709 lines
89 KiB
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709 lines
89 KiB
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<document id="2BEDB036C4DB8FDFA8B69D241602543E" ID-CLB-Dataset="22143" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.310" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2ed9bea5-b092-49ac-896a-c52886832073" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827274" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589469049123" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Ginneken, Marjolein Van, Decru, Eva, Verheyen, Erik & Snoeks, Jos" docDate="2017" docId="03F9AD6C761CBD309E0F8820609EFBC4" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-310.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 310" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Enteromius Cope 1867" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFC0D514761ABD3B9C6D8E4B647BFFC4" masterDocTitle="Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698839698098" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7501E45D653D76061F95CCA04EE6DF75">
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<mods:title id="B199C582D8AF94B8CEB3DEE410EC9A8C">Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FBB4CF1AD60A205D6AFCCC3314BDE0F3">Ginneken, Marjolein Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="04AC538CB6548D477CECA4CCC07B9F13">Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium. & Email: marjolein. vanginneken @ uantwerpen. be & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: FDADB 435 - 8 B 18 - 49 C 9 - B 803 - F 925 ABF 21 A 22</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7A1D8E11250356CFE2D67CEA1EE284E4" type="email">marjolein.vanginneken@uantwerpen.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="AC6C85D12A4E750CE7EB2A6661AC2FA4">Decru, Eva</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AE42C80154EECE35973BFC62DC5F1981">Royal Museum for Central Africa, Section Vertebrates, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium. & Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 1 AEB 7 EED-C 939 - 4702 - 8590 - B 3 FCA 7076324 & Corresponding author: eva. decru @ africamuseum. be</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="066F3E2191C62460887AF89776289BE7" type="email">eva.decru@africamuseum.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FC09CC083A9ADFFD58B25C410663CCE9">Verheyen, Erik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6AA0B5E785D2F35E714114F7C0842EC2">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerpen, Campus Drie Eiken, building D, room D. 150 Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium. † Equally contributing authors & Email: everheyen @ naturalsciences. be & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 86 B 40463 - E 3 D 9 - 4147 - 9 ED 3 - D 7302 E 0 D 64 B 6</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="591DE385F18B158E0E40D8B2DCA35051" type="email">everheyen@naturalsciences.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="413F7006181EEABDD77F2FBA23D4FBB2">Snoeks, Jos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F04DC5DF8B57A9BDC4A9CF775AEF51A6">Royal Museum for Central Africa, Section Vertebrates, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium. & Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. & Email: jos. snoeks @ africamuseum. be & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 13 A 8 AB 26 - FF 46 - 437 C- 9806 - D 49 E 11 C 5 E 15 D</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BD05749E4B7614826862C2DC78390DA8" type="email">jos.snoeks@africamuseum.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="220216D6F19A9F7E5DB8FAB375808541">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F972054BC62E29F48B7BA03444D95430">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4A890DBAADC65174FC98E8CB7E0C34E4">
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<mods:date id="3660374990C7FADE8C1F73C190E77865">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="109A923863D997BD5D0B39A8ADCD4086">2017-04-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B6FF83F89676F7726FB3ADB0FE9A28F9">310</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C6544F2F7059ABAF33582373D1E48AE2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="99E380F154973D884050AD7C6F90B396" type="CLB-Dataset">22143</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E75611CFBBD44B60A58F9E697B719FBD" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2017.310</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8932616F5D6DA72F1193ECB35CD528C5" type="GBIF-Dataset">2ed9bea5-b092-49ac-896a-c52886832073</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D8F853A4AA951BBC20AE292A21D2C626" type="ISSN">2118-9773</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CC04DCA0F7A70524D64EA48C1DCF02A0" type="Zenodo-Dep">3827274</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F9AD6C761CBD309E0F8820609EFBC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846641" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164151045" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3846641" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F9AD6C761CBD309E0F8820609EFBC4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9AD6C761CBD309E0F8820609EFBC4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C34A4FF1761CBD3D9E0F882067AAF941" box="[610,977,1643,1669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A761CBD3D9E0F882067AAF941" blockId="6.[610,977,1643,1669]" box="[610,977,1643,1669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0A7AB16761CBD3D9E0F882067AAF941" box="[610,977,1643,1669]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D9ED8882067AAF941" ID-CoL="4C45" ID-ENA="1911134" authority="Cope, 1867" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1867" box="[693,977,1643,1669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9ED888206738F941" bold="true" box="[693,835,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Enteromius</emphasis>
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Cope, 1867
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34A4FF1761CBD309CD088E7609EFBC4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A761CBD3D9CD088E76760F902" blockId="6.[189,795,1708,1735]" box="[189,795,1708,1735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0A7AB16761CBD3D9CD088E76760F902" bold="true" box="[189,795,1708,1735]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9CD088E76760F902" bold="true" box="[189,795,1708,1735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Evaluation of the literature-based identifications</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A761CBD3D9CD088976049F89B" blockId="6.[189,1399,1755,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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In the ML tree obtained (
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<figureCitation id="136B00FF761CBD3D9D868890664EF931" box="[491,565,1755,1781]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[303,1262,265,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. A. ML tree based on 558-bp-long Enteromius COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo. B. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), lineages with less than 2% sequence divergence were collapsed and named after the river system from which the specimens were collected. Specimens from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo were grouped under the label ‘Kisangani region’, since there appeared to be little or no genetic difference between samples of these nearby affluents.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A761CBD339CD089CD67DBFCEC" blockId="6.[189,1399,1926,2023]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,267,809]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The ML tree shows 23 lineages within the assayed
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D9F7A89CC67E6F864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1867" box="[791,925,1927,1952]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9F7A89CC67E6F864" box="[791,925,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Enteromius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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samples, representing the four ‘a priori’ morphospecies in the following quantities/properties: 13 of which belong to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D981B89E1615AF807" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1142,1313,1961,1987]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D981B89E160F4F807" box="[1142,1167,1962,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D98D389E2615AF807" box="[1214,1313,1961,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">miolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group; three to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D9D2689866591F823" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[331,490,1997,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9D268986651EF822" box="[331,357,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9DF989866591F823" box="[404,490,1997,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">brazzai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group; one to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D9EAB898667FBF823" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[710,896,1997,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9EAB898666A4F822" box="[710,735,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D9F63898667FBF823" box="[782,896,1997,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pellegrini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group; and six to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761CBD3D98EB8986610DF823" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1158,1398,1997,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D98EB898660E4F822" box="[1158,1183,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B924C068761CBD3D98A38986610DF823" box="[1230,1398,1997,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">atromaculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339D7C8F476656FEE1" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[273,557,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
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<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339D7C8F4765ECFEE1" box="[273,407,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Enteromius</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339DAA8F406656FEE1" box="[455,557,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E408F406649FEE1" box="[557,562,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339E578F476750FEE1" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[570,811,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
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<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E578F47662FFEE1" box="[570,596,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
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cf.
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|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339EEE8F406750FEE1" box="[643,811,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F0A8F476059FEE1" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[871,1058,267,294]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F0A8F476702FEE1" box="[871,889,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FDD8F406059FEE1" box="[944,1058,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
each form clearly supported clades, while this is not the case for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339E098F7A677BFE8E" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[612,768,304,330]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E098F7A6605FE8E" box="[612,638,305,330]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339EC78F7B677BFE8E" box="[682,768,304,330]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. There is often a substantial genetic distance between lineages occurring in different rivers, but also between some lineages detected in the same river. For example, within the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339DDE8F30661BFE50" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[435,608,378,404]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339DDE8F3065B7FE50" box="[435,460,379,404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339D908F31661BFE50" box="[509,608,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group, we observed a considerable difference between specimens of the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD339D668FD56510FE7C" box="[267,363,414,440]" country="Zambia" name="Luapula" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Luapula</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(three lineages; 14.6% sequence divergence between
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD339F808FD56036FE7C" box="[1005,1101,414,440]" country="Zambia" name="Luapula" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Luapula</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
1 and 2; 15.3% between
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD339CD08F886566FE19" box="[189,285,451,477]" country="Zambia" name="Luapula" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Luapula</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
1 and 3; 19.0% between
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD339E5E8F8866E8FE19" box="[563,659,451,477]" country="Zambia" name="Luapula" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Luapula</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
2 and 3),and the Luki (two lineages; 7.7% sequence divergence). Interestingly, the sequences obtained for the Upper, Middle and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD339FC98FA2603EFDC6" box="[932,1093,488,515]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lower Congo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
populations did not group according to these zoogeographic regions. However, two out of the three lineages of the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987612BD3398D38C46615AFDE3" box="[1214,1313,525,551]" country="Zambia" name="Luapula" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Luapula</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, a river system geographically remote from the other rivers included in this study, also show the largest genetic distances within the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339DD78C1C6610FDB4" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[442,619,598,624]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339DD78C1C65A8FDB4" box="[442,467,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E658C1D6610FDB4" box="[520,619,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
clade.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339EAA8C1C67A2FDB4" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[711,985,598,624]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339EAA8C1C6736FDB4" box="[711,845,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Enteromius</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FEE8C1D67A2FDB4" box="[899,985,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is not resolved as a single clade, and consists of three lineages, two of which were detected in the ‘Kisangani region’ (19.8% sequence divergence). In contrast to the other groups,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339ED18CEA6709FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[700,882,672,699]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339ED18CEA66B5FD7E" box="[700,718,673,698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F6D8CEB6709FD7E" box="[768,882,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
consists of a single lineage that is composed of specimens from a single river, the Ituri. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339EB38C8D67B1FD1B" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[734,970,709,735]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339EB38C8D668BFD1B" box="[734,752,710,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F4F8C8E67B1FD1B" box="[802,970,709,735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
group contains an important amount of genetic variation, with five of its six lineages occurring in the Ituri River. Remarkably, one of those lineages also contains one sample from the ‘Kisangani region’.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF2F4CF2761DBD3C9CD0890F66F3F82F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" targetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" targetPageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A761DBD3C9CD0890F66F3F82F" blockId="7.[189,1399,1860,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C068761DBD3C9CD0890F6553F89A" bold="true" box="[189,296,1860,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2. A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. ML tree based on 558-bp-long
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F9761DBD3C9EC4890E6754F89A" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1867" box="[681,815,1861,1886]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C068761DBD3C9EC4890E6754F89A" box="[681,815,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Enteromius</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C068761DBD3C9E5A89E56630F80C" bold="true" box="[567,587,1966,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339CD08D1A6582FCAF" blockId="8.[189,505,849,875]" box="[189,505,849,875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="D0A7AB167612BD339CD08D1A6582FCAF" bold="true" box="[189,505,849,875]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339CD08D1A6582FCAF" bold="true" box="[189,505,849,875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Morphometric groupings</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339CD08DDF67EEFC17" blockId="8.[189,1398,916,980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Firstly, PCAs were executed on all the specimens examined, after which more detailed PCAs were performed on each literature-based ‘a priori’ group separately.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339C878DB765C3FBD3" blockId="8.[189,1399,1020,1488]" box="[234,440,1020,1047]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339C878DB765C3FBD3" bold="true" box="[234,440,1020,1047]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Overall analyses</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339CD08A6A6167FA14" blockId="8.[189,1399,1020,1488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
The highest loadings on PC2 for a PCA on 17 log-transformed measurements (n = 177) are for the eye diameter (ED), the post-anal distance (PoAD) and the dorsal fin length (DoFL); PC1 is a proxy for size (see above). On a scatterplot of PC2 against PC1, the four ‘a priori’ groups cannot all be distinguished from each other (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7612BD339DFC8AC465A0FB6E" box="[401,475,1167,1194]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[454,1282,949,1778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 17 log-transformed measurements (n = 177) of Enteromius Cope, 1867: E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (◊), E. cf. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (♦), E. cf. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (∆), and E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (▲). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□), E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■), E. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (), E. tshopoensis (De Vos, 1991) (▼), E. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (+), and E. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) ()." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827282/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). However, specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F778ADB67A3FB6E" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[794,984,1167,1194]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F778ADB6748FB6D" box="[794,819,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F0B8ADB67A3FB6E" box="[870,984,1168,1194]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD3398758ADB60C0FB6E" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1048,1211,1167,1194]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398758ADB604AFB6D" box="[1048,1073,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398088ADB60C0FB6E" box="[1125,1211,1168,1194]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are completely separated from each other on PC2. This is mainly because
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F1F8AFE6050FB0A" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[882,1067,1204,1230]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F1F8AFE67F0FB0A" box="[882,907,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FD48AFF6050FB0A" box="[953,1067,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has a smaller ED, a smaller dorsal fin base length (DoFBL) and a smaller PoAD than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F368A91678EFB37" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[859,1013,1241,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F368A91670FFB37" box="[859,884,1242,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FF28A92678EFB37" box="[927,1013,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Clearly
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD33980C8A916172FB37" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1121,1289,1241,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD33980C8A916001FB37" box="[1121,1146,1242,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398CB8A926172FB37" box="[1190,1289,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
occupies the largest morphospace on PC2, which comprises most of the type specimens included, except for two
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339C9C8B6865E1FAF9" box="[241,410,1315,1341]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339DAE8B6F6631FAF9" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[451,586,1316,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eutaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339DAE8B6F6631FAF9" box="[451,586,1316,1341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. eutaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and one
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339EDA8B686769FAF9" box="[695,786,1315,1341]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F568B6F67A2FAF9" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[827,985,1315,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F568B6F67A2FAF9" box="[827,985,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD3398738B6F6175FAF9" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1054,1294,1315,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398738B6F6043FAF9" box="[1054,1080,1316,1341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD33980B8B686175FAF9" box="[1126,1294,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
polygon comprises the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339D0B8B0365ADFAA6" box="[358,470,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339D908B0366BDFAA5" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[509,710,1351,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339D908B0366BDFAA5" box="[509,710,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339FC78B036019FAA5" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[938,1122,1351,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FC78B0367BFFAA5" box="[938,964,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F9D8B0C6019FAA5" box="[1008,1122,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, however, only overlap slightly with the type specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339E328B266689FA42" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[607,754,1388,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E328B266689FA42" box="[607,754,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and the specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339F958B2660EFFA42" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1016,1172,1388,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F958B26606AFA42" box="[1016,1041,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398538B2760EFFA42" box="[1086,1172,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are separated from the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339C8B8BDA6536FA6F" box="[230,333,1425,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339D1D8BD9659EFA6F" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[368,485,1425,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339D1D8BD9659EFA6F" box="[368,485,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and types of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339E118BD9675FFA6F" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[636,804,1425,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E118BD9675FFA6F" box="[636,804,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Furthermore, the type specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD3398A28BD9610CFA6F" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1231,1399,1425,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398A28BD9610CFA6F" box="[1231,1399,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are separated from the other groups, mainly on PC2, due to a smaller PoAD and a larger DoFL.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339CD08BB266B4F89A" blockId="8.[189,1399,1529,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
The highest loadings on PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 177) are for the number of scales between the lateral line and the belly (L-B Sc), the number of scales between the dorsal fin and the lateral line (D-L Sc) and the number of scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin (L-P Sc); on PC2 for the number of scales on the lateral line (LL Sc), the number of scales between the occiput and the base of the first dorsal fin ray (PD Sc) and the number of pelvic fin rays (PelFR). Similar to the analysis for the measurements, a scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 does not allow the separation of the four ‘a priori’ groups (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7612BD339D70889D651DF934" box="[285,358,1750,1776]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionTargetBox="[471,1004,1128,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[459,1273,1006,1822]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 177) of Enteromius: E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (◊), E. cf. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (♦), E. cf. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (∆), and E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (▲). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□), E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■), E. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (), E. tshopoensis (De Vos, 1991) (▼), E. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (+), and E. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) ()." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827284/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Again,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339DBC889C6600F934" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[465,635,1750,1776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339DBC889C6591F934" box="[465,490,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339E75889D6600F934" box="[536,635,1750,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is the group showing the largest variation. Also,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD3398D3889C610DF934" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[1214,1398,1750,1776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398D3889C60ACF934" box="[1214,1239,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339969889D610DF934" box="[1284,1398,1750,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339C8388B065F3F8D0" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[238,392,1786,1812]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339C8388B0657CF8D0" box="[238,263,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339D5F88B165F3F8D0" box="[306,392,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are again completely separated on PC1, mainly due to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD33986B88B060C7F8D0" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[1030,1212,1786,1812]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD33986B88B06064F8D0" box="[1030,1055,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD33982788B160C7F8D0" box="[1098,1212,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
having a higher D-L Sc (4.5–5.5 vs 3.5) and a higher L-B Sc (5–6 vs 4–5). Furthermore, the four ‘a priori’ groups all overlap with their respective
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339E7E890E663DF89B" box="[531,582,1861,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7612BD339CD089C3610CF82F" blockId="8.[189,1399,1927,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
To examine whether morphological differences could be detected between the different genetic lineages within each group, we performed PCAs on
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339EBA89E667F0F802" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[727,907,1964,1990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339EBA89E6668BF802" box="[727,752,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F4889E767F0F802" box="[805,907,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FE689E767EBF802" box="[907,912,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD339FF689E66044F802" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[923,1087,1964,1990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339FF689E667CFF802" box="[923,948,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD339F8489E76044F802" box="[1001,1087,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97612BD3398ED89E6610DF802" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1152,1398,1964,1990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398ED89E660E1F802" box="[1152,1178,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687612BD3398A389E7610DF802" box="[1230,1398,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
separately. To investigate whether one or more lineages represent a currently valid species, relevant
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87612BD339929899A610CF82F" box="[1348,1399,2001,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7613BD329CD08F4066A4FE8C" blockId="9.[189,1399,267,329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">specimens were also included in these analyses. This resulted in a multitude of analyses for which the most important outcomes are presented below.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7613BD329C878F3B67B9FE4E" blockId="9.[189,1399,368,535]" box="[234,962,368,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329C878F3B67B9FE4E" bold="true" box="[234,962,368,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|||
|
|
Morphometric comparisons among
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329EC68F3B6723FE4F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[683,856,368,395]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329EC68F3B66BDFE4E" bold="true" box="[683,710,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E9E8F3B6723FE4F" bold="true" box="[755,856,368,395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
lineages
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7613BD329CD08FDF6725FDD3" blockId="9.[189,1399,368,535]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|||
|
|
Because of the high number of lineages and specimens for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329FF08FDF6029FE69" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[925,1106,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329FF08FDF67CCFE69" box="[925,951,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329F818FD86029FE69" box="[1004,1106,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD32983F8FD8602CFE69" box="[1106,1111,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
we analysed the major geographical regions, the Upper, the Middle and the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987613BD329F708FFC67BBFE14" box="[797,960,438,465]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lower Congo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, separately (see also
|
|||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6D229C17613BD3298DF8FFD617DFE14" box="[1202,1286,438,464]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[189,258,268,294]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Number of examined non-type specimens of Enteromius Cope, 1867 per river (system) studied. A. Specimens other than those belonging to the E. miolepis/eutaniea complex. B. Specimens belonging to the E. miolepis/eutaenia complex. Numbers represent morphometrically analysed specimens vs genetic samples, then the number of specimens analysed morphologically as well as genetically." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F4CF2761EBD3F9CD08F47615EFE4B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF2F4CF2761EBD3F9CD08F47615EFE4B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), but still included the relevant
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87613BD329DD48F916597FE30" box="[441,492,474,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens to check whether some groups could be allocated to these species. Only the results of the latter are discussed as an example.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7613BD329CD08C74603DFC52" blockId="9.[189,1399,574,918]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|||
|
|
For the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987613BD329D748C7465C5FD9C" box="[281,446,574,601]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lower Congo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, we detected three genetic lineages within
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329FD88C746024FD9C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[949,1119,574,600]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329FD88C7467B4FD9C" box="[949,975,575,600]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329F918C756024FD9C" box="[1020,1119,574,600]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7613BD3298028C7560CCFD9C" box="[1135,1207,574,600]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[303,1262,265,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. A. ML tree based on 558-bp-long Enteromius COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo. B. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), i.e., one group containing specimens from the Inkisi and two groups with specimens from the Luki (Luki 1 and Luki 2). The highest loadings on PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 36) are for LL Sc, CP Sc and PecFR; on PC2 again for PecFR, AFR and PD Sc. The specimens from the Inkisi are well separated from the Luki lineages on both PC1 and PC2; and there is only one specimen overlap between Luki 1 and Luki 2 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7613BD329D718CA5651EFCCD" box="[284,357,750,777]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1896,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[454,1193,1075,1815]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 36) of E. cf. miolepis specimens from the Lower Congo: Inkisi (◊), Luki 1 (♦) and Luki 2 (∆). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□) and E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In addition, specimens from these latter two lineages noticeably differ in the length of their barbels. Lineages Inkisi and Luki 1 can be clearly distinguished from all
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87613BD3298378D5960F6FCE8" box="[1114,1165,786,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7613BD3299728D5A6113FCE8" box="[1311,1384,785,812]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1896,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[454,1193,1075,1815]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 36) of E. cf. miolepis specimens from the Lower Congo: Inkisi (◊), Luki 1 (♦) and Luki 2 (∆). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□) and E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Luki 2 overlaps with the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87613BD329D848D7E6667FC8B" box="[489,540,821,847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329EAA8D7E6735FC8A" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[711,846,821,846]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eutaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329EAA8D7E6735FC8A" box="[711,846,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. eutaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329FE48D7E6053FC8B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[905,1064,821,847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329FE48D7E6053FC8B" box="[905,1064,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but Luki 2 differs from the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329CD08D12653EFCB6" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[189,325,857,882]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eutaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329CD08D12653EFCB6" box="[189,325,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. eutaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87613BD329D228D1365F6FCB6" box="[335,397,856,882]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
in barbel length. A PCA of the log-transformed measurements did not separate the genetic lineages from each other or from the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87613BD329EA08D37677BFC52" box="[717,768,892,918]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens (not illustrated).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF2F4CF27613BD329CD088B765CAF82E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827282/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[466,1008,1071,1588]" targetPageId="9">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7613BD329CD088B765CAF82E" blockId="9.[189,1399,1788,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329CD088B76576F8D2" bold="true" box="[189,269,1788,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 17 log-transformed measurements (n = 177) of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329CD0896A65AFF8FE" authority="Cope, 1867" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1867" box="[189,468,1824,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329CD0896A6538F8FE" box="[189,323,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Enteromius</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cope, 1867
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329DB3896A671BF8FE" authority="(Boulenger, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[478,864,1824,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329DB3896A658CF8FE" box="[478,503,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E4F896B66FEF8FE" box="[546,645,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1902)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(◊),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329FFB896A6086F8FE" authority="(Pellegrin, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[918,1277,1824,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329FFB896A67CBF8FE" box="[918,944,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329FB7896B604BF8FE" box="[986,1072,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Pellegrin, 1901)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(♦),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329954896A65BEF899" authority="(Poll, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329954896A6129F8FE" box="[1337,1362,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329CD089086554F899" box="[189,303,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Poll, 1939)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(∆), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329E5B890F600DF899" authority="(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[566,1142,1859,1885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E5B890F6634F899" box="[566,591,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E128908675CF899" box="[639,807,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(▲). Also shown are the type specimens examined of:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329E22892C67CDF844" authority="(Boulenger, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[591,950,1894,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E22892C66AFF844" box="[591,724,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1902)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(○),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329F98892C610DF844" authority="(Boulenger, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1013,1398,1894,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329F98892C60EEF844" box="[1013,1173,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1904)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(●),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329C9F89C16634F867" authority="(Boulenger, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[242,591,1929,1955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eutaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329C9F89C1650FF867" box="[242,372,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. eutaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1904)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(□),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329EE389C167C1F860" authority="(Peters, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[654,954,1929,1956]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerstenii">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329EE389C1676BF867" box="[654,784,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. kerstenii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Peters, 1868)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(■),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329F9489C1610AF860" authority="(Pellegrin, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1017,1393,1929,1956]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329F9489C16015F867" box="[1017,1134,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Pellegrin, 1901) ()
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329CD089E66650F803" authority="(De Vos, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[189,555,1965,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329CD089E66512F803" box="[189,361,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(De Vos, 1991)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(▼),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD329E1A89E667DEF803" authority="(Poll, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[631,933,1964,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD329E1A89E66776F803" box="[631,781,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Poll, 1939)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(+), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97613BD32987789E665D7F82E" authority="(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687613BD32987789E6609DF803" box="[1050,1254,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Nichols & Griscom, 1917) ()
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7610BD319CD08F476519FE3D" blockId="10.[189,1399,267,505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
For the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3475CEA7610BD319D7B8F4065BBFEE1" box="[278,448,267,293]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Middle Congo</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and Upper
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3475CEA7610BD319E2A8F4066E3FEE1" box="[583,664,267,293]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, we detected respectively six and four genetic lineages of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD3199548F47655BFE8D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD3199548F476129FEE1" box="[1337,1362,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD08F64655BFE8D" box="[189,288,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7610BD319D5D8F65650CFE8D" box="[304,375,302,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[303,1262,265,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. A. ML tree based on 558-bp-long Enteromius COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo. B. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Similar exploratory morphometric analyses of these genetic lineages, as for the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4994D2987610BD3199478F646570FEA8" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower Congo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
discussed above, indicated that almost all could be separated from each other as well as from the included type specimens. However, specimens from ‘Kisangani region’ 1, Itimbiri and the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87610BD31997D8F3E610CFE4B" box="[1296,1399,373,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319CB28FD265FBFE76" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[223,384,408,434]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CB28FD265FBFE76" box="[223,384,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
clustered on the PCAs. Yet, the Itimbiri specimens had a different colour pattern (a black anal fin tip), which is absent in the ‘Kisangani region’
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D56D7F37610BD319FE08FF06065FE11" box="[909,1054,443,469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
as well as in the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87610BD3198828FF7612DFE12" box="[1263,1366,444,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319CD08F946520FE3D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[189,347,479,505]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD08F946520FE3D" box="[189,347,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7610BD319CD08C6B6717FD60" blockId="10.[189,1399,544,676]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
When comparing all lineages of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319E3D8C6A6779FDFE" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[592,770,544,570]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E3D8C6A6611FDFE" box="[592,618,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319EF28C6B6779FDFE" box="[671,770,544,570]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Lower, Middle and Upper
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3475CEA7610BD31980F8C6B60CEFDFE" box="[1122,1205,544,570]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
), each could be morphologically distinguished from the others based on meristics (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7610BD319FA38C08606EFD9A" box="[974,1045,579,606]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[509,1274,998,1765]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 8 meristics (n = 60) of E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) specimens from the Congo basin (excluding types): ‘Kisangani region’ 1 (◊), Ituri 1 (♦), Itimbiri (∆), Léfini (▲), Epulu 1 (○), Inkisi (●), Luapula 1 (□), Luki 1 (■), Luapula 2 (), Luapula 3 (▼), Ituri 2 (+), and Luki 2 (). Specimens from Luapula 1 and Luapula 2 can be separated from each other based on a PCA on the log-transformed measurements; specimens of Luki 2 fall separated when barbel lengths are included; specimens from Kisangani region’ 1 and Itimbiri can be distinguished based on colour pattern." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827288/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), measurements and/or barbel length (not illustrated). Only specimens from Kisangani region’ 1 and Itimbiri could not be separated from each other, but differed in colour pattern (see above).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7610BD319C878C8067CFFD21" blockId="10.[189,1399,715,953]" box="[234,948,715,742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319C878C8067CFFD21" bold="true" box="[234,948,715,742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
Morphometric comparisons among
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319EC68C806732FD22" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[683,841,715,742]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319EC68C8066BDFD21" bold="true" box="[683,710,715,741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E9E8C806732FD22" bold="true" box="[755,841,715,742]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
lineages
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7610BD309CD08CA46561FE8C" blockId="10.[189,1399,715,953]" lastBlockId="11.[189,1398,267,328]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
We observed three genetic lineages within
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319EC18CA4673DFCCC" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[684,838,750,776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319EC18CA466BDFCCC" box="[684,710,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E9D8CA5673DFCCC" box="[752,838,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7610BD319F388CA567E0FCCC" box="[853,923,750,776]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[303,1262,265,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. A. ML tree based on 558-bp-long Enteromius COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo. B. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The highest loadings on PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 22) are for LL Sc, PecFR and PelFR; on PC2 for CP Sc, L-B Sc and again PecFR. Specimens from the ‘Kisangani region’ 2 are well separated from the Ituri 3 lineage on PC2 and both genetic lineages differ from the ‘Kisangani region’ 3 lineage and type specimens on PC1 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7610BD3198848D136149FCB6" box="[1257,1330,856,882]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1929,1955]" captionTargetBox="[503,934,1360,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[493,1152,1261,1922]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 22) of E. cf. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901): ‘Kisangani region’ 2 (◊), Ituri 3 (♦) and ‘Kisangani region’ 3 (∆). Also shown are the type specimens examined of E. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (○) and E. tshopoensis (De Vos, 1991) (●)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827290/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The polygon of specimens from the ‘Kisangani region’ 3 lineage comprises the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87610BD3198568D3060D9FC51" box="[1083,1186,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD3198A68D376138FC51" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1227,1347,891,917]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD3198A68D376138FC51" box="[1227,1347,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and overlaps with the types of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319D9B8DD466DBFC7C" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[502,672,926,952]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319D9B8DD466DBFC7C" box="[502,672,926,952]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. However, the eight specimens from the ‘Kisangani region’ 3 lineage as well as the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87611BD309DA98F406650FEE1" box="[452,555,267,293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309E398F4766B7FEE1" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[596,716,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309E398F4766B7FEE1" box="[596,716,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
differ from the types of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309F9E8F4760E5FEE1" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1011,1182,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309F9E8F4760E5FEE1" box="[1011,1182,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by the absence of barbels.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF2F4CF27610BD319CD0895460E5F82E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827284/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[189,232,1823,1849]" targetBox="[471,1004,1128,1635]" targetPageId="10">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7610BD319CD0895460E5F82E" blockId="10.[189,1399,1823,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD089546574F8FD" bold="true" box="[189,271,1823,1849]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 177) of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD3198F7896B615BF8FD" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1867" box="[1178,1312,1824,1849]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD3198F7896B615BF8FD" box="[1178,1312,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Enteromius</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD31995E896B6580F899" authority="(Boulenger, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD31995E896B6136F8FD" box="[1331,1357,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD08909655BF898" box="[189,288,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1902)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(◊),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319E5C890867ECF899" authority="(Pellegrin, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[561,919,1858,1885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E5C89086631F898" box="[561,586,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E19890966B1F898" box="[628,714,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Pellegrin, 1901)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(♦),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319FA189086168F899" authority="(Poll, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[972,1299,1858,1885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319FA18908679DF898" box="[972,998,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD31987D890960F9F898" box="[1040,1154,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Poll, 1939)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(∆), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319CD0892C668FF844" authority="(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[189,756,1894,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD0892C64ADF844" box="[189,214,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319D6E892D65D0F844" box="[259,427,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(▲). Also shown are the type specimens examined of:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319CD089C16664F867" authority="(Boulenger, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[189,543,1929,1955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miolepis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD089C1653AF867" box="[189,321,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. miolepis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1902)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(○),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319E3689C167ACF867" authority="(Boulenger, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[603,983,1929,1955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holotaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E3689C16682F867" box="[603,761,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. holotaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1904)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(●),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD31987E89C1610DF867" authority="(Boulenger, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1043,1398,1929,1955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eutaenia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD31987E89C160E2F867" box="[1043,1177,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. eutaenia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Boulenger, 1904)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(□),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319C9D89E66665F803" authority="(Peters, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[240,542,1964,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerstenii">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319C9D89E6650FF802" box="[240,372,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. kerstenii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Peters, 1868)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(■),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319E3A89E667B5F803" authority="(Pellegrin, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[599,974,1964,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E3A89E666B6F802" box="[599,717,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. brazzai</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Pellegrin, 1901) ()
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319FB789E66142F802" authority="(De Vos, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="De Vos" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[986,1337,1964,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshopoensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319FB789E660F8F802" box="[986,1155,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. tshopoensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(De Vos, 1991)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(▼),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319CD0899B6598F82D" authority="(Poll, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[189,483,1999,2025]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellegrini">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319CD0899B652BF82D" box="[189,336,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. pellegrini</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Poll, 1939)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(+), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97610BD319E22899B60E2F82E" authority="(Nichols & Griscom, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[591,1177,1999,2026]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687610BD319E22899B676CF82D" box="[591,791,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Nichols & Griscom, 1917) ()
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7611BD309C878F3B6077FE4E" blockId="11.[189,1399,368,782]" box="[234,1036,368,395]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309C878F3B6077FE4E" bold="true" box="[234,1036,368,395]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Morphometric comparisons among
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309EC68F3B67DAFE4F" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[683,929,368,395]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
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<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309EC68F3B66C4FE4E" bold="true" box="[683,703,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
|
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. cf.
|
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<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309E9E8F3B67DAFE4F" bold="true" box="[755,929,368,395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">atromaculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lineages
|
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7611BD309CD08FDF6125FCC9" blockId="11.[189,1399,368,782]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
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|
|
We detected six genetic lineages within
|
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309EF68FDF67F7FE69" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[667,908,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
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|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309EF68FDF66CEFE69" box="[667,693,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309E898FD867F7FE69" box="[740,908,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
(
|
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|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7611BD309FF38FD8679CFE69" box="[926,999,403,429]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[313,1253,276,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[303,1262,265,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. A. ML tree based on 558-bp-long Enteromius COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replications, with node support shown as NJ/ML bootstrap (bootstrap values> 95% are shown; lineages <2% sequence divergence were collapsed), the label ‘Kisangani region’ contains samples from the Lomami/ Lobaye system and the Lobilo. B. Map of the Congo basin with the sampled river stretches indicated according to the phylogenetic lineages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
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|
). Although there was only 1.75% sequence divergence between the lineages of Epulu 2 and Ituri 8, we interpreted these lineages as separate Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs, i.e., clusters of similar DNA sequences) because of the observed differences in colour pattern (specimens from the Epulu 2 lineage have mid-lateral dots, while specimens from Ituri 8 display a vague mid-lateral band). The single specimen from Ituri 7 was lost and could not be measured. The highest loadings on PC1 for a PCA of 10 meristics (n = 42) are for LL Sc, PecFR and D-L Sc; on PC2 for CP Sc, again PecFR and D-L Sc. A plot of PC2 vs PC1, separates the two specimens from the Ituri 6 lineage from all other lineages based on PC2 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7611BD3098688CC26030FD60" box="[1029,1099,649,676]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1929,1955]" captionTargetBox="[498,951,1333,1763]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[488,1179,1229,1922]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 8. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 42) of E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917): Ituri 5 (◊), Ituri 6 (♦), Ituri/‘Kisangani region’ (∆), Epulu 2 (▲), and Ituri 8 (). Also shown are the type specimens of E. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (○)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827292/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
). The specimens from the Ituri/‘Kisangani region’ lineage are separated from all other lineages mainly on PC1. The Ituri 5 lineage is separated from the Ituri 6 and Epulu 2 lineages along PC2, from the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309F998C9A60C7FD2E" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1012,1212,720,746]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309F998C9A60C7FD2E" box="[1012,1212,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87611BD3098AE8C9A608DFD2F" box="[1219,1270,721,747]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
specimens on PC1, and from the Ituri/’Kisangani region’ and Ituri 8 lineages on a combination of PC1 and PC2.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BEF1C7A7611BD309CD08D7E609EFBC4" blockId="11.[189,1399,821,1024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|||
|
|
As the initial PCA resulted in a great overlap between the Epulu 2 and Ituri 8 lineages, we carried out a second PCA on 10 meristics, only including specimens from these lineages and the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87611BD3099798D136129FCB6" box="[1300,1362,856,882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309CD08D3765FCFC51" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[189,391,891,917]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309CD08D3765FCFC51" box="[189,391,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The highest loadings on PC1 are for LL Sc, D-L Sc and CP Sc; on PC2 for PecFR, PD Sc and the number of pelvic fin rays (PelFR). On a plot of PC2 versus PC1, specimens from Epulu 2 and Ituri 8 still overlap and the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54EBA2D87611BD309E448D89661CFC18" box="[553,615,962,988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5067F97611BD309EE08D89672EFC1F" baseAuthorityName="Nichols & Griscom" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[653,853,961,987]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Enteromius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atromaculatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B924C0687611BD309EE08D89672EFC1F" box="[653,853,961,987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. atromaculatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
overlap with specimens from Epulu 2 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="136B00FF7611BD30994C8D8A6113FC18" box="[1313,1384,961,988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[509,933,1346,1750]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[499,1147,1249,1899]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 9. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 36) of E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917): Epulu 2 (▲), and Ituri 8 (). Also shown are the type specimens of E. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (○)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827294" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827294/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). These groups also overlap on a PCA of 17 log-transformed measurements (not illustrated).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|