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152 lines
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<document id="BE25D0BC15ABE9CDBE4B495686F9A8FF" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFA7321A84E0FCEC9B9CFBBB" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Salvadora paleolineata Holman 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="36E1C985FF532B367153CBA642BC01BE">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="52DE44CBB8B2F072E74C3D87E7906AE2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="250386B7FBE06973FE390E1639731590">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F19CBFA3359FC4B0103B9953042CC40C">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2E314F56FB7E9E3BB5692A1A77E7D299">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F852DDF4169252BFD27819014F249145">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="36BBF4C9756C73DF11D1795BAA1692D9">
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<mods:date id="EF2F53988290BED48A18737EB895FEE8">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2987FC3EB2F6D92520DB5253328EB8EA" type="series">
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<mods:title id="7F69C030E5EE15D2BEE86332256F31FA">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:detail id="9D08607F232240A094899105E5EFCD91" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="07843488201CBC51DC0DE25476F6F9C2">27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CFD958C8AEC7EEDADE19B697583D021B">1</mods:number>
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<mods:location id="626F3E29C3BB68EE6BE7F9B25329E448">
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<mods:url id="CD8E382D9F91E1E079E325D4206B3358">http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3B4080A10501E729FD672367E728320A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A1284D64D4A50E94C6611F7BD557A663" type="DOI">10.26879/1220</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A1E0ABD15F9BDDA861367B0ADD7F0A55" type="ISSN">1094-8074</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFA7321A84E0FCEC9B9CFBBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFA7321A84E0FCEC9B9CFBBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFA7321A84E0FCEC9B9CFBBB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA7320484E0FCEC9C3CFC9E" box="[912,1368,819,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA7320484E0FCEC9C3CFC9E" blockId="15.[912,1368,819,879]" box="[912,1368,819,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFA7320484E0FCEC9C3CFC9E" box="[912,1368,819,847]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA7320484E0FCEC9C28FC96" authority="Holman, 1973" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" box="[912,1356,822,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA7320484E0FCEC9DFBFC96" box="[912,1183,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Salvadora paleolineata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA7320483D6FCEC9C28FC96" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1190,1356,822,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="125 - 134" refId="ref19674" refString="Holman, J. A. 1973. Reptiles of the Egelhoff local fauna (upper Miocene) of Nebraska. Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 24: 125 - 134." type="journal article" year="1973">Holman, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<superScript id="7C6F9BB6FFA73204823CFCE99C3CFC9E" attach="none" box="[1356,1368,819,839]" fontSize="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">†</superScript>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA732048333FC8C9DC1FCB6" box="[1091,1189,854,879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA732048333FC8C9DC1FCB6" blockId="15.[912,1368,819,879]" box="[1091,1189,854,879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<figureCitation id="13212A7BFFA732048333FC8C9DC1FCB6" box="[1091,1189,854,879]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[190,281,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox="[188,1442,164,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-86@16.[188,1442,164,1594]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Posterior trunk vertebra of Salvadora paleolineata from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and left lateral views. Scale bar equals 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10962270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10962270/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA732048438FC5B9AEAFC63" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA732048438FC5B9AEAFC63" blockId="15.[840,1441,897,1914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA732048438FC5B9AD0FC43" bold="true" box="[840,948,897,922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED0BAE3BFFA7320484CBFC5B9D6DFC42" box="[955,1033,897,923]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">UNSM</collectionCode>
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139984 (8 pre-cloacal trunk vertebrae).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA7321A8438FC1B9811FEF8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA732048438FC1B9D8DFB23" blockId="15.[840,1441,897,1914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA732048438FC1B9A86FC03" bold="true" box="[840,994,961,986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</emphasis>
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The description is similar to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA732048234FC1B9AF1FC23" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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unless otherwise noted. In anterior view, the cotyle is a slightly depressed oval bookmarked by relatively large paracotylar foramen to each side. The neural canal is similar in size to the cotyle and is an inverted U-shape with medially convex sides to the neural arch. The zygosphene is dorsally convex in this view. The prezygapophyses are tilted slightly upward, and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are well developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA7320484F2FADB9C6DF983" blockId="15.[840,1441,897,1914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">In dorsal view, the vertebra is approximately as wide as it is long. The neural spine is thin and slightly overhangs the neural arch posteriorly. The zygosphene is slightly convex anteriorly. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are subrounded, and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are approximately two-thirds as long as the width of the prezygapophyseal articular facets and are well-developed and moderately pointed. The diapophyses are only somewhat directed laterally and are barely visible from this orientation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA7321B84F2F9BB98FFF936" blockId="15.[840,1441,897,1914]" lastBlockId="16.[192,792,1718,1903]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">In lateral view, the neural spine is delicate and is low, over three times as long as it is tall, with a slight anterior and posterior overhang. The subcentral groove is relatively deep, with dorsally convex subcentral ridges and a clear, uniform hemal keel. The condyle is tilted somewhat postero-dorsally, while the cotyle is oriented slightly antero-ventrally. The lateral foramen is positioned near the center of the vertebrae in this orientation, just below the interzygapophyseal ridge. Epizygapophyseal spines are absent.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF656676FFB8321B87CEF9949AD9F95A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10962270" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10962270/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[190,281,1614,1637]" targetBox="[188,1442,164,1594]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB8321B87CEF9949AD9F95A" blockId="16.[190,1433,1614,1667]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB8321B87CEF9949857F9BF" bold="true" box="[190,307,1614,1638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
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Posterior trunk vertebra of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB8321B8524F9949A23F9BF" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" box="[596,839,1614,1638]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB8321B8524F9949A23F9BF" box="[596,839,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Salvadora paleolineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and left lateral views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB8321B878AF92C9AA8F8D6" blockId="16.[192,792,1718,1903]" lastBlockId="16.[840,1440,1718,1903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">In posterior view, the subcentral ridges are well-developed and narrow, and the hemal keel is strongly developed and uniformly thin. The postzygapophyseal articular facets are subrounded. The condyle is a slightly depressed oval. Epizygapophyseal spines are absent, as also seen in the lateral orientation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB8321A84F2F8CC9811FEF8" blockId="16.[840,1440,1718,1903]" lastBlockId="17.[192,793,169,1122]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">In ventral view, the zygosphene is slightly convex anteriorly. The prezygapophyseal accessory processes are well developed. The hemal keel is uniformly thin. Both the cotyle and the condyle are oval in shape and the condyle extends to be approximately even with the postzygapophyseal articular facets.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB9321A87B0FEF39B9CFBBB" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A87B0FEF39B9CFBBB" blockId="17.[192,793,169,1122]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A87B0FEF3985CFE9B" bold="true" box="[192,312,297,322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8681FEF39BCCFE9B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[497,680,297,322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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and our own comparisons, the vertebrae from Penny Creek assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A8626FEB29B6DFE5B" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" box="[342,521,360,386]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8626FEB29B6DFE5B" box="[342,521,360,386]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. paleolineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are primarily from the middle trunk region, as noted by neural spines somewhat taller than in the
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<typeStatus id="54A1885CFFB9321A857AFE739B58FE1B" box="[522,572,425,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
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specimen and the larger condylar-cotylar articulation. As in Holman’s description, none of the specimens appear to have epizygapophyseal spines; as such, taxonomic assignment to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A861DFDF29B78FD9B" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" box="[365,540,552,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A861DFDF29B78FD9B" box="[365,540,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. paleolineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is possible.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A85DEFDF2986AFDBB" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A85DEFDF2986AFDBB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. paleolineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is suggested as an ancestral species to modern
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A865AFDB298C6FD58" box="[298,418,616,641]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A865AFDB298C6FD58" box="[298,418,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Salvadora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, which differ only in possessing obsolete epizygapophyseal spines (see description of genus above;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A852EFD739A6AFD1B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[606,782,681,706]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="125 - 134" refId="ref19674" refString="Holman, J. A. 1973. Reptiles of the Egelhoff local fauna (upper Miocene) of Nebraska. Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 24: 125 - 134." type="journal article" year="1973">Holman, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A87B0FD12980BFD3B" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" box="[192,367,712,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A87B0FD12980BFD3B" box="[192,367,712,738]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. paleolineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A8548FD129BF1FD38" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[568,661,712,737]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8548FD129BF1FD38" box="[568,661,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coluber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A85A0FD139869FCDB" authorityName="Baird & Girard" authorityYear="1853" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Masticophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A85A0FD139869FCDB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Masticophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in vertebral proportions, where the former has proportionally shorter, wider vertebrae and less dorsally convex subcentral ridges, as well as in the complete absence of epizygapophyseal spines (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A87B7FCB3981BFC5B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[199,383,873,898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
).
|
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A86EAFCB39BEDFC5B" box="[410,649,873,898]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dakotaophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="greeni">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A86EAFCB39BEDFC5B" box="[410,649,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dakotaophis greeni</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
possesses smaller zygapophyseal articular facets than
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A858FFC52982BFC1B" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1973" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paleolineata">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A858FFC52982BFC1B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. paleolineata</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and the articular facets are more elongate or oval in shape and oriented less laterally (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8789FC3398CFFBDB" author="Holman, J. A." box="[249,427,1001,1026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
). It is possible that, as in
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8596FC3398BAFBFB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A8596FC339876FBFB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Heterodon</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
/Paleoheterodon,
|
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|
|
</emphasis>
|
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|
|
there may be greater morphological differences in the elements of the skull, should they ever be found for this species.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document>
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