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<document id="1EB688508A926597FDED76F774FA39AE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276689" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b6781430-d288-4cb4-b178-db6192a61dde" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276689" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460230557710" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Enghoff, Henrik" docDate="2011" docId="03BC87EAFF8C3143FF22FF6702F4FC53" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02753p041.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2753" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Epibolus pulchripes Gerstacker 1873" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FF85FF92FFAD3160FFB5FFF00761FFF9" masterDocTitle="East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698238933756" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D82972C8147659E4C9A624FBABAF2861">East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3429E0C17DEA9B1FC80A5696F86BE19C">Enghoff, Henrik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A28DEB5B83BD12817BAAB4A261783202">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="FF5679A2D179FCA27E2EFBCAA253DF15">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DC9C420FCF70BBBD2E3E40CFD9007EF4" type="volume">
<mods:number id="15D6083DC72F28988281E66829C7ABCA">2753</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="20E6C40DD114F0671EB49A1254D78D97" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276689</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E80E94AA2222C6D79A0159798B2F801E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BC87EAFF8C3143FF22FF6702F4FC53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5612676" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119387243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5612676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87EAFF8C3143FF22FF6702F4FC53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87EAFF8C3143FF22FF6702F4FC53" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8C3141FF22FF6706D2FF2B" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FF670517FF48" blockId="33.[151,630,151,210]" box="[151,630,151,177]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0E28190FF8C3141FF22FF670517FF48" bold="true" box="[151,630,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FF670517FF48" authority="Gerstacker, 1873" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,630,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FF670517FF48" bold="true" box="[151,630,151,177]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FF6706E8FF48" bold="true" box="[151,393,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus pulchripes</emphasis>
(Gerstäcker, 1873)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FF4A06D2FF2B" blockId="33.[151,630,151,210]" box="[151,435,186,210]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
(
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FF2AFF4A0786FF2B" box="[159,231,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 8. Male legs, SEM. 4: Crurifarcimen vagans n. gen., n. sp., paratype, tarsus, lateral view. 5: C. vagans, paratype, tarsus, ventral view. 6: Epibolus pulchripes, tarsus, lateral view. 7: Hadrobolus crassicollis, holotype, ventral-lateral view. 8: C. vagans, paratype, surface structure of ventral pad. Scales 1 mm (5, 7), 0.1 mm (4, 6), 0.01 mm (8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276692/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FF46FF4A064FFF2B" box="[243,302,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1615,1638]" captionTargetBox="[209,1379,183,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[207,1380,179,1601]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 10. Epibolus pulchripes, left posterior gonopod, SEM pictures. 9: tip of gonopod, anterior view, part of anterior surface removed. 10: removed part, seen from the inside (posterior view). LA: lateral appendix, SM: striated membranous lamellae, SS: sclerotized structure (’ sperm canal’). Scales 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276693/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">9–10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FE8CFF4A0636FF2B" box="[313,343,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="7.[151,264,965,988]" captionTargetBox="[210,1380,180,949]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[209,1382,179,953]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Female second pair of legs with one vulva attached, anterior view. 11: Crurifarcimen vagans, 12: Epibolus pulchripes. The arrows point to the distal margin of the lateral extensions of the coxosternum. Scales 1 cm. P. Pimvichai phot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276694/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FED6FF4A06CAFF2B" box="[355,427,186,210]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 78 – 80" captionStart-1="FIGURES 81 – 82" captionStartId-0="33.[151,264,1550,1573]" captionStartId-1="34.[151,264,1470,1493]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1361,787,1536]" captionTargetBox-1="[242,1355,880,1453]" captionTargetId-0="figure@33.[225,1366,786,1539]" captionTargetId-1="figure@34.[220,1369,870,1463]" captionTargetPageId-0="33" captionTargetPageId-1="34" captionText-0="FIGURES 78 – 80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, # 79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79 - 80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM." captionText-1="FIGURES 81 – 82. Epibolus pulchripes, right posterior gonopods, posterior view. 81: male from Kenya, Mombasa, 82: lectotype, from Tanzania, Zanzibar. From Enghoff (1977)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/276712/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/276713/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">78–82</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8C3141FF22FF050546FEF3" box="[151,551,245,267]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FF050546FEF3" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" box="[151,551,245,267]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FF050546FEF3" authority="Gerstacker, 1873" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,551,245,267]" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirobolidae" genus="Spirobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FF050614FEF2" box="[151,373,245,267]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Spirobolus pulchripes</emphasis>
Gerstäcker, 1873
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8C3141FF22FEE4054CFD16" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FEE40691FE91" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FEE40696FED0" authority="Attems, 1896" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,503,275,298]" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirobolidae" genus="Spirobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proporus">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FEE40607FED3" box="[151,358,276,298]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Spirobolus proporus</emphasis>
Attems, 1896
</taxonomicName>
, synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD1BFEE3042BFED3" author="Enghoff" box="[686,842,275,298]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FEC2069CFEB1" authority="Silvestri, 1896" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,509,306,328]" class="Diplopoda" family="Trigoniulidae" genus="Trigoniulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruspolii">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FEC20600FEB1" box="[151,353,306,328]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Trigoniulus ruspolii</emphasis>
Silvestri, 1896
</taxonomicName>
, synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD01FEC20431FEB0" author="Enghoff" box="[692,848,306,329]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FEA10691FE91" authority="Cook (1897)" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,496,337,360]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FEA10603FE9E" box="[151,354,337,359]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus pulchripes</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FEDAFEA10691FE91" author="Cook" box="[367,496,337,360]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Cook, O. F. (1897) New relatives of Spirobolus giganteus. Brandtia, 18, 73 - 75." type="journal article" year="1897">Cook (1897)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FE8005CCFE7C" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" box="[151,685,368,390]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FE80056EFE7C" authority="Silvestri, 1897" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,527,368,390]" class="Diplopoda" family="Trigoniulidae" genus="Trigoniulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FE800612FE7F" box="[151,371,368,390]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Trigoniulus bravensis</emphasis>
Silvestri, 1897
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FDAFFE8005CCFE7C" bold="true" box="[538,685,368,389]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2525795FF8C3141FDAFFE8005CCFE7C" box="[538,685,368,389]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">new synonym</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FE7F068EFE5C" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" box="[151,495,399,421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FE7F068EFE5C" ID-CoL="7X9GY" authority="Attems (1909)" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,495,399,421]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pachybolidae" genus="Metiche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FE7F0631FE5C" box="[151,336,399,421]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Metiche bravensis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FEE8FE7F068EFE5C" author="Attems" box="[349,495,399,421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Attems, C. G. (1909) Myriopoda. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906, 3 (19), 1 - 4, 6 pl." type="journal article" year="1909">Attems (1909)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FE5D05C7FDF9" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FE5D06A8FE3A" authority="Kraus, 1958" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,457,429,451]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Metioche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attemsi">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FE5D0625FE3A" box="[151,324,429,451]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Metioche attemsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FEFEFE5E06A8FE3A" author="Kraus" box="[331,457,429,451]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Kraus, O. (1958) Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Veroffentlichungen des Uberseemuseums Bremen, Reihe A, 3 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1958">Kraus, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD35FE5D047DFE3A" author="Enghoff" box="[640,796,429,451]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FE3C0565FE18" ID-CoL="7X9H4" authority="Kraus, 1958" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,516,459,482]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pachybolidae" genus="Metiche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicense">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FE3C06E1FE1B" box="[151,384,460,482]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Metiche tanganyicense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FE33FE3D0565FE18" author="Kraus" box="[390,516,459,482]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Kraus, O. (1958) Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Veroffentlichungen des Uberseemuseums Bremen, Reihe A, 3 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1958">Kraus, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD0EFE3B0436FE1B" author="Enghoff" box="[699,855,459,482]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FE1A05C7FDF9" authority="Hoffman &amp; Keeton (1960)" authorityName="Hoffman &amp; Keeton" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,678,490,512]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pachybolidae" genus="Callipodolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FE1A06EAFDF9" box="[151,395,490,512]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Callipodolus pulchripes</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FE2DFE1A05C7FDF9" author="Hoffman" box="[408,678,490,512]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Hoffman, R. L. &amp; Keeton, W. (1960) A list of the generic names proposed in the diplopod order Spirobolida, with their type species. Transactions of the American entomological Society, 86, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1960">Hoffman &amp; Keeton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FDF90563FDC7" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FDF90559FDE6" ID-CoL="7X9H3" authority="Lawrence, 1967" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,568,521,543]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pachybolidae" genus="Metiche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mossambicense">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FDF906EDFDE6" box="[151,396,521,543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Metiche mossambicense</emphasis>
Lawrence, 1967
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FDF7FDFA05B4FDE6" bold="true" box="[578,725,522,543]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2525795FF8C3141FDF7FDFA05B4FDE6" box="[578,725,522,543]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">new synonym</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FDD80563FDC7" authority="Enghoff (1977)" authorityName="Enghoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,514,552,574]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FDD80639FDC7" box="[151,344,552,574]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus bravensis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FED0FDD80563FDC7" author="Enghoff" box="[357,514,552,574]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FDB70522FDA4" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" box="[151,579,582,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FDB70522FDA4" authority="Enghoff (1977)" authorityName="Enghoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,579,582,605]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FDB706FBFDA4" box="[151,410,583,605]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus mossambicensis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FE1DFDB60522FDA4" author="Enghoff" box="[424,579,582,605]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FD95050DFD82" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" box="[151,620,613,635]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FD9506E1FD82" box="[151,384,613,635]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pachybolidae" genus="Metiche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirobolida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyciense">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FD9506E1FD82" box="[151,384,613,635]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Metiche tanganyciense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic!]:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FE7CFD95050DFD82" author="Banerjee" box="[457,620,613,635]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Banerjee, B. (1980) The population characteristics of the East African red legged diplopod Metiche tanganyciense Kraus (Diplopoda: Spirobolidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 21, 308 - 316." type="journal article" year="1980">Banerjee (1980)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22FD74054CFD16" blockId="33.[151,1436,245,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FF22FD740582FD63" authority="Cecchi &amp; Chelazzi (1984)" authorityName="Cecchi &amp; Chelazzi" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,739,643,666]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchripes" subSpecies="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FD7406A8FD63" box="[151,457,644,666]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus pulchripes bravensis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FE62FD730582FD63" author="Cecchi" box="[471,739,643,666]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Cecchi, R. &amp; Chelazzi, L. (1984) Etude de l'appareil genital male et de la spermatogenese chez Epibolus pulchripes bravensis (Silvestri) (Myriapoda Diplopoda Spirobolida) recolte en Somalie. Monitore zoologico italiano, 19, suppl., 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1984">Cecchi &amp; Chelazzi (1984)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22FD46061BFD36" bold="true" box="[151,378,694,719]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Material examined</emphasis>
(numerous specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8C3141FD0BFD470466FD36" box="[702,775,695,719]" name="Kenya" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8C3141FCF5FD4604C4FD37" box="[832,933,694,718]" name="Tanzania" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
not listed): 5 3
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8C3141FBC3FD4603B4FD37" box="[1142,1237,694,718]" name="Somalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Somalia</collectingCountry>
, (Gelib) Alessandra,
<date id="FFAB103CFF8C3141FF7CFD270658FD16" box="[201,313,727,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1937-07">July 1937</date>
, F. Bigi leg. (MSNF).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6A6674FF8C3141FF22F9FE03F8F99B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276712/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[226,1361,787,1536]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF22F9FE03F8F99B" blockId="33.[151,1436,1550,2033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF22F9FE0637F9DD" bold="true" box="[151,342,1550,1573]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURES 78–80.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FEE8F9FF054BF9DC" box="[349,554,1551,1573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FEE8F9FF054BF9DC" box="[349,554,1551,1573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Epibolus pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, #79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79-80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8C3141FF72F98E06AFF906" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF72F98E0571F961" blockId="33.[151,1436,1550,2033]" box="[199,528,1662,1688]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF72F98E0620F96E" bold="true" box="[199,321,1662,1687]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
See that of genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF72F95106AFF906" blockId="33.[151,1436,1550,2033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF72F95106FAF943" bold="true" box="[199,411,1697,1722]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Usually 52 podous rings (27 out of
<specimenCount id="9D13FD75FF8C3141FC83F95104AFF940" box="[822,974,1697,1721]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="generic">43 specimens</specimenCount>
studied by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FBE7F9510391F940" author="Enghoff" box="[1106,1264,1697,1721]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff 1977</bibRefCitation>
), exceptionally 50, 51 or 53 podous rings, no apodous rings.
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD26F934037EF925" author="Dhaenens" box="[659,1055,1732,1756]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Dhaenens, M. &amp; VandenSpiegel, D. (2006) Contribution to the study of the post-embryonic development and reproduction of the African millipede Epibolus pulchripes (Gerstacker, 1873) (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136, 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">Dhaenens &amp; VandenSpiegel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
observed only 52 podous rings in the population they studied.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8C3142FF70F8FA05CFFCBB" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3141FF70F8FA041CF89E" blockId="33.[151,1436,1550,2033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF70F8FA0681F8DB" bold="true" box="[197,480,1802,1826]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Male sexual characters.</emphasis>
Male coxae 6–7 unmodified. Posterior gonopods unmistakable because of the moveable lateral appendix (
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FE24F8DC0688F8BD" box="[401,489,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURES 78 – 80" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1550,1573]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,787,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[225,1366,786,1539]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 78 – 80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, # 79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79 - 80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276712/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 78</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FE40F8DC055EF8BD" box="[501,575,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURES 81 – 82" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1470,1493]" captionTargetBox="[242,1355,880,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[220,1369,870,1463]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 81 – 82. Epibolus pulchripes, right posterior gonopods, posterior view. 81: male from Kenya, Mombasa, 82: lectotype, from Tanzania, Zanzibar. From Enghoff (1977)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276713/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">81–82</figureCitation>
). See, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FD74F8DD0439F8BD" author="Kraus" box="[705,856,1836,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Kraus, O. (1958) Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Veroffentlichungen des Uberseemuseums Bremen, Reihe A, 3 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1958">Kraus (1958)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FCD0F8DC037FF8BD" author="Hoffman" box="[869,1054,1836,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1962) Studies on spiroboloid millipeds IV. Systematic and nomenclatorial notes on the family Pachybolidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 69, 759 - 783." type="journal article" year="1962">Hoffman (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FB9EF8DC03B9F8BD" author="Enghoff" box="[1067,1240,1836,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FAA5F8DC06F1F89E" author="Dhaenens" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Dhaenens, M. &amp; VandenSpiegel, D. (2006) Contribution to the study of the post-embryonic development and reproduction of the African millipede Epibolus pulchripes (Gerstacker, 1873) (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136, 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">Dhaenens &amp; VandenSpiegel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
for descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8C3141FDD9F8A00460F89E" box="[620,769,1871,1895]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FDD9F8A00460F89E" box="[620,769,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gonopods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8C3142FF72F88206A4FF2B" blockId="33.[151,1436,1550,2033]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1436,151,835]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8C3141FF72F8820560F873" bold="true" box="[199,513,1906,1930]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Female sexual characters.</emphasis>
Distal margin of lateral coxosternal extensions projecting as smoothly rounded, subhemicircular lobe (
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FE20F864068BF855" box="[405,490,1940,1964]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="7.[151,264,965,988]" captionTargetBox="[210,1380,180,949]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[209,1382,179,953]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Female second pair of legs with one vulva attached, anterior view. 11: Crurifarcimen vagans, 12: Epibolus pulchripes. The arrows point to the distal margin of the lateral extensions of the coxosternum. Scales 1 cm. P. Pimvichai phot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276694/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Vulvae (
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8C3141FDD5F8640583F855" box="[608,738,1940,1964]" captionStart="FIGURES 78 – 80" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1550,1573]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,787,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[225,1366,786,1539]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 78 – 80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, # 79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79 - 80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276712/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 79–80</figureCitation>
) complicated; operculum particularly poorly sclerotized; oral valve divided into two sclerites and in addition with a hood-shaped appendix; aboral valve constricted ca. at same level as subdivision of oral valve. Crest strongly protruding. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8C3141FCF2F8290497F808" author="Enghoff" box="[839,1014,2009,2033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
described and illustrated the vulva of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FF22FF69064DFF49" box="[151,300,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF22FF69064DFF49" box="[151,300,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but mistook the apical appendix for the operculum and translated the French term ‘cimier’ as ‘ridge’, whereas I use ‘crest’ here.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF72FF2D05B0FEEE" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,835]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF72FF2D0571FF0C" bold="true" box="[199,528,221,245]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Notes to the new synonyms.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FDA3FF2D05A2FF0C" author="Enghoff" box="[534,707,221,245]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
provisionally upheld
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FC0DFF2E0322FF0C" box="[952,1091,221,245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FC0DFF2E0322FF0C" box="[952,1091,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FBCCFF2E022DFF0C" box="[1145,1356,221,245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FBCCFF2E022DFF0C" box="[1145,1356,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. mossambicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct species, but there is little justification for this.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF70FED40666FD6C" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,835]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FF70FED40631FEC2" box="[197,336,291,315]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF70FED40631FEC2" box="[197,336,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FDD1FED4059BFEC2" box="[612,762,291,315]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FDD1FED4059BFEC2" box="[612,762,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 1) the number of ocelli per eye: ca.
<quantity id="4CED9B19FF8F3142FB03FED20391FEC3" box="[1206,1264,290,314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="35.0">35 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FB42FED3067EFEA4" authority="Silvestri 1897" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FB42FED30203FEC2" box="[1271,1378,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bravensis</emphasis>
(Silvestri 1897)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FE9EFEB60628FEA4" box="[299,329,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">vs.</emphasis>
,
<quantity id="4CED9B19FF8F3142FEE2FEB506DBFEA4" box="[343,442,325,349]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2065" metricValueMax="1.4478" metricValueMin="0.9652" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="47.5" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="38.0">38–57 in</quantity>
male
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FE48FEB605F3FEA4" box="[509,658,325,349]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FE48FEB605F3FEA4" box="[509,658,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2) the shape of the anterior gonopod sternum which in
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FAB1FEB5020EFEA4" box="[1284,1391,325,349]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FAB1FEB5020EFEA4" box="[1284,1391,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a deep, acute incision of the basal margin (Silvestri 1987: fig. 6). The studied specimens from Alessandra,
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FAF5FE9702FDFE86" box="[1344,1436,359,383]" name="Somalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Somalia</collectingCountry>
are perfectly normal
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FE3DFE7C057EFE5A" box="[392,543,395,419]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FE3DFE7C057EFE5A" box="[392,543,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all characters, including the number of ocelli. They do have a pronounced basal incision in the anterior gonopod sternum but so do other specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FBB8FE5D0313FE3C" box="[1037,1138,429,453]" name="Tanzania" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
which I have studied after 1977. The purported differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FDC1FE20058BFE11" box="[628,746,464,488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FDC1FE20058BFE11" box="[628,746,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FC91FE2004EEFE11" box="[804,911,464,488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FC91FE2004EEFE11" box="[804,911,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can therefore be dismissed as either intraspecific variation (the gonopod character) or a possible inaccuracy of observation by Silvestri (number of ocelli). Alessandra is now known as Labadaad and lies at
<geoCoordinate id="EE21503BFF8F3142FD1CFDE50469FDD4" box="[681,776,533,557]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="925" value="0.5">0°30’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE21503BFF8F3142FCA0FDE5041EFDD4" box="[789,895,533,557]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="925" value="42.75">42°45’ E</geoCoordinate>
, quite close to (
<quantity id="4CED9B19FF8F3142FB82FDE503F0FDD4" box="[1079,1169,533,557]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="km" value="160.0">160 km</quantity>
) the
<typeStatus id="54AE885EFF8F3142FB78FDE6039CFDD7" box="[1229,1277,534,558]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FA31FDE60634FDA9" authority="Brava" authorityName="Brava" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FA31FDE60663FDA9" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. bravensis</emphasis>
, Brava
</taxonomicName>
, now known as Bawaawe and lying at
<geoCoordinate id="EE21503BFF8F3142FCB1FDC7042AFDB6" box="[772,843,567,591]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="925" value="1.1">1°6’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE21503BFF8F3142FCE2FDC704C8FDB6" box="[855,937,567,591]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="925" value="44.033333">
44°2’
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FC20FDC704C8FDB6" author="Cecchi" box="[917,937,567,591]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Cecchi, R. &amp; Chelazzi, L. (1984) Etude de l'appareil genital male et de la spermatogenese chez Epibolus pulchripes bravensis (Silvestri) (Myriapoda Diplopoda Spirobolida) recolte en Somalie. Monitore zoologico italiano, 19, suppl., 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1984">E</bibRefCitation>
</geoCoordinate>
. Cecchi &amp; Chelazzi (1984) took a step in the direction of synonymizing
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FE71FDAB054EFD8A" box="[452,559,603,627]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FE71FDAB054EFD8A" box="[452,559,603,627]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FDC8FDAB0592FD8A" box="[637,755,603,627]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FDC8FDAB0592FD8A" box="[637,755,603,627]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by treating it as a subspecies (without any argumentation for doing so).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF70FD5105CFFCBB" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,835]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FF70FD5106FAFD41" box="[197,411,672,696]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF70FD5106FAFD41" box="[197,411,672,696]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. mossambicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was kept separate exclusively on the basis of its very slender posterior gonopod fingerformed process. Although no additional specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FCAEFD3204CEFD23" box="[795,943,706,730]" name="Mozambique" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
have come to hand, and although no specimen with an equally slender process has been found anywhere, the variability in shape of the finger-shaped process observed in Tanzanian specimen (
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8F3142FDA5FCF80509FCD9" box="[528,616,776,800]" captionStart="FIGURES 78 – 80" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1550,1573]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,787,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[225,1366,786,1539]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 78 – 80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, # 79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79 - 80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276712/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figs 78</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E2A79FF8F3142FDC6FCF805DAFCD9" box="[627,699,776,800]" captionStart="FIGURES 81 – 82" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1470,1493]" captionTargetBox="[242,1355,880,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[220,1369,870,1463]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 81 – 82. Epibolus pulchripes, right posterior gonopods, posterior view. 81: male from Kenya, Mombasa, 82: lectotype, from Tanzania, Zanzibar. From Enghoff (1977)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276713/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">81–82</figureCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FD73FCF80322FCD9" author="Dhaenens" box="[710,1091,776,800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Dhaenens, M. &amp; VandenSpiegel, D. (2006) Contribution to the study of the post-embryonic development and reproduction of the African millipede Epibolus pulchripes (Gerstacker, 1873) (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136, 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">Dhaenens &amp; VandenSpiegel 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3) is so great that separate status of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FF49FCDB06D1FCBA" box="[252,432,811,835]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF49FCDB06D1FCBA" box="[252,432,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">mossambicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be maintained.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6A6674FF8F3142FF22FA4E05D5FA0D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276713/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[242,1355,880,1453]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF22FA4E05D5FA0D" blockId="34.[151,1436,1470,1524]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF22FA4E0634FA2D" bold="true" box="[151,341,1470,1493]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURES 81–82.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FEE9FA4F054EFA2C" box="[348,559,1471,1493]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FEE9FA4F054AFA2C" box="[348,555,1471,1493]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">Epibolus pulchripes</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
right posterior gonopods, posterior view. 81: male from Kenya, Mombasa, 82: lectotype, from Tanzania, Zanzibar. From Enghoff (1977).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8F3143FF72F9E8063FFD04" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF72F9E806AFF961" blockId="34.[151,1436,1560,2035]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF72F9E80601F9C8" bold="true" box="[199,352,1560,1585]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FEDDF9E9069EF9C9" box="[360,511,1560,1584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FEDDF9E9069EF9C9" box="[360,511,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including its new synonyms
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FCF9F9E804D6F9C9" box="[844,951,1560,1584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bravensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FCF9F9E804D6F9C9" box="[844,951,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bravensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FC44F9E803C4F9C9" box="[1009,1189,1560,1584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FC44F9E803C4F9C9" box="[1009,1189,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">mossambicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is widely distributed in eastern Africa: from Bawaawe,
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FD96F9CB05E3F9AA" box="[547,642,1595,1619]" name="Somalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Somalia</collectingCountry>
, in the north to Island of
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FC1EF9CB035EF9AA" box="[939,1087,1595,1619]" name="Mozambique" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mocambique</collectingCountry>
in the south although the vast majority of finds are from
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FE70F9AF056FF98E" box="[453,526,1631,1655]" name="Kenya" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8F3142FDF3F9AE05CFF98F" box="[582,686,1630,1654]" name="Tanzania" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. Most, but not all occurrences are close to the Indian Ocean coast. See map in
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FEAFF97006AAF961" author="Enghoff" box="[282,459,1664,1688]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Enghoff, H. (1977) Revision of the East African millipede genus Epibolus Cook, 1897. With notes on the biology of E. pulchripes (Gerstacker) (Diplopoda, Spirobolida: Pachybolidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 8, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1977">Enghoff (1977)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3142FF72F95303F8F8BF" blockId="34.[151,1436,1560,2035]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FF72F9530612F942" bold="true" box="[199,371,1699,1723]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Further notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FECFF953053DF942" box="[378,604,1699,1723]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FECFF953053DF942" box="[378,604,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Epibolus pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by far the best studied among the species treated here and is subject of several non-taxonomic papers. Thus
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FD80F9360469F927" box="[565,776,1734,1758]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Wood, W. F., Shepherd, J., Chong, B. &amp; Meinwald, J. (1975) Ubiquinone-O in defensive spray of African millipede. Nature, 253, 625 - 626." type="journal article">
Wood
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FDCBF93705D6F927" box="[638,695,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
(1975)
</bibRefCitation>
studied the defensive secretion of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FB3AF9370245F927" box="[1167,1316,1734,1758]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FB3AF9370245F927" box="[1167,1316,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reporting that it can be sprayed by the animal as far as
<quantity id="4CED9B19FF8F3142FD3AF91805B6F8F9" box="[655,727,1768,1792]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FD5EF91804C1F8F9" author="Banerjee" box="[747,928,1768,1792]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Banerjee, B. (1980) The population characteristics of the East African red legged diplopod Metiche tanganyciense Kraus (Diplopoda: Spirobolidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 21, 308 - 316." type="journal article" year="1980">Banerjee (1980)</bibRefCitation>
studied population characteristics of the species,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FF67F8FB069CF8DA" author="Cecchi" box="[210,509,1803,1827]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Cecchi, R. &amp; Chelazzi, L. (1984) Etude de l'appareil genital male et de la spermatogenese chez Epibolus pulchripes bravensis (Silvestri) (Myriapoda Diplopoda Spirobolida) recolte en Somalie. Monitore zoologico italiano, 19, suppl., 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1984">Cecchi &amp; Chelazzi (1984)</bibRefCitation>
described its internal genital organs and spermatogenesis, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FB64F8FB0604F8BF" author="Dhaenens" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Dhaenens, M. &amp; VandenSpiegel, D. (2006) Contribution to the study of the post-embryonic development and reproduction of the African millipede Epibolus pulchripes (Gerstacker, 1873) (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136, 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">Dhaenens &amp; VandenSpiegel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
provided information on post-embryonic development and reproduction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8F3143FF70F8A00222FF2B" blockId="34.[151,1436,1560,2035]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1436,151,939]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FED5F8A0041CF891" author="United" box="[352,893,1872,1897]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="United Nations Environment Programme (1998) Eastern Africa, Atlas of Coastal Resources. A project of the United Nations Environment Programme with the support of the Government of Belgium. Available from http: // www. unep. org / eafatlas / tbke. htm (13 March, 2010)." type="journal article" year="1998">
United Nations Environment
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FD18F8A1041CF891" author="Programme" box="[685,893,1872,1897]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="United Nations Environment Programme (1998) Eastern Africa, Atlas of Coastal Resources. A project of the United Nations Environment Programme with the support of the Government of Belgium. Available from http: // www. unep. org / eafatlas / tbke. htm (13 March, 2010)." type="journal article" year="1998">Programme (1998</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
: 42),
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FC09F8A10333F891" box="[956,1106,1872,1896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FC09F8A10333F891" box="[956,1106,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common on the East African coast and “very seldom damages living plants, but instead is a very valuable agent in humus formation”. In this publication,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FE96F86706D8F857" box="[291,441,1942,1966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FE96F86706D8F857" box="[291,441,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in this respect contrasted with the giant spirostreptid
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FB9BF86607B9F829" authority="Peters, 1855" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1855" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirostreptidae" genus="Archispirostreptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirostreptida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FB9BF866025EF857" box="[1070,1343,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archispirostreptus gigas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8F3142FAFAF86607B1F829" author="Peters" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Peters, W. (1855) Uber die Myriapoden im Allgemeinen und insbesondere uber die in Mossambique beobachteten Arten diser Familie. Monatsbericht der Koniglichen Akademia der Wissenschaften in Berlin, 75, 75 - 85." type="journal article" year="1855">Peters, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
with which it often coexists: “Like many other giant millipedes,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8F3142FC7FF8480349F829" box="[970,1064,1976,2000]" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirostreptidae" genus="Archispirostreptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirostreptida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8F3142FC7FF8480349F829" box="[970,1064,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can cause serious localized seasonal damage to crops and small forestry seedlings. In dry conditions, millipedes turn to living plants as a source of food and they burrow down and seek shelter in crevices. On the other hand, under wet conditions their populations appear to increase explosively but they seem to confine their diet to leaf litter and other dead plant matter.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8E3143FF70FF2E063FFD04" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,939]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
In an account of a reforestation project at Bamburi Nature Trail near
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FC46FF2D0305FF0C" box="[1011,1124,221,245]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FBC6FF2E03DEFF0F" box="[1139,1215,222,246]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FB78FF2E0207FF0C" box="[1229,1382,221,245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FB78FF2E0207FF0C" box="[1229,1382,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded to play an important role, as shown by the following quote from http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~zzspri/travels/BANweb/bantrail.html (accessed
<date id="FFAB103CFF8E3143FD8AFED20445FEC3" box="[575,804,290,314]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2009-09-25">25 September 2009</date>
): “
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FCF2FED304DCFEC3" box="[839,957,291,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Casuarinaceae" genus="Casuarina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FCF2FED304DCFEC3" box="[839,957,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Casuarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FC4EFED303E5FEC3" box="[1019,1156,291,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Conocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FC4EFED303E5FEC3" box="[1019,1156,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Conocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are evergreen trees that constantly drop and renew &quot;needles&quot; and leaves. Thus the dropping foliage was covering the rocky ground at a steady pace. However, the break down of foliage's by micro-organism was prolonged because of the high content of tannin in
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FE97FE7B06C2FE5B" box="[290,419,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Casuarinas</emphasis>
&quot;needles''. The process of releasing the confined nutrients to other organisms was slowed down and the establishment of subsequent plant species was delayed thus. A lucky incident solved this problem when the red legged
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FE30FE20052BFE11" bold="true" box="[389,586,463,488]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FE30FE20069AFE11" box="[389,507,464,488]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
trains
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FDE9FE20045CFE11" box="[604,829,464,488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FDE9FE20045CFE11" box="[604,829,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Epibolus pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) happily started feeding on dry
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FB18FE200242FE1E" box="[1197,1315,464,487]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Casuarinaceae" genus="Casuarina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FB18FE200242FE1E" box="[1197,1315,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Casuarina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;needles''. The compost bacteria in millipedes' dropping converted needles into the needed humus. These useful animals were collected from coastal bushes and there was an instant success as the millipedes multiplied fast in the young forest. The leaf litter was slowly reduced and a layer of humus thickened underneath. The millipedes had found a land of milk and honey having the forest floor for them only but this happy state of affairs did not last long. Soon they became part of the food chain too as white tailed mongooses and civet cats started eating millipedes as they came in the forest on their own.” See also http://blog.earthshope.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/jp-morgan-2008-jlessay.pdf and http://www.iaphworldports.org/HoustonPresentations/IAPH2007-Kahumbu.pdf (both accessed
<date id="FFAB103CFF8E3143FA35FD320633FD04" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2009-09-25">25 September 2009</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F6577FF8E3143FF70FCF902F4FC53" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAA36FCFF8E3143FF70FCF902F4FC53" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,939]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FF70FCF9063DFCD9" box="[197,348,776,800]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Epibolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripes">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FF70FCF9063DFCD9" box="[197,348,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">E. pulchripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a popular pet millipede (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8E3143FD67FCF804B9FCD9" author="Decker" box="[722,984,776,800]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Decker, P. &amp; Pfeifle, R. (2008) Anmerkungen zu Epibolus pulchripes (Gerstacker, 1873, mit Hinweisen zu Zucht und Larvenstadien. Arthropoda, Magazin fur Wirbellose im Terrarium, 16 (2), 42 - 45." type="journal article" year="2008">Decker &amp; Pfeifle 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and has received a variety of common names, e.g.
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FEA8FCDA06EDFCBB" box="[285,396,810,834]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
train, Tanzanian red-legged millipede, and giant red-legged millipede in English, Afrikanischer Lackschnurfüßer and Rotbeiniger Schnurfüsser or Rotfuss-Schnurfüsser in
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FB9FFCBD03E9FC9C" box="[1066,1160,845,869]" name="Germany" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">German</collectingCountry>
. In
<collectingCountry id="F302766CFF8E3143FB00FCBE039FFC9F" box="[1205,1278,846,870]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Kenya</collectingCountry>
it is eaten by the elephant shrew
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FEC1FC8005FEFC71" ID-CoL="4SRP9" box="[372,671,880,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Macroscelididae" genus="Rhynchocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macroscelidea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopygus">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FEC1FC8005FEFC71" box="[372,671,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Rhynchocyon chrysopygus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is avoided by the dwarf mongoose
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FBDEFC800250FC71" ID-CoL="3KH35" box="[1131,1329,880,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Helogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FBDEFC800250FC71" box="[1131,1329,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Helogale parvula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although this mongoose will readily eat
<taxonomicName id="4C154D7FFF8E3143FE5AFC630460FC52" ID-CoL="G9Q6" box="[495,769,915,939]" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirostreptidae" genus="Archispirostreptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirostreptida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FE5AFC630460FC52" box="[495,769,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Archispirostreptus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unpublished obervations reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B0DFF8E3143FB04FC62021FFC53" author="Wood" box="[1201,1406,914,939]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Wood, W. F., Shepherd, J., Chong, B. &amp; Meinwald, J. (1975) Ubiquinone-O in defensive spray of African millipede. Nature, 253, 625 - 626." type="journal article" year="1975">
Wood
<emphasis id="B961EAEEFF8E3143FB4EFC640252FC52" box="[1275,1331,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
(1975
</bibRefCitation>
)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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