D950B6C42F6A34">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="24EC8D8E883621A95E3802E21ECC30E8">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3A06D488CC89F91E0174816E27018BC4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="23EC72F5C5DCDD88FDC448B9BA01B6F1">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="34585FC17D67140CA2ADDB62E09F6498" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="CE4350E29811F26E654445EF7C0843B9">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="219A6CF7AED79093006102558B67025F">
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<mods:placeTerm id="A625B5D763EAA3378C180495530439D9">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B709787341C8B5CDE893EA8A1EEEA6FD">
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<mods:title id="841D35076F75978B760B1D4B7B1504F4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E22521657F9D620EF0F5098D71CEAD8C">
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<mods:start id="F67ED3B2A429FFA769F47A551236993F">182</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="0D2E72BF8CE37E3C875E57EF643FD255">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6F17F2004B012936DC556E9D5D09F1D7" type="CLB-Dataset">3336</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="696B8C93EBE77E823C6851BE3C40C8BF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5721161</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="25CCBA2C496A9289DA2D491FA49644D5" type="GBIF-Dataset">d49c093c-d189-4593-ad9c-e2d4036ea128</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7349D24577B835776C1D0646FE31517F" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9105EB378DCB293CE2EBE4D8FEBA9EE4" type="Zenodo-Dep">5721161</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039CED53FFC2FF8BFF292B4A19D293E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721171" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190604217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721171" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039CED53FFC2FF8BFF292B4A19D293E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039CED53FFC2FF8BFF292B4A19D293E0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFF292B4A1ED9997D" box="[197,228,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFF292B4A1ED9997D" blockId="3.[194,1074,3329,3457]" box="[197,228,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0C2EB29FFC2FF8CFF292B4A1ED9997D" box="[197,228,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<figureCitation id="130E40C0FFC2FF8CFF292B4A1ED9997D" box="[197,228,3329,3379]" captionStart="Plate 7: Tapiridae" captionStartId="2.[99,131,3433,3454]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,11,2465]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Lowland Tapir (Tapirus terrestris), 2. Central American Tapir (Tapirus bairdii), 3. Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), 4. Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6513810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6513810/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFF1A2B4A1CD8997D" box="[246,741,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFF1A2B4A1CD8997D" blockId="3.[194,1074,3329,3457]" box="[246,741,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0C2EB29FFC2FF8CFF1A2B4A1CD8997D" box="[246,741,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<vernacularName id="05362C6BFFC2FF8CFF1A2B4A1CD8997D" box="[246,741,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Central American Tapir</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFCC12B4A1A0C997D" box="[813,1073,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFCC12B4A1A0C997D" blockId="3.[194,1074,3329,3457]" box="[813,1073,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0C2EB29FFC2FF8CFCC12B4A1A0C997D" box="[813,1073,3329,3379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CFCC12B4A1A0C997D" ID-CoL="54TGH" baseAuthorityName="Gill" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[813,1073,3329,3379]" class="Mammalia" family="Tapiridae" genus="Tapirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bairdii">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFCC12B4A1A0C997D" box="[813,1073,3329,3379]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Tapirus bairdii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFF2F2B0F1C0799CE" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFF2F2B0F1A119917" blockId="3.[194,1074,3329,3457]" box="[195,1068,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0C2EB29FFC2FF8CFF2F2B0F1A119917" box="[195,1068,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFF2F2B0F1F2C9917" bold="true" box="[195,273,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="05362C6BFFC2FF8CFEF42B0F1F9D9917" box="[280,416,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Tapir de Baird</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFE592B0F1C2D9917" bold="true" box="[437,528,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="05362C6BFFC2FF8CFDF62B0F1CE59917" box="[538,728,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mittelamerika-Tapir</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFD002B0F1D7A9917" bold="true" box="[748,839,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="05362C6BFFC2FF8CFCA32B0F1D409917" box="[847,893,3396,3417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Tapir</vernacularName>
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centroamericano
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFF2F2B201C0799CE" blockId="3.[194,1074,3329,3457]" box="[195,570,3435,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0C2EB29FFC2FF8CFF2F2B201C0799CE" box="[195,570,3435,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFF2F2B201F8799CE" bold="true" box="[195,442,3435,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="05362C6BFFC2FF8CFE282B201C0799CE" box="[452,570,3435,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Baird's Tapir</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CF7CD275414349511" blockId="3.[2081,2669,287,704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CF7CD275416569511" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CF7CD275416869576" bold="true" box="[2081,2235,287,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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Elasmognathus bairdu Gill, 1865,
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CF79A270D14349511" box="[2166,2569,326,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="distribution">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5D5618FFC2FF8CF79A270D14349511" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3761201303" box="[2166,2569,326,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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Isthmus of
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF6FE270D17BE9511" box="[2322,2435,326,351]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Panama</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF678270D143B9511" box="[2452,2566,326,351]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Panama</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CF7CE272E142D95E3" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CF7CE272E142D95E3" blockId="3.[2081,2669,287,704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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Recent studies have suggested to include it in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF71B27DB175895E3" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1903" box="[2295,2405,400,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Tapiridae" genus="Tapirella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tapirella</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CF7CD27F816CF9604" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF4A0CCDFFC2FF8CF7CD27F816CF9604" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721167" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721167" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721167/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" targetBox="[1463,2057,284,701]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CF7CD27F816CF9604" blockId="3.[2081,2669,287,704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CF7CD27F816ED959A" bold="true" box="[2081,2256,435,468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE Mexico to NW
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF5E827F8167095B5" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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; formerly also W
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF6AB2791178095B5" box="[2375,2493,474,507]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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S to Gulf of Guayaquil, but their occurrence there is now uncertain.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CF7CD241B19C397E2" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CF7CD241B19C397E2" blockId="3.[2081,2669,287,704]" lastBlockId="3.[1464,2669,710,3455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CF7CD241B170A963F" bold="true" box="[2081,2359,592,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 200-230 cm, tail less than
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<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC2FF8CF69624CA17E896D4" box="[2426,2517,641,666]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height in adults approximately
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<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC2FF8CF61424D4145E968E" box="[2552,2659,671,704]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" unit="cm" value="120.0">120 cm</quantity>
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; weight 250-350 kg. The Central American Tapir is the largest of the three Latin American species and is the largest terrestrial mammal found in the Neotropics. The Central American Tapir is dark brown or grayish-brown and has a distinctive cream-colored marking on its face and throat and a dark spot on each cheek, behind and below the eye. The edges of the ears are white. Like the other species of tapir, they have small stubby tails and a long, flexible proboscis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFA5525F918F993E4" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFA5525F918F993E4" blockId="3.[1464,2669,710,3455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFA5525F91815979D" bold="true" box="[1465,1576,946,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Central American Tapir is generally found in humid habitats, from sea level to
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<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC2FF8CF9C9259118B697B5" box="[1573,1675,986,1019]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" unit="m" value="3600.0">3600 m</quantity>
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. The speciesis strongly associated with water and is found in marsh and swamp areas, mangroves, wet tropical rainforest, riparian woodland, monsoon deciduous forest, dry deciduous forest, montane cloud forest and paramos. Overall, Central American Tapirs prefer habitat types with permanent water bodies, diverse and dense understory, riparian vegetation, low incidence offires, and less hunting pressure and human presence. Some studies in
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF84722D5162D90F1" box="[1963,2064,1182,1215]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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have noted that Central American Tapirs prefer densely forested areas rather than open, more disturbed habitats. In the mixed deciduous forest of Santa Rosa National Park in the north-west of
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF6A422BA17E69140" box="[2376,2523,1265,1294]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, the tapirs relied on small pools of water in dried-up riverbeds for their drinking and wallowing requirements. Much of the habitat there was subclimax forest. In Corcovado National Park, also in
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<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF99C2328193991CA" box="[1648,1796,1379,1412]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, tapir sign (tracks, dung, rubbings, and evidence of foraging) was more abundant in lowland, second-growth forests and palm swamps than mature forests. In fact, tapirs in Corcovado strongly selected secondary forests and avoided mature forests. Seasonal variations in habitat selection correlated with fruit availability were observed. Tapir sign in Corcovado showed positive correlation with distance from perennial water bodies and rain intensity; there was a negative correlation between sign and slope steepness. Central American Tapirs have been observed in the Costa Rican paramos, particularly near ponds surrounded by dense bush of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF67A203D142C92D9" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[2454,2577,1654,1687]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chusquea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Lacking a dense hair coat like that of the Mountain Tapir, an extraordinarily thick skin and subcutaneous fat deposits probably help Central American Tapirs withstand the low temperatures prevailing in the paramos. In La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF61020BB14589343" box="[2556,2661,1776,1805]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, tapir sign has been observed along mountain crests at 1000-1500 m. These mountain crests are often covered by strips of oak forest, which are believed to be used by tapirs as both marking sites and transit areas between tropical subdeciduous and montane cloud forest slopes.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8CFA5621FF173D98AC" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="food_feeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8CFA5621FF173D98AC" blockId="3.[1464,2669,710,3455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFA5621FF18FF939F" bold="true" box="[1466,1730,1972,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The Central American Tapir selectively consumes a wide array of fruit, leaves, shoots, bark, and flowers. Long-term direct observations of one Central American Tapir in Corcovado National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF7AF2E4C16E59C6E" box="[2115,2264,2055,2080]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, revealed that these animals consume an average of 15-63 kg of fruit and fibrous materials per day. The tapir observed consumed 126 different plant species. The percentages of bites taken of each food item during the study were 67% leaves, 18:6% fruits, 11-7% stems, 2-1% bark, and 0-1% flowers. Three species accounted for 40% ofthe tapir’s bites for the entire study. The information available on feeding habits of Central American Tapirs in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF5E82E8814549CAA" box="[2564,2665,2243,2276]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
comes from a few studies in which about 98 plant species of 50 families were recorded as consumed by this ungulate. The plant families most frequently represented in the diet of Central American Tapirs in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF84A2F0A16369D14" box="[1958,2059,2369,2394]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
are
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7A72F0A16F09D14" box="[2123,2253,2369,2394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7302F0A17709D14" box="[2268,2381,2369,2394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF6B12F0A17E89D14" box="[2397,2517,2369,2394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF6092F0A14589D14" box="[2533,2661,2369,2394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CFA172F2A18B89DCC" box="[1531,1669,2401,2434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. A previous study carried out in a tropical lowland forest in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF63F2F2A14579DCC" box="[2515,2666,2401,2434]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
noted that 49 species of plants are consumed by tapirs, with three species representing the highest percentage of the diet.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF82D2FE4167E9D9E" box="[1985,2115,2479,2512]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7BA2FE417309D9E" box="[2134,2317,2479,2512]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF6882FE417D99D9E" box="[2404,2532,2479,2512]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were the most important plant families. In the lowland rainforests of Corcovado National Park, plant species of the families
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF8AD2C4D19879E51" box="[1857,1978,2566,2591]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF8242C4D16429E51" box="[1992,2175,2566,2591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7632C4D173B9E51" box="[2191,2310,2566,2591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF6BE2C4D17EF9E51" box="[2386,2514,2566,2591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
accounted for 33% of total plant species in the tapirs’ diet.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7B72C6E16E09E08" box="[2139,2269,2597,2630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7072C6E175D9E08" box="[2283,2400,2597,2630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF6422C6E142C9E08" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[2478,2577,2597,2630]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(especially
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF9E12C1B19169E23" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[1549,1835,2640,2669]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtessellata">Chusquea subtessellata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) seem to be the predominant plant families in the
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC2FF8CF5EF2C1B14579E23" box="[2563,2666,2640,2669]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
high paramos of Chirripé National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF7F62C3F168F9EDB" box="[2074,2226,2676,2709]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The most evident changes in proportions of food items ingested by Central American Tapirs throughout the year are those related to fruit consumption. Fruit usually constitutes a smaller proportion of the diet of Central American Tapirs compared to leaves and other fiber sources. Average fruit proportions found in their feces generally ranges from 7-1% to 18:6% in different areas. However, in Santa Rosa National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF7052D0A17439F14" box="[2281,2430,2881,2906]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, some fecal samples consisted almost entirely of fruit pieces and tapirs there depended heavily on a wide range offruits (and fruit sizes) during the dry season. Fruit provides significant amounts of the nutrition and calories consumed by this ungulate. Palm swamps composed primarily of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF93F2D9D19929FB9" box="[1747,1967,3030,3063]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Raphia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taedigera">Raphia taedigera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3527C6FFC2FF8CF7EC2D9D16D39FB9" box="[2048,2286,3030,3063]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Bactris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balanoidea">Bactris balanoidea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are regularly patrolled by the tapirs and other ungulates, White-lipped Peccaries (7ayassu pecari) in particular, in search of fruit. The role of Central American Tapirs in seed dispersal and seed predation is not completely understood but studies in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC2FF8CF72F2A0417619822" box="[2243,2396,3151,3180]" country="Guatemala" name="Santa Rosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Santa Rosa</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
demonstrated that they widely dispersed viable seeds of many species in their dung, including seeds incidentally ingested while browsing. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF8572AD5166E98F5" box="[1979,2131,3230,3259]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF7762AD5173E98F5" box="[2202,2307,3230,3259]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, Central American Tapirs appear to be important dispersers of Manilkara zapota seeds.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC2FF8BFA562AA71DD39007" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="3" pageNumber="200" type="breeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC2FF8BFA562AA71DD39007" blockId="3.[1464,2669,710,3455]" lastBlockId="4.[98,1308,278,3465]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC2FF8CFA562AA7187D9947" bold="true" box="[1466,1600,3308,3337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Most information about reproduction of Central American Tapirs in the wild comes from a long-term field study carried out in Corcovado National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC2FF8CF5F32B5B1BC49916" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="200">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Direct and indirect evidence from this study indicates that they are facultatively polygamous. Adult female tapirs usually produce a single offspring after a lengthy gestation period of 13-14 months (390-410 days). Twin births are very rare. The calf stays with its mother for 12-18 months. An adult female Central American Tapir was monitored in Corcovado for approximately 14 years. During this period, this female produced nine offspring at intervals of approximately 18 months. Reports from zoos and field observations for wild tapirs in Corcovado indicate that females may become pregnant while lactating, which can reduce the interbirth interval to 16 months. Some females may lose their offspring during lactation, or due to stillbirths or neonatal deaths, and come into estrus sooner, therefore reducing the interbirth interval. Lastly, veterinarians who were part of the field team in Corcovado found pregnant females who had month-old calves; the females were one month pregnant, the fetus visible on ultrasound. Thus, it is highly probable that tapirs present a “foal heat” similar to horses, coming into estrus immediately after giving birth and able to get pregnant. The AZA Studbook for Central American Tapirs notes that tapirs in captivity sire their first offspring as young as two years old. A Central American Tapir Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) Workshop held in 2005 modelled the dynamics of populations in the wild. Because conditions are assumed to be harsher in the wild than in captivity, the age of first reproduction was estimated to be three years, and maximum age of reproduction 20 years, for both females and males. Thus, the generation length of wild Central American Tapirs was estimated to be eleven years. Although field data from Corcovado shows a larger —although not significant— percentage of males, there is no evidence to suggest a skewed sex ratio at birth.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC5FF8BFF88221B1C4A917B" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" type="activity">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC5FF8BFF88221B1C4A917B" blockId="4.[98,1308,278,3465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC5FF8BFF88221B1F6E903F" bold="true" box="[100,339,1104,1137]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Central American Tapirs are substantially more active nocturnally than during the day. Their main peaks of activity are between 19:00 h and 20:00 h and 03:00 h and 04:00 h. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BFE5D22D41C75908E" box="[433,584,1183,1216]" country="Guatemala" name="Santa Rosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Santa Rosa</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
National Park, tapirs were often active for short periods during the day, particularly in the dry season, when they entered residual pools in riverbeds to rest. However, tapirs are known to become almost completely nocturnal when there is heavy hunting pressure.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC5FF8BFF8A23771C1F9D42" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC5FF8BFF8A23771C1F9D42" blockId="4.[98,1308,278,3465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC5FF8BFF8A23771D1C9113" bold="true" box="[102,801,1340,1373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The mean home range size of Central American Tapirs studied via radio-telemetry in the lowland rainforests of Corcovado National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFE6323D81C1A91E2" box="[399,551,1427,1452]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, was 1-25 km®. Male tapirs showed somewhat larger but not statistically different average home ranges than females. Researchers found no seasonal changes in size or location of home ranges. In the dry forests of Santa Rosa National Park, also in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFE12204F1CAB926F" box="[510,662,1540,1569]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, mean tapir home range size was 1-71 km? These home range variations may be due to differences in dominant vegetation types in those areas, as well as a considerably lower number of perennial water bodies in the latter. Tapir home ranges in Corcovado highly overlapped (33-16%) those of neighboring individuals. Central American Tapir offspring normally remain with their mother for 12-18 months. It has been found that once they separate, in most cases, young tapirs in Corcovado stay in the vicinity of the mother’s home range for 3—4years prior to dispersal from the area and establishment of their own home ranges. Therefore, the ranging behavior of tapirs in Corcovado included the establishment of so called “family units,” where pairs of adult male and female tapirs maintained an almost entirely exclusive “territory” with no other resident adults over long periods of time, which they shared with 1-3 offspring from previous years. Although very high percentages of home range overlap occur within the family units, very little overlap occurs between neighboring tapir families. Estimates of Central American Tapir population density vary widely, ranging from a high 1-6 ind/km? in Corcovado National Park to a very low 0-21 ind/km? in the dry forests of Santa Rosa National Park. The data from Corcovado National Park may not be applicable to other populations, as the region ofthis research (Sirena Biological Station) has a unique mixture of ideal habitat and almost complete protection from poaching, which perhaps contributes to higher density of the species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC5FF8BFF882F5819C2923C" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC5FF8BFF882F5819C2923C" blockId="4.[98,1308,278,3465]" lastBlockId="4.[1373,2579,285,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC5FF8BFF882F581FF99D7A" bold="true" box="[100,452,2323,2356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Historically, Central American Tapir had a continuous distribution from south-eastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFEC52F2E1FB29DCC" box="[297,399,2405,2434]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
to the northern portion of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFCF02F2E1D989DCC" box="[796,933,2405,2434]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(west of the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BFBB32F2E1A889DCC" box="[1119,1205,2405,2434]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
River) to the Gulf of Guayaquil in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFE012FC21C5E9DE4" box="[493,611,2441,2474]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The historic distribution ofthis species covered 1,186,300 km®. High rates of habitat destruction and fragmentation throughoutits former range have resulted in the current tapir distribution, which is mostly restricted to protected and/or remote areas in eight countries. A recent range extension of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC5FF8BFF882C6D1EF09E09" box="[100,205,2598,2631]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" unit="km" value="377.0">377 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
brought Central American Tapir to a new northern limit; La Tuza de Monroy, near the municipality of Santiago Jamiltepec in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BFCB12C061DFB9E20" box="[861,966,2637,2670]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFC372C061A799E20" box="[987,1092,2637,2670]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFB6F2C061B309E20" box="[1155,1293,2637,2670]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, the species is present in Los Katios National Park. This population is poorly understood due to the presence of guerrilla activity, which has made research in the area extremely difficult. Anecdotally, biologists in Los Katios report that there are a few tapirs between the park and the Pacific Ocean. Large fragments of forest extending to the Pacific, combined with the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BFDBC2D591D249F7D" box="[592,793,2834,2867]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Darien region</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, which is shared with the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFB7B2D591EC79F14" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Republic of Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, could have
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC5FF8BFE5D2D721C2E9F14" box="[433,531,2873,2906]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" unit="km" value="160.0">160 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
? of habitat for a total of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC5FF8BFC9F2D721DE59F14" box="[883,984,2873,2906]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" unit="km" value="227.0">227 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
?There is an ongoing reduction of Central American Tapir populations estimated to be greater than 30% in the past three generations (33 years). The low reproductive rates and slow population growth oftapirs, coupled with habitat loss/fragmentation and hunting, are the main factors contributing to population declines. It is estimated that approximately 70% of Central American forests have been lost through deforestation and alteration over the last 40 years. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFE912A6E1C329808" box="[381,527,3109,3142]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
alone, it is now estimated that 80% of the country has been deforested, up from about 67% approximately 25 years ago. Overall, it is inferred that at least 50% of the Central American Tapir habitat has been lost in the past three generations, causing drastic population declines and making remnant populations more susceptible to extinction from natural disasters and disease. This rate of decline is predicted to continue. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFE032AA21C799944" box="[495,580,3305,3338]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, unremitting forest destruction and fragmentation of the Selva Maya continues to threaten tapir populations. The construction of roads through the Maya Biosphere Reserve in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFD4C2B731D059917" box="[672,824,3384,3417]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is likely to become a major problem for tapirs in that area, as well as the isolation of smaller protected areas. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFB2B2B141BA39574" box="[1223,1438,285,3456]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, logging and destructive farming practices are widespread. Gold mining is another problem in some parts of this country. The effect of hunting is notable given that Central American Tapirs are common where not hunted and nearly absent where hunting pressure is high. Even minimal hunting has proven to significantly decrease their populations, which is expected given their low reproductive rate. Some evidence exists that tapirs are susceptible and have been exposed to pathogens that also cause disease in livestock and horses; however, to date, there is no proof that infectious diseases have caused significant mortalities or have affected population levels. Nevertheless, several adult tapirs have been found dead nearlivestock areas in Chimalapas rain forest,
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA5324C8181A96D2" box="[1471,1575,643,668]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and were thought to have died from infectious diseases. Although most Central American Tapir populations have not been quantified and monitored yet, the current overall population estimate for this species is approximately 5000 mature individuals (
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA3924BF1802975F" box="[1493,1599,756,785]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 1000;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF94F24BF18C5975F" box="[1699,1784,756,785]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, no current estimates;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7D624BF16E9975F" box="[2106,2260,756,785]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 1000;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF6D424BF17FB975F" box="[2360,2502,756,785]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 500;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA8C256B1BCD9777" box="[1376,1520,800,825]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 500;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF9A8256B18EA9777" box="[1604,1751,800,825]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 1000;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF8D1256B19929777" box="[1853,1967,800,825]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 1000;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7F8256B16A39777" box="[2068,2206,800,825]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, 250). There appear to be several strongholds for tapir populations, including La Amistad International Park in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA8C25251BCE97C9" box="[1376,1523,878,903]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF9D12525189297C9" box="[1597,1711,878,903]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The Selva Maya shared by
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7D6252516B297C9" box="[2106,2191,878,903]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF74C2525170797C9" box="[2208,2362,878,903]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF660252517CF97C9" box="[2444,2546,878,903]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is the largest continuoustract of forest where Central American Tapirs can be found. Recent surveys in the Cordillera de Talamanca,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF83825FE165A9798" box="[2004,2151,949,982]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, found tapirs to be among the most abundant large vertebrates above
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC5FF8BF86A259719D697B3" box="[1926,2027,988,1021]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
elevation, where large populationsstill remain in areas where they are not hunted. In the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7FB224F170D906B" box="[2071,2352,1028,1061]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Republic of Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, reports suggest that tapirs are distributed continuously along the forests of the Caribbean slope. Their range extends from
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BF992221D19EF903D" box="[1662,2002,1110,1139]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Bocas del Toro Province</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
in western
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF79A221D16DB903D" box="[2166,2278,1110,1139]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
throughout the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF638221D1BA490D5" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Canal watershed to the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BF91A223119BE90D5" box="[1782,1923,1146,1179]" country="Panama" name="Kuna Yala" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Kuna Yala</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Comarca. These reports also confirmed their presence along the Cordillera Central in western
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7DF22EA1699908C" box="[2099,2212,1185,1218]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, including prime habitat above
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CCDF1A0FFC5FF8BFA54229B182590A7" box="[1464,1560,1232,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,as well as in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BF8EA229B19F490A7" box="[1798,1993,1232,1257]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Darien region</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
near the Colombian border. The Mosquitia area of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA1B22BB18BE915F" box="[1527,1667,1264,1297]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF92122BB1961915F" box="[1741,1884,1264,1297]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is particularly important because of its large size and low human population density. The species is believed to have been extirpated from
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA402375187A9111" box="[1452,1607,1342,1375]" name="El Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, but there are recent sightings and reports suggesting the speciesstill persists there at some level. Central American Tapirs occur in a number of protected areas throughout their range. Six large Biosphere Reserves in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BF70023C617BE91E0" box="[2284,2435,1421,1454]" country="Mexico" name="Campeche" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Campeche</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BF67423C6143591E0" box="[2456,2568,1421,1454]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49F192A7FFC5FF8BFA7023FF185F919B" box="[1436,1634,1460,1493]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF97C23FF18CB919B" box="[1680,1782,1460,1493]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
are thought to hold numerous tapirs. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF6D523FF17EF919B" box="[2361,2514,1460,1493]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, the Maya and Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserves could hold several hundred more individuals, as could some other small parks in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF7FF20481655926A" box="[2067,2152,1539,1572]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF79020481737926A" box="[2172,2314,1539,1572]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF6F220481792926A" box="[2334,2479,1539,1572]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF62F20481BA19205" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BFA07206118609205" box="[1515,1629,1578,1611]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Although the species is protected nationally throughout its range, these laws are often not enforced in many areas.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C32F0FCEFFC5FF8BFAB220CA19D293E0" pageId="4" pageNumber="201" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8A5C45FFC5FF8BFAB220CA19D293E0" blockId="4.[1373,2579,285,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9418057FFC5FF8BFAB220CA1BC592D4" bold="true" box="[1374,1528,1665,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Barongi (1986, 1993), Bolanos & Naranjo (2001), Brooks et al. (1997), Carrillo et al. (2000), Castellanos et al. (2008), CITES (2005), Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Escamilla et al. (2000), Foerster (1998), Foerster & Medici (2002), Foerster & Vaughan (2002), Fragoso (1991a, 1991b), Garcia (2006), Garcia, Leonardo et al. (2009), Garcia, Ruiz & Morales (2008), Harmsen et al. (2009), Hernédndez-Divers et al. (2005), Hernandez-Divers & Foerster (2001), Hershkovitz (1954), Lira et al. (2004), Medici (2001, 2010), Medici et al. (2006), Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3221CD5FFC5FF8BF9302101197D9311" box="[1756,1856,1866,1887]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="201">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(2002), Muench (2001), Naranjo (1995, 2009), Naranjo & Bodmer (2002), Naranjo & Cruz-Aldan (1998), Read (1986), Reid (1997), Schipper et al. (2008), Terwilliger (1978), Tobler (2002), Tobler et al. (2006), Vié et al. (2009), Williams (1984).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|