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<mods:title id="ED859915D373A2A5AFCA0B5013909A84">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BBE95C7D63A3E0D8FF393A32B4359DB3">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5945F5D19E7891DA65A4EF818AD910CE">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="6D9C798477D9B89A9BAEA0FC0AA1A4AD" ID-CoL="BYK" ID-ENA="34977" authority="Stejneger, 1891" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1891" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1891</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D87CC8FB4B40B55F0AD0825F012FB712" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="939B06521FF2D0292206192910C117C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="6BFBC119E0AF7798770D0D3D301FCA35" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
comprise the smallest known snakes, with the record holding a species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="D294EA45A777C88AFD7BDE4E78B27740" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0F76B865B0D2716E87D44B26DEEBBF0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jan, 1861, which achieves a maximum snout-vent length of only 105 mm (i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="5A5442CE1A7E61B177301F0878A4CC0E" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma carlae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carlae">
<emphasis id="1AD91C6E398A23C86D358E7BB3549E73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma carlae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Hedges, 2008]; see 
<bibRefCitation id="5A8D856CF66587A55EE07CFF2ADD3D4A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1" author="Hedges, SB" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 30" refId="B255" refString="Hedges, SB, 2008. At the lower size limit in snakes: Two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1841: 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1" title="At the lower size limit in snakes: Two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1" volume="1841" year="2008">Hedges 2008</bibRefCitation>
). At the same time, as their etymology also suggests (from the Greek 
<normalizedToken id="1B4434D9171F51E57156DC846C1714DD" originalValue="“λεπτός”">&quot;λεπτός&quot;</normalizedToken>
, meaning 
<normalizedToken id="E95B6B52A1DFBE1356F5815FCC30167E" originalValue="“thin”">&quot;thin&quot;</normalizedToken>
), this group also comprises the snakes with the minimum body width (diameter), i.e., a species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="C4D2C0B7F59937E7FF3183972EE032D2" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="827D72F818A57F5549E894D31CB5F758" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch in 
<bibRefCitation id="38BA7244004FECA6BBF24138939CE38C" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
(around only 2.5 mm; see 
<bibRefCitation id="F826127F17A1FE2EF48D6CD22207A7E7" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). They consist of more than 140 species, distributed in Africa, the Middle East and parts of southern Asia, and the Americas (
<bibRefCitation id="3D990585D9EFA6AAC8B95E382425B566" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="13DD73062D3EAF8B15A9FBFBC205618D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Most leptotyphlopid species were once placed into the genus 
<taxonomicName id="811891D9F4A3898E80ACB6ECB08E8A5C" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3ADC9CE5E55991CBFE31F9A58020C693" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fitzinger, 1843, however, recent molecular studies coupled with evidence from external morphology have suggested their partitioning into several different genera (
<bibRefCitation id="801D5F819FD53F32E58CD84F57A2AB02" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="89A3C005B5D22D520C70B36360A6A800" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="147C1956078852109B32B1C74EC369F4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Divergence date estimates suggest that leptotyphlopids split from other scolecophidians already during the Early Cretaceous (
<bibRefCitation id="170924A0DA41C8C02A4849FF0C11B48C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="F1636942E4D2D73F5AC1080D092E3782" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" author="Miralles, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1782 - 1793" refId="B387" refString="Miralles, A, Marin, J, Markus, D, Herrel, A, Hedges, BS, Vidal, N, 2018. Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31: 1782 - 1793, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" title="Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" volume="31" year="2018">Miralles et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="927E5ADDA9E4CB502AC1680EA853CB6B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107064" author="Sidharthan, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B562" refString="Sidharthan, C, Karanth, KP, 2021. India's biogeographic history through the eyes of blindsnakes - filling the gaps in the global typhlopoid phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 157: 107064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107064" title="India's biogeographic history through the eyes of blindsnakes - filling the gaps in the global typhlopoid phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 157: 107064." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107064" year="2021">Sidharthan and Karanth 2021</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="63A5432921B76C729FD9E2E7B41C6A74" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
were variously known, especially during the 19th and early 20th centuries, under the names Catodontia (or Catodonta or Catodontiens) (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="0E7530FA9D81F65DD2C19209721CF623" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118797" author="Dumeril, AMC" journalOrPublisher="Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B158" refString="Dumeril, AMC, Bibron, G, Dumeril, A, 1854. Erpetologie generale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles. Tome neuvieme. Contenant Contenant l'histoire des batraciens, urodeles. Plus, un repertoire ou catalogue methodique de tous les reptiles decrits dans les neuf volumes; avec des tables generales pour le texte et pour les figures. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118797" title="Erpetologie generale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles. Tome neuvieme. Contenant Contenant l'histoire des batraciens, urodeles. Plus, un repertoire ou catalogue methodique de tous les reptiles decrits dans les neuf volumes; avec des tables generales pour le texte et pour les figures." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118797" year="1854">
<normalizedToken id="41CA6F958DA1BA14600E593AD9D6A312" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
et al. 1854
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="36257DF29C2D5D3B479594A4176DAD12" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="224 - 231" refId="B124" refString="Cope, ED, 1864. On the characters of the higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata - and especially of Diploglossa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 16: 224 - 231" title="On the characters of the higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata - and especially of Diploglossa." volume="16" year="1864">Cope 1864</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="8FD8FE6001F80160A193E7D760852320" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="7 - 98" refId="B132" refString="Cope, ED, 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32: 7 - 98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" title="Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" volume="32" year="1887">1887</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D85703708EAC3EEB3FD54E5AFC5E225E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="The American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="831 - 844" refId="B134" refString="Cope, ED, 1894. The Classification of Snakes. The American Naturalist 28: 831 - 844, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" title="The Classification of Snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" volume="28" year="1894">1894</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="61CBF51A865FDD702D50EB0A13F3F353" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1005387" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="186 - 219" refId="B135" refString="Cope, ED, 1895. The classification of the Ophidia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 18: 186 - 219, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1005387" title="The classification of the Ophidia." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1005387" volume="18" year="1895">1895</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="042220CED95A7A8125F0E96AAA97F990" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 1143" refId="B137" refString="Cope, ED, 1898. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U.S. National Museum 1898: 1 - 1143" title="The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U. S." volume="1898" year="1898">1898</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D191AF1BD52CE4AEFF1804278DE1AAC" author="Carus, JV" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B111" refString="Carus, JV, 1868. Handbuch der Zoologie. Wirbelthiere. W. Engelmann, Leipzig" title="Handbuch der Zoologie. Wirbelthiere. W." year="1868">Carus 1868</bibRefCitation>
), a term apparently evoking to the fact that they possess teeth (Greek 
<normalizedToken id="0C6CF11B036F2221C750C1AAF8052181" originalValue="“οδόντες”">&quot;οδόντες&quot;</normalizedToken>
) solely on their lower (Greek 
<normalizedToken id="444E8FE24FD45380267CEAD904A6A344" originalValue="“κάτω”">&quot;κάτω&quot;</normalizedToken>
) jaws, as well as Stenosomata (
<bibRefCitation id="03D0DC42F9BFB01C8FCAC575878D20B7" author="Ritgen, FA" journalOrPublisher="Nova Acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="245 - 284" refId="B505" refString="Ritgen, FA, 1828. Versuch einer natuerlichen Eintheilung der Amphibien. Nova Acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 14: 245 - 284" title="Versuch einer natuerlichen Eintheilung der Amphibien." volume="14" year="1828">Ritgen 1828</bibRefCitation>
), evoking to their narrow bodies (Greek for narrow [
<normalizedToken id="49DE540895E369D56777B860C308CD40" originalValue="“στενός”">&quot;στενός&quot;</normalizedToken>
] and body [
<normalizedToken id="9460AEDF1BEC947ED5D94093840F2CDE" originalValue="“σώμα”">&quot;σώμα&quot;</normalizedToken>
]), 
<taxonomicName id="02E62258CA71E8E88067CC6D4548B548" class="Catenulida" family="Stenostomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Stenostomidae</taxonomicName>
(or 
<taxonomicName id="B1F2FEB19CE177379990511E6873242B" family="Stenostomatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Stenostomatidae</taxonomicName>
or Stenostomata or Stenostomina or 
<taxonomicName id="AC8D4D2E0BA0FB14092103C525BAB970" genus="Stenostomi" lsidName="Stenostomi" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="genus">Stenostomi</taxonomicName>
or 
<normalizedToken id="FBF1E5F79542AD6194DE10E20B1825CA" originalValue="Sténostomiens">Stenostomiens</normalizedToken>
) (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="F4400360F0B129906B82E0C7C7741D06" author="Bonaparte, CL" journalOrPublisher="Atti delle Riunioni degli scienziati italiani" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="376 - 378" refId="B71" refString="Bonaparte, CL, 1845. Specchio generale dei sistemi erpetologico ed anfibiologico. Atti delle Riunioni degli scienziati italiani 6: 376 - 378" title="Specchio generale dei sistemi erpetologico ed anfibiologico." volume="6" year="1845">Bonaparte 1845</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="F8B6DCED93711FEB9569270B0DFA6842" author="Bonaparte, CL" journalOrPublisher="Atti delle Riunioni degli scienziati italiani" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B72" refString="Bonaparte, CL, 1852. Conspectus systematum herpetologiae et amphibiologiae. Editio altera reformata. (Continuazione). Nuovi Annali delle Scienze naturali, Bologna, Serie III 5: 89-96 and 477-480." title="Conspectus systematum herpetologiae et amphibiologiae. Editio altera reformata. (Continuazione). Nuovi Annali delle Scienze naturali, Bologna, Serie III 5: 89 - 96 and 477 - 480." year="1852">1852</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C024145FA0147772D9A1BB8016EC92E9" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="The Zoological Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B76" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1882. Reptilia and Batrachia. The Zoological Record 19: 1 - 28" title="Reptilia and Batrachia." volume="19" year="1882">Boulenger 1882</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9440420B5362E22AFDFDE5FC4FD7610C" author="Peters, [WCH]" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="69 - 71" refId="B459" refString="Peters, [WCH], 1881. [Einige herpetologische Mittheilungen: 1. Uebersicht der zu den Familien der Typhlopes und Stenostomi gehoerigen Gattungen oder Untergattungen]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1881: 69 - 71" title="[Einige herpetologische Mittheilungen: 1. Uebersicht der zu den Familien der Typhlopes und Stenostomi gehoerigen Gattungen oder Untergattungen]." volume="1881" year="1881">Peters 1881</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="52F9FDA3579B0FFDEDB64C2406738BE8" author="Peters, WCH" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B460" refString="Peters, WCH, 1882. Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl seiner Majestaet des Koenigs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848. Zoology. III. Amphibien. G. Reimer Berlin, 191 pp." title="Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl seiner Majestaet des Koenigs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848. Zoology. III. Amphibien. G. Reimer Berlin, 191 pp." year="1882">1882</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3A8413A3F5DCFB29A7EF5B368E254A0C" author="Boettger, O" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Jahresbericht" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="214 - 261" refId="B62" refString="Boettger, O, 1884. III. Systematik, Faunistik, Biologie. 3. Reptilia. Zoologischer Jahresbericht 1884: 214 - 261" title="III. Systematik, Faunistik, Biologie. 3. Reptilia." volume="1884" year="1884">Boettger 1884</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5E96C75848B4F03C3FEBC883A7C29EB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="7 - 98" refId="B132" refString="Cope, ED, 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32: 7 - 98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" title="Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" volume="32" year="1887">Cope 1887</bibRefCitation>
), evoking to their narrow mouth (Greek for narrow [
<normalizedToken id="F49996E81DAD52A390EFD028D3C90101" originalValue="“στενός”">&quot;στενός&quot;</normalizedToken>
] and mouth [
<normalizedToken id="DA4158DCD45DA530FF24521B6A524A32" originalValue="“στόμα”">&quot;στόμα&quot;</normalizedToken>
]), or more commonly as 
<taxonomicName id="4B5F4DCE9DFE1A5E375C4355D59BF35E" family="Glauconiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Glauconiidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="B37F9F8B0EAFB12B3456455B6B012463" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100797" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B81" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1890b. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100797" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100797" year="1890 b">Boulenger 1890b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7A49D44783B59D9A022D28E374FF9C42" author="Boulenger, GΑ" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B83" refString="Boulenger, GΑ, 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" title="Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part." year="1893">1893</bibRefCitation>
; Bocage 1895; 
<bibRefCitation id="EAC7683101BA4679A75D1D10CADEC834" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 1143" refId="B137" refString="Cope, ED, 1898. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U.S. National Museum 1898: 1 - 1143" title="The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U. S." volume="1898" year="1898">Cope 1898</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="44D5D516462883AE9E7B681A88661580" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.160212" author="Gadow, HF" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan and Co., London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B182" refString="Gadow, HF, 1901. Amphibia and Reptiles. Cambridge Natural History. Vol. III. Macmillan and Co., London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.160212" title="Amphibia and Reptiles. Cambridge Natural History. Vol. III." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.160212" year="1901">Gadow 1901</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="98ED3103B2331D0D0B4E5FCB3DC35512" author="Janensch, W" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Oesterreich-Ungarns und des Orients" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B308" refString="Janensch, W, 1906. Ueber Archaeophis proavus Mass., eine Schlange aus dem Eocaen des Monte Bolca. Beitraege zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Oesterreich-Ungarns und des Orients 19: 1 - 33" title="Ueber Archaeophis proavus Mass., eine Schlange aus dem Eocaen des Monte Bolca." volume="19" year="1906">Janensch 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3825F279128E58341AEA2F5875FB3EBB" author="Lydekker, R" journalOrPublisher="Methuen and Company Limited, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B358" refString="Lydekker, R, 1912. Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes and lower Chordata. Methuen and Company Limited, London" title="Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes and lower Chordata." year="1912">Lydekker 1912</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D545F3E6173A65AAD9C93C944E2637E2" author="Werner, F" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="191 - 208" refId="B677" refString="Werner, F, 1916. Versuch einer Synopsis der Schlangenfamilie der Glauconiiden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 34: 191 - 208" title="Versuch einer Synopsis der Schlangenfamilie der Glauconiiden." volume="34" year="1916">Werner 1916</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3189BF2E821AD8BC3900BF68B3A5706B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2114" author="Abel, O" journalOrPublisher="de Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B2" refString="Abel, O, 1919. Die Staemme der Wirbeltiere. W. de Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2114" title="Die Staemme der Wirbeltiere. W." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2114" year="1919">Abel 1919</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="36C7C0418C0B75F43704D8B8ACD24CA5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03049353" author="Mahendra, BC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="128 - 142" refId="B362" refString="Mahendra, BC, 1936. Contributions to the osteology of the Ophidia. I. The endoskeleton of the so-called &quot;blind snake&quot;, Typhlops braminus Daud. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 3: 128 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03049353" title="Contributions to the osteology of the Ophidia. I. The endoskeleton of the so-called &quot; blind snake &quot;, Typhlops braminus Daud." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03049353" volume="3" year="1936">Mahendra 1936</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10191BFF61B68C4283A4381044E13F96" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">The leptotyphlopid vertebral morphology is generally reminiscent of other scolecophidians (see Description and figures below).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29428EF7E265BD15821D29B750ECACF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Previous figures of vertebrae of extant 
<taxonomicName id="FC63E5B1FC7490133F82B919496C26AE" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
have been so far presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="3CCE439D23D0B0007F640A36D30769FB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List (1966)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6447B08749FF20638DB5A2A7AED5A3EC" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, HISS Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B154" refString="Dowling, HG, Duellman, WE, 1978. Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." title="Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." year="1978">Dowling and Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2BB807EB12CA22C541814AC9EF4F207F" author="Fabrezi, M" journalOrPublisher="Cuadernos de Herpetologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B169" refString="Fabrezi, M, Marcus, A, Scrocchi, G, 1985. Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 1: 1 - 20" title="Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta." volume="1" year="1985">Fabrezi et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="586AA0A14988C917E7DC9F88DCE20C8D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" author="Pinto, RR" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1722 - 1747" refId="B462" refString="Pinto, RR, Martins, AR, Curcio, F, Ramos, LO, 2015. Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae). Anatomical Record 298: 1722 - 1747, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" title="Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" volume="298" year="2015">Pinto et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="243DD26C88D483C7BABB6A9B12A38A69" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="938D4F956445EB5792F4ACC569EA6BD6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24676" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2183 - 2197" refId="B323" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Joshi, M, Pinto, RR, Passos, P, 2021. Osteology of the enigmatic threadsnake species Epictia unicolor and Trilepida guayaquilensis (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with generic insights. Anatomical Record 304: 2183 - 2197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24676" title="Osteology of the enigmatic threadsnake species Epictia unicolor and Trilepida guayaquilensis (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with generic insights." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24676" volume="304" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="7AB8E720B993E30734D76C6851221E03" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" author="Martins, AR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="840 - 863" refId="B371" refString="Martins, AR, Koch, C, Pinto, R, Folly, M, Fouquet, A, Passos, P, 2019. From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 57: 840 - 863, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" title="From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" volume="57" year="2019">Martins et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9C04C9B2080DD37B22CFC0A840436179" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">2021a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D5FBE959EE72045F24A7B35A12C0F42A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">2021b</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="918212BE18862C5E1D70BE8B8BD42818" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" author="Herrel, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2292 - 2302" refId="B260" refString="Herrel, A, Lowie, A, Miralles, A, Gaucher, P, Kley, NJ, Measey, J, Tolley, KA, 2021. Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology. Anatomical Record 304: 2292 - 2302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" title="Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" volume="304" year="2021">Herrel et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7E32EC89F70A27055D24DC612F6A7D45" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" author="Alfonso-Rojas, A" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="377 - 399" refId="B11" refString="Alfonso-Rojas, A, Vanegas, RD, Marino-Morejon, E, Cadena, E-A, 2023. Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977. Geodiversitas 45: 377 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" title="Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" volume="45" year="2023">Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="32C11FEC95DA605C56785A83E728B9DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2242369" author="Peralta, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Universita di Torino" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B438" refString="Peralta, MJ, Ferrero, BS, 2023. First Quaternary fossil record of a blind snake (Scolecophidia, Serpentes) from South America (Argentina). Historical Biology https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2242369" title="First Quaternary fossil record of a blind snake (Scolecophidia, Serpentes) from South America (Argentina). Historical Biology" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2242369" year="2023">Peralta and Ferrero (2023)</bibRefCitation>
. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series were presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="76858BAAC564EE4D8482E475A040A7C5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List (1966)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D055890195BE8020571B82702C149318" author="Fabrezi, M" journalOrPublisher="Cuadernos de Herpetologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B169" refString="Fabrezi, M, Marcus, A, Scrocchi, G, 1985. Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 1: 1 - 20" title="Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta." volume="1" year="1985">Fabrezi et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7662F857D30344B330349CB732E1E124" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" author="Pinto, RR" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1722 - 1747" refId="B462" refString="Pinto, RR, Martins, AR, Curcio, F, Ramos, LO, 2015. Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae). Anatomical Record 298: 1722 - 1747, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" title="Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" volume="298" year="2015">Pinto et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1B70194CBCAA828D7776D71F4E89BED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="1787327C2BCE522A4CE8AD7AEBD09A6D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. (2021a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="3181EB7B1E2C1E178E6EB2C21B4001EE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">2021b</bibRefCitation>
). Quantitative studies on the intracolumnar variability of leptotyphlopid vertebrae have been conducted by 
<bibRefCitation id="CDB8D9B63BC6DEA4B76FA92B04E73945" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B246" refString="Head, JJ, 2021. A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of ''anilioid&quot; snakes. Geobios 66-67: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" title="A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of '' anilioid &quot; snakes. Geobios 66 - 67: 55 - 65." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" year="2021">Head (2021)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5E7935303A99EC5DCE708F5C1650AD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7D29494ABC95B9F22BA4F025B4E39E77" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A56E831A7F3961A19908E92B33C2916" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="3F50BF77135439A28208BD202BD0DBC7" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Squamata" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Epacrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epacrophis boulengeri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri">
<emphasis id="C4A4EFCF5FEB01D4EE3D665E2D01AB08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epacrophis boulengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Boettger, 1913) (
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[
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]); 
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<taxonomicName id="38F4FE33DCCC26CBE4EA64F8D25C8C63" baseAuthorityName="Wagler" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia albifrons" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">
<emphasis id="CA6073C7FD31947F9D7449F03353DB79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia albifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wagler, 1824) (MCZ Herp R-17393 [Morphosource.org: Media 000077182, ark:/87602/m4/ 
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]); 
<taxonomicName id="7DE266E6F35374F8E215C9D3AEFB19B8" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia ater" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="02B9EBC7245A95F333C03BA388171A3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Taylor, 1940) (USNM 580323 [Morphosource.org: Media 000165850, ark:/87602/m4/M165850]); 
<taxonomicName id="6B408A57D589ACA0ED369FBE9916588C" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Vanzolini" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia borapeliotes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borapeliotes">
<emphasis id="78D946F7F207AF601B0F2F7FB019ED91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia borapeliotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vanzolini, 1996) (MCZ Herp R-182170 [Morphosource.org: Media 000059305, ark:/87602/m4/ 
<accessionNumber id="B13A8EE709F919AEBB4362D8D8EAFF45" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/M59305">M59305</accessionNumber>
]); 
<taxonomicName id="CF5A95FD3C81DA0E86C45ADA2C4B4E8D" baseAuthorityName="Klauber" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia columbi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbi">
<emphasis id="7F132285BC8C95AC0AF878F336337F28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia columbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Klauber, 1939) (MCZ Herp R-48773 [Morphosource.org: Media 000077341, ark:/87602/m4/ 
<accessionNumber id="D9A68D0261FCD7306896D41F63ADF1E7" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/M77341">M77341</accessionNumber>
]); 
<taxonomicName id="05A3403BFFDD086ECEB25DC594220C7E" baseAuthorityName="Orejas-Miranda &amp; Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia guayaquilensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayaquilensis">
<emphasis id="BBAAB7A636CFBC43D82856F5E1C26A31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia guayaquilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="796F37B1A7F5D94A9F7BC2BAD82522CD">Orejas-Miranda</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="F952EF69D4C6E1AC98E2BDBFF3DF5939">Peters</collectorName>
, 1970) (X-ray of ZMB 4508 [
<typeStatus id="AEA109F26454C0BBE89A46A3B9CF0072">holotype</typeStatus>
]); 
<taxonomicName id="DFC8FDA60EE8ADE3B40F00F7BCCA896D" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops nigricans" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="629DF2960821D8EA40CB3926B2256A3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="D816EEDC86A84F9E9AD0AD1C73DACF59">Schlegel</collectorName>
, 
<quantity id="F3C9EB3AFAAB32082E95EB6420F054F1" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67106" unit="in" value="1839.0">1839 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="1C70329C5917B89335F33DF61F336B2F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" author="Schlegel, H" journalOrPublisher="Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B543" refString="Schlegel, H, 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas. Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" title="Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" year="1837">Schlegel 1837</bibRefCitation>
-1844) (CAS 
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173933); 
<taxonomicName id="55D5903366F6185E2550D91EE81E2890" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops scutifrons" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
<emphasis id="DBB4FF46FEB1889641BAF32468D3FEE6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops scutifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="1D2EBE4700C0DD9B57AFD18E1F3132F2">Peters</collectorName>
, 1854) (
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187225 [
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org: 
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]); 
<taxonomicName id="9DFA4E87F9FBC2DB6E90CE5E04C2A329" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis pyrites" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrites">
<emphasis id="269B79D7AD236CCD8803729FABE6461F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis pyrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="5CD75C9EB656B0EC9E94C84A46693232">Thomas</collectorName>
, 1965) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="9314BCB8C2D21F91546420A5E6906606">Herp</collectorName>
R-77239 [
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org: 
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000060820, ark:/87602/m4/ 
<accessionNumber id="29E497482B37E6B9648035B9C046726A" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/M60820">M60820</accessionNumber>
]); 
<taxonomicName id="272E83F4CA39F717DAF80CA32C025559" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis longicauda" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="ED07B60F792183F4A35CDFBE4A83B630" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="42993C71B96A5AD4BA9DE9E191BDCC9A">Peters</collectorName>
, 1854) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="F7C4DA7977A8AA0E05E53F2C41813D0B">Herp</collectorName>
R-184447 [
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org: 
<collectorName id="8FA4EC553CA544D714E8D5B6EC30E0CF">Media</collectorName>
000063946, ark:/87602/m4/ 
<accessionNumber id="52951F36C715C3952737BC48E3E39382" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/M63946">M63946</accessionNumber>
]); 
<taxonomicName id="83EEED64FA1C937E639EF9656A4FDD3C" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena humilis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="77E069D88FA07CBA600028387EB40342" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectorName id="C80AB264C6400AEBBABE90452D60B382">Baird</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="7BDF6EED13D438ACA8C361132C7B631D">Girard</collectorName>
, 1853 (AMNH 
<accessionNumber id="D7FC605860117566620484A8D26AA3AD" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/R73716">R 73716</accessionNumber>
); 
<taxonomicName id="6EAC0E360708DDB991BB29DFE49CA966" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena myopica" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myopica">
<emphasis id="9673DA9BCDBC2C1AFA9B8B8BA1CF9EC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena myopica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="C41C1484170E785DF1927AD18BFE3A83">Garman</collectorName>
, 1884) (UCM 
<collectorName id="3CE2041F4AF35113E93E4F1C1D222F30">Herp</collectorName>
64598 [
<collectorName id="A1B2E3C6444EA964309D2C512D00653B">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="01EC76B1BFEB76C6353A0C04A0B47850">Media</collectorName>
000439463, ark:/87602/m4/439463]); 
<taxonomicName id="181301BDC9B284FF279A8AB444548E54" baseAuthorityName="Klauber" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena segrega" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="segrega">
<emphasis id="D583487BB7DB1F727DF8385C3B2A1895" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena segrega</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="713BEFB980714F3F3C6D592736188A8B">Klauber</collectorName>
, 1939) (UCM 
<collectorName id="0718956EEEFCBBA5B332774BB3B78681">Herp</collectorName>
16011 [
<collectorName id="9799754EFAD1189847B5DEA0AFFFB5C5">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="CF1D51E625BC8CED44B1B290DCE9C9B6">Media</collectorName>
000444494, ark:/87602/m4/444494]); 
<taxonomicName id="625935C5AB80356786810091A855FCE1" baseAuthorityName="Degerbol" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon borrichianus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borrichianus">
<emphasis id="034C229D05C09F933DAA42D7F3DB0143" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon borrichianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="DC8D5F132579761EA071B12F7CC39494" originalValue="Degerbøl">
<collectorName id="41A2EDCC04001C3CC21CD3177297B881">Degerbol</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
, 1923) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="8DC653D6B7EB24B881B98B4668915C82">Herp</collectorName>
R-15899 [
<collectorName id="EACAC2E61A66A79BB984297CAAB0987B">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="58157232532193B9A12300515BE2DF57">Media</collectorName>
000407561, ark:/87602/m4/407561); 
<taxonomicName id="89808E1390DE3C3A519601CF9AE859B6" baseAuthorityName="Bailey &amp; Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon cupinensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cupinensis">
<emphasis id="8091846443A6A4D4EDB37416EF69CD32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon cupinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="2C0778F69C34EA0B52BE8942864C6265">Bailey</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="EF24C2D3CE46FC4672EFA4864D77D53E">Carvalho</collectorName>
, 1946) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="47E420631BA935CD1EB63BB3D48EAACD">Herp</collectorName>
R-142653 [
<collectorName id="3AB131C611E5D79AD18BDF0C8FE2EB1E">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="28D31F1F92AFCFDA51134FA2A62C45FE">Media</collectorName>
000397266, ark:/87602/m4/397266]); 
<taxonomicName id="B8A770E6F89BBD44CDCFA9158CBFF5BB" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon septemstriatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septemstriatus">
<emphasis id="DEA57BB7085D3C23D732727E098F38D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon septemstriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="C868D149F64D5E692F074AA35B4BD27F">Schneider</collectorName>
, 1801) (MNHN L20.3177b); 
<taxonomicName id="0C523C7CD040F9297EDBC0F854EB278C" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma bilineatum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
<emphasis id="4A7498434060DD17AA0BC32478F2ADCD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma bilineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="C6A1A350F2C9876E1D4A54833B79FFEB">Schlegel</collectorName>
, 
<quantity id="63FE19A4B5663F343F7C7EF5887A86E2" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67106" unit="in" value="1839.0">1839 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="449043B90DF431036B8F242E56DB2946" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" author="Schlegel, H" journalOrPublisher="Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B543" refString="Schlegel, H, 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas. Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" title="Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" year="1837">Schlegel 1837</bibRefCitation>
-1844) (MCZ 
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R-10693 [
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org: 
<collectorName id="23155E08C74F80B320307DF18507A43D">Media</collectorName>
000397689, ark:/87602/m4/397689]; USNM 222954 [
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org: 
<collectorName id="6833AB3A58539986B09A5B227D69BEF9">Media</collectorName>
000165848, ark:/87602/m4/M165848]); 
<taxonomicName id="2441669243D0586629AFC2011100076B" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tricheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tricheilostoma bicolor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="81B1A5927D6B24B3810748A135DB05E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tricheilostoma bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="D515650B366E1DE6E7FBF8FDF660FA96">Jan</collectorName>
, 
<quantity id="7C4E198720464DB488AB4030F6BBF0A4" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.724399999999999" unit="in" value="1860.0">1860 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="52EE7EE69C2C5127202FF16AE74F4324" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45246" author="Jan, G" journalOrPublisher="Bailliere et fils, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B307" refString="Jan, G, Sordelli, F, 1860-1866. Iconographie generale des ophidiens. Tome premier (livrais 1 a 17), contenant cent deux planches. Georges Jan &amp; Ferdinand Sordelli, Milan. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45246" title="Iconographie generale des ophidiens. Tome premier (livrais 1 a 17), contenant cent deux planches. Georges Jan &amp; Ferdinand Sordelli, Milan." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45246" year="1860 - 1866">Jan and Sordelli 1860-1866</bibRefCitation>
) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="CF40254D98093079E780BB24CFB6DA16">Herp</collectorName>
R-48934 [
<collectorName id="F7A8B1A2E5F250BCE14CEF4B9E3F9948">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="FB1871349BCC8411E3E94F0E4E4370E0">Media</collectorName>
000408221, ark:/87602/m4/408221])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="880FE2362B57DB39E6CB27B878AD05CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="description">
<paragraph id="C8F6D9107F49A43A588C0DC79A6256DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Description (Figs 2-4).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F362C0E05358512ADE10BAA8A1F0F57D" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="407669BAF25BE5962BA315842559A99F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk vertebrae</emphasis>
. The morphology of all vertebrae is very simple. Centrum elongate and cylindrical; cotyle and condyle strongly depressed; neural arch depressed; posterior median notch of the neural arch absent or very shallow; neural spine (except for a few anteriormost vertebrae) vestigial and restricted to the posteriormost part of neural arch or absent; prezygapophyseal accessory processes very long; paradiapophyses situated at a high position, higher than the ventral margin of the cotyle; the presence of hypapophyses restricted to a few anteriormost vertebrae (up to V 5); haemal keel absent in more posterior vertebrae, where the centrum is flattened and smooth, with no subcentral structures - but 
<bibRefCitation id="F87ECB20F36462D807CFD937F5C832E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B271" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1968. A review of &quot;A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood&quot;. Copeia 1968: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" title="A review of &quot; A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood &quot;." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" volume="1968" year="1968">Hoffstetter (1968)</bibRefCitation>
highlighted that only in 
<taxonomicName id="4741EF5517F429308714A7984451B931" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon septemstriatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septemstriatus">
<emphasis id="F9C6C06B237C96553ED7952CFA6E4767" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon septemstriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the haemal keel exists up to V 37; paracotylar foramina absent. Subcentral foramina were absent in all studied leptotyphlopids but they have been well documented as present throughout the trunk vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="441E838454705E92787B9B6849D3E59E" authorityName="Hedges" authorityYear="2011" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BCE9DA190D0C25819635EDFFEA88F58A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6ABF84E326D32380B788534C06B807C7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" author="Pinto, RR" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1722 - 1747" refId="B462" refString="Pinto, RR, Martins, AR, Curcio, F, Ramos, LO, 2015. Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae). Anatomical Record 298: 1722 - 1747, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" title="Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" volume="298" year="2015">Pinto et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="03FEF020311FF01F330647730AB9F60A" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912892" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="AF27609DBFB5BDB8879F175C3BA1FE1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="1C523D4CA5DC93E023ADE3AC6B4F9C15" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DCAB9366709EB7A0A656A397F4B27D04" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="A544ED209FFCF9E50888691115F1AEFD" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon septemstriatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septemstriatus">
<emphasis id="4139A98D40862D4A1F003F92CE130566" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon septemstriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN L20.3177b), trunk vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="23B9986456BD80CBA3B945046D645617" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912893" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="0DDE8C3A9AB118F05EBD28A3F521A3E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="1068FF829A5874CE7CA53D809B607AB6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B05FB157F96BC9CC69F85FAFBE3A8124" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="9B6714FBF7C53317366ADB81576B39DB" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon septemstriatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septemstriatus">
<emphasis id="85D8783D7428296525E5DFC138ECF229" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon septemstriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN L20.3177b), trunk vertebrae and?cloacal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5B3DBAA4DD29BEBC71D1C42271D7326F" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912894" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="5A2BE72BC863A54F0ECC64186137FC24" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="5AAB5ADC78D45DB1D8D91708099FEF47" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C84E89D2CED5AFEE564914B6969B5A8" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="E6AAEB48BA0289A0130D5F875CE3FF17" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena humilis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="96A8246C0D712FB34AA99049C993B5E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH R 73716), trunk, cloacal, and caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D7467E7808870C29E7C9B393717E81C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="C2ECA7F2AC8812297E6715C3619E02ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="A218636D3B78DC838A706FA6CC336F39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk</emphasis>
/ 
<emphasis id="71CE98A7A6EA48879BB7AF1F26878716" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">caudal transition</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. No subcentral structures occur in cloacal and caudal vertebrae. In some caudal vertebrae zygosphenes and zygantra may be missing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B61DC279B336452FF75197B23ED86C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Following the published literature, a range of 2-6 cloacal vertebrae are known in leptotyphlopids, and 
<taxonomicName id="1253B7C3E63EA1A9BA6581FC9783D59C" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5E2AB5CAA03C18BD84F2D98F58F8F59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is observed to show the maximum (
<bibRefCitation id="34B8D01063EF3F41D8C8FB75FB191084" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
), while this number is also variable in 
<taxonomicName id="7262EE8D66F86D552E01965E84AA9B41" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7F2F2EACA043CFBA25E6464D32474C18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray, 1845 (3-5 in 
<taxonomicName id="92AFA8ECAC65487955B23BFA5FDF6943" authorityName="Koch, Martins &amp; Schweiger" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia rioignis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rioignis">
<emphasis id="944A2D09CCC6D8B34A247015EEA4CEB6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia rioignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Koch, Martins &amp; Schweiger, 2019; 
<bibRefCitation id="C31E7025FA292FE634943330960A3EEA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In a few small species (
<taxonomicName id="27B7F6A98449EFDA6D542A7BCF3BCCD5" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2081B74D4AEEE261FE4911E7CCB49584" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.), pleurapophyses of the caudal vertebrae are extremely reduced. Moreover, in a single species (i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="2A154E699CE4C6FDB9FBB5EF0A23F548" baseAuthorityName="Thomas, Mcdiarmid &amp; Thompson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis leptepileptus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptepileptus">
<emphasis id="481153B72ECE6766FC3A26FFB022F790" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis leptepileptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pleurapophyses seem to be totally absent, a feature that is unique among all snakes, extant or extinct (see 
<bibRefCitation id="BA9B0B56248775E57DBC0E3CEF9153EA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
). The posteriormost two or three caudal vertebrae can be fused in several species, with this fused unit being conical with a bifurcated posterior tip (
<bibRefCitation id="642FB48441E8CBD49F7A1CE40E419AEE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="69509A646BA0E2F6C1BD841E3FFB9350" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="6B8552F97CE86EB2418E447EDCC8A902" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="C29DA8DADA1AA80900A6FF4B8C4B00F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Number of vertebrae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B0868F99D9AD1B566A871D81EAA0F6ED" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Squamata" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Epacrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epacrophis boulengeri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri">
<emphasis id="A5F7C4D0474E9C81578637ECBA95FFFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epacrophis boulengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SMF 16700 [holotype]): 185 (160+3+22, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="748F2A9613CB7C4F2DED72C351F3F891" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia ater" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="A502FBAFAC3D55C14F9542E947D1FF4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 580323): 242 (220+4+18, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="9BB162DA7094A7F54EA9942B1B6A79D2" baseAuthorityName="Wagler" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia albifrons" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">
<emphasis id="7E5ACBF0FAC111878980EBD61690D045" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia albifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-17393): 251 (231+4+16, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="B63EEA8EED73028B2B31C18136543F39" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Vanzolini" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia borapeliotes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borapeliotes">
<emphasis id="8C87BD1A75ECE40D8829D32E650C830D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia borapeliotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-182170): 263 (244+4+15, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="38DB7C09FB0090DE92A3CDA8D3CD21AF" baseAuthorityName="Klauber" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia columbi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbi">
<emphasis id="0A9FD2A55CECC9E8D92AE54769D87DB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia columbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-48773): 254 (225+4+25, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="A3CC10507E586790D6AFFB47E3BEE0F2" baseAuthorityName="Orejas-Miranda &amp; Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia guayaquilensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guayaquilensis">
<emphasis id="0447BC41C3260718BB790CBC539E7A65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia guayaquilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZMB 4508 [holotype]): 246 (222 trunk vertebrae plus 24 cloacal and caudal vertebrae, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="173F7E9D87772B6F1A81D26B96D51705" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops scutifrons" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
<emphasis id="12C74F187D5077186317BDC9ADD486A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops scutifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UF Herp 187225): 269 (244+3+22, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="D49204D93C9422C45EAB6F22657FCCA5" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis pyrites" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrites">
<emphasis id="670CC80CA38C4DF759B9DAAFAA7A837E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis pyrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-77239): 269 (252+4+13, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="2CA039257A7857A6CA0CC9251BE12EB8" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis longicauda" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="A0B457002880CA627C707119D0D1A6A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-184447): 307+ (273+3+31+ [posteriormost caudal vertebrae lacking]); 
<taxonomicName id="5B0DE458A9DB4B4DAFC174766AD2E4C2" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena myopica" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myopica">
<emphasis id="F21C7313057158BA1653D07791177CBE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena myopica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCM Herp 64598): 210 (193+3+14, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="CE8A458549BBBA62D2085B017DD88854" baseAuthorityName="Klauber" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena segrega" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="segrega">
<emphasis id="116577E67B5FA728982E79663D41EC88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena segrega</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCM Herp 16011): 289 (271+4+14, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="5E243E77AEB9F252622CEF41161EBD7E" baseAuthorityName="Degerbol" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon borrichianus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borrichianus">
<emphasis id="76810BDBE9192AA96D246612E6B3BB0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon borrichianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-15899): 289 (273+3+13, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="EB8DE939777137A13D7357E2AA716C45" baseAuthorityName="Bailey &amp; Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon cupinensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cupinensis">
<emphasis id="663ACF5CB66095266C602B93A0FB10CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon cupinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-142653): 268 (252+4+12, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="F265169335D4BD3AE700145F0C389B10" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon septemstriatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septemstriatus">
<emphasis id="4A41D518D3FABC8267BA7454A98E8003" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon septemstriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN L20.3177b): 185+ (184+1+0+ [most cloacal and all caudal vertebrae missing]); 
<taxonomicName id="84833591CD84ACC3BEC69AA711706A1E" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma bilineatum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
<emphasis id="D631634750CC72AF57665373F47C0BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma bilineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-10693): 179 (161+3+15, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="33432400072CBFECF56C6DC1C3A3AFF5" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma bilineatum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
<emphasis id="79A27DEB83F8CEBDA299F1229E30B043" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma bilineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 222954): 178 (159+4+15, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="65CC67F5D8D9EAC7BD382D6A93E6B6D6" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tricheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tricheilostoma bicolor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="9F28BA164BF766EF0535100BC225EBEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tricheilostoma bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-48934): 266 (251+3+12, including a final fusion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3869DA25E2AEFBCA9276EBB336A5C9A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Data from literature and unpublished data from personal communications: 
<taxonomicName id="95C446E0F2C55C17313A6310944F2707" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia albipuncta" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albipuncta">
<emphasis id="9C5B5249E358971137FB1EB713CE9B2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia albipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Burmeister, 1861): 205-228 trunk vertebrae plus 2-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 22-23 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="208F8A22A48DF08CA1F9ADBDB371CB07" author="Fabrezi, M" journalOrPublisher="Cuadernos de Herpetologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B169" refString="Fabrezi, M, Marcus, A, Scrocchi, G, 1985. Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 1: 1 - 20" title="Contribucion al conocimento de los Leptotyphlopidae de Argentina I. Leptotyphlops weyrauchi y Leptotyphlops albipuncta." volume="1" year="1985">Fabrezi et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="EC21D708F4FFFAE388E198B56675F418" authorityName="Orejas-Miranda" authorityYear="1961" baseAuthorityName="Orejas-Miranda" baseAuthorityYear="1961" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia munoai" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="munoai">
<emphasis id="F3099A5DE8538CA2037BD15670CA9846" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia munoai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Orejas-Miranda, 1961): 207 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="6C43828CAF4723D80D3835D15A9639D9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="FD699E6FCFC209FD7C604CFC3A73C983" authorityName="Koch, Martins &amp; Schweiger" authorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia rioignis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rioignis">
<emphasis id="221E433B8AB4EACEFF3116A83972F76B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia rioignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 231-248 trunk vertebrae plus 3-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 14-21 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="E4C432C97E4B11D84CAD5E1AB9119213" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="8DEA8628FD103E8D93F66CD9DC4744B0" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1940" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia magnamaculata" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnamaculata">
<emphasis id="603CC4F6A0917F74FC82BF15AA5732D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia magnamaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Taylor, 1940): 227 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 19 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="0C0A95E27AA6779C70C5E99BD4965AAB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="67AD746B5CFF92F7C86313EEEA675C9B" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1940" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia magnamaculata" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnamaculata">
<emphasis id="D68443FF442151BB5C90E842CE81F3F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia magnamaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 199 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="919E6A220C0960365A8035A371554FD0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="E03D90E6C41D7908F3A5802BF9E2643A" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia phenops" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phenops">
<emphasis id="4A5DA7C706404DE001C8A7EF151FF4F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia phenops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cope, 1875): 213-246 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="E15ACEEE679A45050146E3D88EE77425" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="05572B2A9FBA97E33711942336EFF09A" authorityName="Klauber" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia tenella" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="97026173F9267F5048258468355F94AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Klauber, 1939): 190-204 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="B5DB1C7191280F6049C8B01108024FC2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4EB031516D24C25297315DDEBE1D3012" baseAuthorityName="Orejas-Miranda &amp; Zug" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia tricolor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="96D5CF694837828962325AF35065B2E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Orejas-Miranda &amp; Zug, 1974): 282 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="779556EC149FA20B8510D77E25F9C00D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" author="Koch, C" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B324" refString="Koch, C, Martins, A, Schweiger, S, 2019. A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e7411. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" title="A century of waiting: Description of a new Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) based on specimens housed for more than 100 years in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW). PeerJ 7: e 7411." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7411" year="2019">Koch et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="E260C32EA2333A5BF10F5A1B9FA0EC08" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Habrophallos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Habrophallos collaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">
<emphasis id="A3B840DD0AEC786634438EFF8E8ECEE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Habrophallos collaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hoogmoed, 1977): 132-144 trunk vertebrae plus 3-4 cloacal vertebrae plus 14-17 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="58E2D5D496B651210A2CD0D8E6273FA7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" author="Martins, AR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="840 - 863" refId="B371" refString="Martins, AR, Koch, C, Pinto, R, Folly, M, Fouquet, A, Passos, P, 2019. From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 57: 840 - 863, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" title="From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" volume="57" year="2019">Martins et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F0AFB4A80EB3A75D17BC96333B658314" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops conjunctus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conjunctus">
<emphasis id="A4EF5ABB822E4CC24A74BF0FCA712F8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops conjunctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jan, 1861): 191-223 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus?21-26 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="8E7B95097D43575D800D978DA4CB7A08" author="Alexander, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="171 - 190" refId="B10" refString="Alexander, AA, Gans, C, 1966. The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians. Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 171 - 190" title="The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians." volume="31" year="1966">Alexander and Gans 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="6B49C018AF705BFB5C4F653069E0A59A" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops emini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emini">
<emphasis id="B84E057BF8B79294D15AC68D394D0ED9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops emini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Boulenger, 1890): 220 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 25 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="BB242CC598AFE7E0587B762CDDF65287" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="631BBFC6650FA9A6FDA316B0B2C68304" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops nigricans" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="E3B519BF104890008C8D861365E260E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 195 trunk vertebrae plus 3 cloacal vertebrae plus 29 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="A4949B24E975F3FBB0470E7BBA8642DB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="A75083D801F2078C009200AFA826624F" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops nigricans" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="E31CB7E05EC754EFA15BC5D43FD8D0A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 130 trunk vertebrae plus 3 cloacal vertebrae plus 9 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="8ECCE05555A61C82441758072C5C196A" author="Rochebrune, AT de" journalOrPublisher="Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="185 - 229" refId="B510" refString="Rochebrune, AT de, 1881. Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens. Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux 17: 185 - 229" title="Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens." volume="17" year="1881">Rochebrune 1881</bibRefCitation>
; potentially erroneous counts); 
<taxonomicName id="D748C059ABC0C334BC71375A59965495" baseAuthorityName="Thomas, Mcdiarmid &amp; Thompson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis asbolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asbolepis">
<emphasis id="16AD94AEDF96DF2FAF5A8828772EFAC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis asbolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thomas, McDiarmid &amp; Thompson, 1985): 279 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="2A70ECD163D48EB26C7770147243ABD7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F86E1D269E67C918FB098071B861CCAC" baseAuthorityName="Thomas, Mcdiarmid &amp; Thompson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis calypso" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calypso">
<emphasis id="CBB18C11E6B75F321BAF4C74D867C200" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis calypso</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thomas, McDiarmid &amp; Thompson, 1985): 350-352 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="D9CF8737D9F0BCBF1EFB6031F93A06B8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="C847A7DFF79FD3FAE66369F3B2E66B20" baseAuthorityName="Thomas, Mcdiarmid &amp; Thompson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis leptepileptus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptepileptus">
<emphasis id="9A5C785CF48DA8E7A73114DDE359D4DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis leptepileptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 354-391 trunk vertebrae plus 6 cloacal vertebrae plus 19-21 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="2FB89D9F6FEAFA7DC5B772ECB60AFF64" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="722EC63C534CF9D82202EDFFC2A33A1B" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis pyrites" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrites">
<emphasis id="59A1A367024CBC4662C87B9563DF21AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis pyrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 259-260 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="F241EC869F3306D0594C48523F66D133" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="07854D5AAA4A1D9D5883B83EA596E8F0" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis longicauda" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="39AC24DAA06D1989D8A4C6A868DC009A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 208-215 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus?25-?32 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="9B1503A4F95B72C48D409E4D26049BB2" author="Alexander, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="171 - 190" refId="B10" refString="Alexander, AA, Gans, C, 1966. The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians. Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 171 - 190" title="The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians." volume="31" year="1966">Alexander and Gans 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="185A90D7167B451139ABF33400ED5370" authorityName="Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis phillipsi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsi">
<emphasis id="ECB0273189B54530CC41B38E93365147" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis phillipsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Barbour, 1914): 335-343 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus?41-49 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="460977535977A7840985AB0045542B99" author="Alexander, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="171 - 190" refId="B10" refString="Alexander, AA, Gans, C, 1966. The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians. Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 171 - 190" title="The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians." volume="31" year="1966">Alexander and Gans 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="11C212DED819329B60577E45B82AC539" baseAuthorityName="Fitzsimons" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Namibiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Namibiana occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="65185B5E1EA078404641A5F85BCBA467" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Namibiana occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FitzSimons, 1962): 268-302 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 24-29 caudal vertebrae (Claudia Koch, unpublished data, personal communication to GLG); 
<taxonomicName id="9750D9209647F965BC94FF959C88CF0C" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena dissecta" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dissecta">
<emphasis id="3DEC7B4EB50C048A9F3EF9AD0CE1748D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena dissecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cope, 1896): 212-214 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 16 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="2966378768930EFC79CBC441433F5984" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="DCB7486B930B03E30A7BA8C35E1CF101" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena dulcis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="DEE839F74AA22FBF2238F4D80F7385F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baird &amp; Girard, 1853: 209 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="B76A133AACD9660B701D68CE0F722B53" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20037" author="Tsuihiji, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="992 - 1009" refId="B633" refString="Tsuihiji, T, Kearney, M, Rieppel, O, 2012. Finding the neck-trunk boundary in snakes: Anteroposterior dissociation of myological characteristics in snakes and its implications for their neck and trunk body regionalization. Journal of Morphology 73: 992 - 1009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20037" title="Finding the neck-trunk boundary in snakes: Anteroposterior dissociation of myological characteristics in snakes and its implications for their neck and trunk body regionalization." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20037" volume="73" year="2012">Tsuihiji et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="0C70767432A2717D97633C6FA8E80C03" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena humilis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="54E8F9716D3E397313B3AAA37A75915A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 254-265 trunk vertebrae plus 4-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 20-21 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="28FCC365FF59D205D679A53279F17788" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="1E176746A24F94BE7E98DB98DD37C5E6" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena maxima" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="D3CC8628356BA6509657E2997548CD6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Loveridge, 1932): 198 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 17 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="885D8420CA762E493CB0F7E80ADBA2C2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="31A18AEEB956D14EC555672AE3DAD3EF" baseAuthorityName="Villiers" baseAuthorityYear="1956" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rhinoleptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoleptus koniagui" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koniagui">
<emphasis id="466468A7F195C9BA367A4E67CD7F9C2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rhinoleptus koniagui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Villiers, 1956): 546 vertebrae in total (
<bibRefCitation id="697446E4EBC6C601F51D482BA11E0073" author="Guibe, J" journalOrPublisher="Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B233" refString="Guibe, J, Roux-Esteve, R, Villiers, A, 1967. Typhlops koniagui = Leptotyphlops koniagui (Serpentes). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 39: 452-453." title="Typhlops koniagui = Leptotyphlops koniagui (Serpentes). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 39: 452 - 453." year="1967">
<normalizedToken id="30ED65F2DAAB1D3749558E98A98BF4B2" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
et al. 1967
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="26E6FBA41D09883DAFB9C13B5DA9D9ED" authorityName="Martins, Folly, Ferreira, Garcia da Silva, Koch, Fouquet, Machado, Lopes, Pinto, Rodrigues &amp; Passos" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon exiguum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exiguum">
<emphasis id="188222D348C41B3CED22793FC22D6004" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon exiguum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="932E1E7291427E51B3B57B720C92033A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="345 - 366" refId="B368" refString="Martins, A, Folly, M, Ferreira, GN, Garcia da Silva, AS, Koch, C, Fouquet, A, Machado, A, Lopes, RT, Pinto, R, Rodrigues, MT, Passos, P, 2023. An evolutionary paradox on threadsnakes: Phenotypic and molecular evidence reveal a new and remarkably polymorphic species of Siagonodon (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 345 - 366, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" title="An evolutionary paradox on threadsnakes: Phenotypic and molecular evidence reveal a new and remarkably polymorphic species of Siagonodon (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from Amazonia." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" volume="73" year="2023">Martins et al., 2023</bibRefCitation>
: 239-263 trunk vertebrae plus 3-4 cloacal vertebrae plus 18-20 caudal vertebrae in males and 248-260 trunk vertebrae plus 4-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 18 caudal vertebrae in females (
<bibRefCitation id="AF9A0EE3A42059FF67521BD035B4D712" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="345 - 366" refId="B368" refString="Martins, A, Folly, M, Ferreira, GN, Garcia da Silva, AS, Koch, C, Fouquet, A, Machado, A, Lopes, RT, Pinto, R, Rodrigues, MT, Passos, P, 2023. An evolutionary paradox on threadsnakes: Phenotypic and molecular evidence reveal a new and remarkably polymorphic species of Siagonodon (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 345 - 366, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" title="An evolutionary paradox on threadsnakes: Phenotypic and molecular evidence reveal a new and remarkably polymorphic species of Siagonodon (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from Amazonia." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e98170" volume="73" year="2023">Martins et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="9038362D8E556563B5E5002732F184E4" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma bilineatum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
<emphasis id="868F9083FAF2DE6A108CC0D4D58E3BD7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma bilineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 152-160 trunk vertebrae plus 3 cloacal vertebrae plus 16 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="5CB380B69CB1615B069BA5280AD7A897" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="DD015DB136F9BE0AA2397CAB837E932E" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma breuili" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breuili">
<emphasis id="5D7B1EA676F9BB7C02FAB5C2DE177D03" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma breuili</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hedges, 2008): 155-162 trunk vertebrae plus 3 cloacal vertebrae plus 16 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="11B37854DC4A8A0343001ADAF6EE0C69" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="54A882867A0EE28C6CC7F49B5E17DFD9" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tetracheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracheilostoma carlae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carlae">
<emphasis id="D2CC78D6848D2001D8A2B43AF0C14C34" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tetracheilostoma carlae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 165-167 trunk vertebrae plus 3-4 cloacal vertebrae plus 15-16 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="EB3A8AC6199A53671197ED3DA07E18D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2118 - 2148" refId="B369" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Machado, A, Lopes, R, Passos, P, 2021a. Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina). Anatomical Record 304: 2118 - 2148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" title="Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch, 2009 and Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24716" volume="304" year="2021 a">Martins et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="9FF26AB92322F9EAF850A0AA75F88245" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tricheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tricheilostoma bicolor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B0299C0E032799BB299B6230DA5E4810" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tricheilostoma bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 240-253 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 13-16 caudal vertebrae (Claudia Koch, unpublished data, personal communication to GLG); 
<taxonomicName id="CAF2FD799FBF2D26DF4CAAAD7D5FDBC8" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1884" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida affinis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="AFA1A48998C5D940B68CFEAC76994F75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Boulenger, 1884): 192 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 21 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="AF048DCCEF0B356F78F2B22199B20546" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="3C6A1CC72DF583B8C6488D9EB7E74FF8" authorityName="Laurent" authorityYear="1949" baseAuthorityName="Laurent" baseAuthorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida brasiliensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="BACBEF51E30C4968F45FE7134AC575AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Laurent, 1949): 172-198 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 18-20 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2-3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="5AB90A3F985C0CDF1CCBCBE24DC0249D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="9E1853E9E5138E79AE803CC548D1500E" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida dimidiata" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="6DD872D73963266EDD886F275C51A207" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jan, 1861): 180 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 17-18 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="B26428FD7A5C6207EC34A106A49D87AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="0EDF5B9F2E2A14E56471D8E2A435B0C2" baseAuthorityName="Passos, Caramaschi &amp; Pinto" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida fuliginosa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="20F3FEEA9EF3A389A8E159253152AB75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Passos, Caramaschi &amp; Pinto, 2006): 179-190 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 22 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="1F7ED1FED0E74C885DFD440D8E43DD0E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="9C98225679E8D835D93B6C2CC4FE385C" baseAuthorityName="Pinto &amp; Fernandes" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida jani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jani">
<emphasis id="C4CC8B0539EFCEE1CC71CEF44EB3D44F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida jani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pinto &amp; Fernandes, 2012): 154-165 trunk vertebrae plus 3-4 cloacal vertebrae plus 22 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="1AA388039C69CED069131CA092BA4149" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="CD216155E5EF0B8EA2B231BA2EA085EB" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1944" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida joshuai" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joshuai">
<emphasis id="D8657E1332418F474D8237FD9E179E9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida joshuai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dunn, 1944): 158-162 trunk vertebrae plus 3-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 15-19 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="12C3EFD44388ADE193B4B152084E78BE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="6931D22C52C9E1A497D6D36E7F08F89C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1857" baseAuthorityName="W.Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="17543F3826E9B2D5A824CB1A156633D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Peters, 1857): 196-219 trunk vertebrae plus 3-4 cloacal vertebrae plus 19 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="39A82F4D469EBA07AD82E0CF912E158C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="5A6804E2ECC0D8D9B1550A80264AA4D1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1857" baseAuthorityName="W.Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="4BA106B1CC126C13EB75EB6F0157AE2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 206 trunk vertebrae plus 21 cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="6A08B0460820031A2ABF7E2BC29CC4B1" author="Nopcsa, F" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="99 - 154" refId="B402" refString="Nopcsa, F, 1923. Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis. Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien. Palaeontographica 65: 99 - 154" title="Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis. Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien." volume="65" year="1923">Nopcsa 1923</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="656E9D6113383EEE80EEF8C916B5F8B2" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida nicefori" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicefori">
<emphasis id="FDD3242E4545A398AB614115294FDE7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida nicefori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dunn, 1946): 135 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 16 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="4AA731C84E429B43BA6546584D2869EB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" author="Martins, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2149 - 2182" refId="B370" refString="Martins, A, Koch, C, Joshi, M, Pinto, R, Passos, P, 2021b. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. Anatomical Record 304: 2149 - 2182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" title="Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24747" volume="304" year="2021 b">Martins et al. 2021b</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="C8062D09FB511DB185E5A3598542AE4B" authorityName="Salazar-Valenzuela, Martins, Amador-Oyola &amp; Torres-Carvajal" authorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida pastusa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastusa">
<emphasis id="54E9D6405839744833AC88D4E056DCB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida pastusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="0951180E4B5D9B6A1BF84EF37A9C8632" author="Salazar-Valenzuela, D" journalOrPublisher="Amphibian &amp; Reptile Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="107 - 120" refId="B524" refString="Salazar-Valenzuela, D, Martins, AR, Amador-Oyola, L, Torres-Carvajal, O, 2015. A new species and country record of threadsnakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from northern Ecuador. Amphibian &amp; Reptile Conservation 8: 107 - 120" title="A new species and country record of threadsnakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from northern Ecuador." volume="8" year="2015">Salazar-Valenzuela et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 176-184 trunk (?and cloacal) vertebrae plus 23-24 caudal (?and cloacal) vertebrae (posteriormost 3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="573C5CADA617009AFB6E4873FC08CEE6" author="Salazar-Valenzuela, D" journalOrPublisher="Amphibian &amp; Reptile Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="107 - 120" refId="B524" refString="Salazar-Valenzuela, D, Martins, AR, Amador-Oyola, L, Torres-Carvajal, O, 2015. A new species and country record of threadsnakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from northern Ecuador. Amphibian &amp; Reptile Conservation 8: 107 - 120" title="A new species and country record of threadsnakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from northern Ecuador." volume="8" year="2015">Salazar-Valenzuela et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="3D4691CB451BB6273F25C11AE20F6A57" baseAuthorityName="Amaral" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida salgueiroi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salgueiroi">
<emphasis id="4A77F38463EC625D5FE131051F900D82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida salgueiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Amaral, 1955): 203-228 trunk vertebrae plus 3-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 21-28 caudal vertebrae in males, and 211-231 trunk vertebrae plus 3-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 17-27 caudal vertebrae in females (
<bibRefCitation id="E49325CDB24D8F94B365EF4397C3D520" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" author="Pinto, RR" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1722 - 1747" refId="B462" refString="Pinto, RR, Martins, AR, Curcio, F, Ramos, LO, 2015. Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae). Anatomical Record 298: 1722 - 1747, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" title="Osteology and cartilaginous elements of Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23191" volume="298" year="2015">Pinto et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22B590293264998D64D7F1F271DF4C62" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
In general, the vertebral counts are highly variable with a single species, even subjected to sexual variation. With 546 vertebrae in total (see 
<bibRefCitation id="27C1E6A9C7F5C25046DAF12D77B2EFA6" author="Guibe, J" journalOrPublisher="Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B233" refString="Guibe, J, Roux-Esteve, R, Villiers, A, 1967. Typhlops koniagui = Leptotyphlops koniagui (Serpentes). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 39: 452-453." title="Typhlops koniagui = Leptotyphlops koniagui (Serpentes). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 39: 452 - 453." year="1967">
<normalizedToken id="F0672250FC326B4CA2572A4AD443F8D2" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
et al. 1967
</bibRefCitation>
), the African monotypic genus 
<taxonomicName id="9B00C2FC62897A9C22D72B908C190F27" authorityName="Orejas-Miranda, Roux-Esteve &amp; Guibe" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rhinoleptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoleptus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9B2D7B6DC161AB09572B83D25EF9FC50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rhinoleptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses by far the highest count of vertebrae among leptotyphlopids, and also the largest recorded among all extant snakes, actually being surpassed only be a few vertebrae from the record holder snake of all time, the Eocene 
<taxonomicName id="43CF2BD4428BD0CDB4F1CA80EC6FF9B4" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1859" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Archaeophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1F1D1395D88409F169E5BF4F94BC109A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Archaeophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(565 vs. 546); it is unclear how many of these vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="3EA568B2322073B8413AF2DB1AD33FD9" authorityName="Orejas-Miranda, Roux-Esteve &amp; Guibe" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rhinoleptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoleptus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FE83701AA24DA18A39EDF8C0B238472" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rhinoleptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pertain to the trunk, cloacal, and caudal region. 
<taxonomicName id="8BC478073CAFD61C799F993B2CF0E932" baseAuthorityName="Thomas, Mcdiarmid &amp; Thompson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis leptepileptus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptepileptus">
<emphasis id="3EA5748601D7C6558AD10FAA53F92CF6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis leptepileptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses the second highest number of trunk vertebrae known among leptotyphlopids, reaching 391, with the same number in all other species of 
<taxonomicName id="82266775DCBA4E647E7EA57B25EA62C0" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Mitophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FC52F79EBDB2DE6952A51F12C87EDB84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Mitophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being also high (above 252). The next highest number of trunk vertebrae is recorded in 
<taxonomicName id="C0CD0F1B6AB178B7A3D5040218121DE7" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7012C4C0BB415309CA877CE0E928B761" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch in 
<bibRefCitation id="FC5E74926F1A8E5ECB4C0CB44A20B584" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
, where it can surpass 330, in 
<taxonomicName id="D825C8A8F4F708A976CD278F68AE4F81" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Namibiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Namibiana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="93F769E064A453DD19F6C06E9D7D0665" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Namibiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch in 
<bibRefCitation id="50E0EF0D68D068A30182A4E3F8791BB4" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
, where it ranges between around 270 to 300, in a few species of 
<taxonomicName id="E945152A94CA06EFCD8543DDD47412B6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Epictia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epictia" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FF26CC0004BDC2002E3C6A8E086A1762" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epictia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which it can surpass 240 (
<taxonomicName id="9E27C50231D39BFC2510C862AF52E891" lsidName="E. borapeliotes" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="borapeliotes">
<emphasis id="61A5A945348CC55DB331FFB42CE71E78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">E. borapeliotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="24E5D18FB1AEE8D46159F4DDCFFE8E56" lsidName="E. rioignis" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="rioignis">
<emphasis id="E7396D1DDE7F3D473CEFDB7D7C4963B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">E. rioignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="73BC12584EBBD01CF6D56C272D547A7D" lsidName="E. phenops" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="phenops">
<emphasis id="2F1E1A578D3CA6132785DF9A40F6BDDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">E. phenops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and reach up to 282 (
<taxonomicName id="497D16584221230432C8F7FCC1134461" lsidName="E. tricolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="FE8FB2986A9413312D60268BF73827BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">E. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), in two species of 
<taxonomicName id="C27DEE19B2DBD671C1A1750DD28D7225" authorityName="W.Peters" authorityYear="1881" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2528E6B016BA7A93CF881155EC4A184" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Peters, 1881, where it can reach up to 263 (
<taxonomicName id="AB7C3B3E909AB8EAF836F267E1356EC6" authorityName="Martins, Folly, Ferreira, Garcia da Silva, Koch, Fouquet, Machado, Lopes, Pinto, Rodrigues &amp; Passos" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Siagonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siagonodon exiguum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exiguum">
<emphasis id="0AF22F7E6B44341AD58CFA4BD72025BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Siagonodon exiguum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or even 273 (
<taxonomicName id="D941826AD2C2C29A30E5E53BBD863550" lsidName="S. borrichianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="borrichianus">
<emphasis id="C5ED5DA6FFDBF5B83DD554118ED02557" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">S. borrichianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), in 
<taxonomicName id="AFB51932BB28AB6BE21899F5788C7D26" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Tricheilostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tricheilostoma" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DD11EE4500DADB782DDBE6B51BE9D3A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tricheilostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jan, 1860 in Jan &amp; Sordelli 1860-1866, ranging between around 240 and 250, in one species of 
<taxonomicName id="3318F7E82CC4C2E6F976EBA1C9640C5D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptotyphlops" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E8280186184C1E3E7C6971CF73D1F19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where it can reach up to 244 (
<taxonomicName id="F2A7733A6B2D6D1FA1DDDE8F58A33A99" lsidName="L. scutifrons" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
<emphasis id="1474BE099C983441771F0CEC4BC5869D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">L. scutifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in 
<taxonomicName id="353E36C490A8AC93CCF94450F4A82D92" class="Mammalia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rena" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D21B98E263FD03C454AF8D438783AA7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baird &amp; Girard, 1853, where it is almost always above 200 and can reach up to 271. In contrast, the number of trunk vertebrae in the remaining taxa is around 200, with some genera even possessing as few as around 135 trunk vertebrae or less (i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="38D26FB138C9309EE1AAB4BEF8936E2F" authorityName="Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly &amp; Passos" authorityYear="2019" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Habrophallos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Habrophallos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24218EB476156A8024769172EFEE08CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Habrophallos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="94DC03CA4CA9A80E155CB0D772029ED6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" author="Martins, AR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="840 - 863" refId="B371" refString="Martins, AR, Koch, C, Pinto, R, Folly, M, Fouquet, A, Passos, P, 2019. From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 57: 840 - 863, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" title="From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12316" volume="57" year="2019">Martins et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
, and some species of 
<taxonomicName id="1C94ED108DA417860754AF8BA59F34BF" authorityName="Hedges" authorityYear="2011" class="Amphibia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Trilepida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trilepida" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCAEF1E4EDC5061319F09E743C70878" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trilepida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The highest caudal vertebral counts in leptotyphlopids are observed in 
<taxonomicName id="C9A64273AFB26B3A516AB00564EF76E4" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myriopholis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AF0D81D4BA41909780A2D6BF084C2FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Myriopholis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where it ranges between 25 and 49, followed by 
<taxonomicName id="6A316E2AE21554A9A4EC94673B91CCC6" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Namibiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Namibiana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="715BD194454F338BD7E27B33D04A0854" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Namibiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(24 to 29), and 
<taxonomicName id="E32C082B81826D00E3CA4ABBA8E468B7" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch" authorityYear="2009" class="Squamata" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Epacrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epacrophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B041883F837932AD0EE2805406F77658" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epacrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hedges, Adalsteinsson &amp; Branch in 
<bibRefCitation id="688D8D84AC36815671F8A6C3DC1CCE7D" author="Adalsteinsson, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B3" refString="Adalsteinsson, SA, Branch, WR, Trape, S, Vitt, LJ, Hedges, SB, 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50" title="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)." volume="2244" year="2009">Adalsteinsson et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
(22), while instead that number in the remaining genera ranges between 12 and 26.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>