<documentID-CLB-Dataset="3375"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499"ID-GBIF-Dataset="782f3b7a-a2c4-48d6-a4c6-7b6930e28663"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2615-40-91"ID-Pensoft-UUID="C242F5E3FA985715B347B9C673EE12D5"ModsDocID="1314-2615-40-91"checkinTime="1637381397302"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Cardoso 1, Giovanna Monticelli, Preez 2, Gerhard Du, Taiti 3,4, Stefano & Ferreira 1,5, Rodrigo L."docDate="2021"docId="2DFFD85013FE5023B1D301E6594467E9"docLanguage="en"docName="SubterBiol 40: 91-108"docOrigin="Subterranean Biology 40"docPubDate="2021-11-19"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499"docTitle="Niambia botswanaensis Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira 2021, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docVersion="5"id="C242F5E3FA985715B347B9C673EE12D5"lastPageNumber="91"masterDocId="C242F5E3FA985715B347B9C673EE12D5"masterDocTitle="New troglobitic species of Niambia from Botswana and Namibia (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)"masterLastPageNumber="108"masterPageNumber="91"pageNumber="91"updateTime="1720490783821"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="B73850AE7E7CD3AE47949E544CAA806E">New troglobitic species of Niambia from Botswana and Namibia (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="DEB261482727D3967E3B263FABAE8677">Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterranea, Departamento de Biologia, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="FE7784353C7AD2E3DC508D11746F8258">Preez 2, Gerhard Du</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="215D72975AF503704D521503C26DAC06">Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterranea, Departamento de Biologia, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="456DABDB97794FB2A6A681CFAAEEB9B5">Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterranea, Departamento de Biologia, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="FB8B81C42B48CD8361BEA2014927C8F4">Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterranea, Departamento de Biologia, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="5FD7FE8F3A2FB1AB2FECBDCBDE3AC486"ID-CoL="8SM3M"LSID="http://zoobank.org/C6BBA4C3-24B3-48EB-9FA1-24CF6BB79413"authority="Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira"authorityName="Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia botswanaensis"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="botswanaensis"status="sp. nov.">Niambia botswanaensis Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira</taxonomicName>
<figureCitationid="F4883943AAD9B824E112267438980F6A"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A habitus, dorsal view B cephalon, frontal view C antennal flagellum D antennal peduncle, water conducting system E nodulus lateralis and scale-seta on pereonite 3 F noduli laterales on pereonites 5 - 7. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A); 100 µm (B, F); 20 µm (C); 10 µm (D, E)."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612529"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="458981125A35C6978B5FDE16C0622BB8"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="D5BFDB9E1EDE2A6E911DD9BE283AA0AA"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2EF5295C23E1DAAB542404F1EA05D61E"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. A Koanaka and Gcwihaba hills, cave map delimited in gray B Diviners Cave vertical shaft (borehole) drilled C man-made entrance on the surface D entrance chamber inside a cave E Diviners Cave map (angled perspective) showing vertical entrance F calcite formation in Diviners Cave G Roots of the fig tree (Ficus cordata) where the specimens were collected H specimen of Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612532"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">, 4</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="06B3264303141C884B982C945740362D"authority="Cardoso 1 & Preez 2 & Taiti 3 & Ferreira 1, 2021"authorityName="Cardoso 1 & Preez 2 & Taiti 3 & Ferreira 1"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus"status="sp. nov.">Niambia</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="81C3DF04D3953C1E014D4D63D9F72A24"DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"author="Javidkar, M"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="554 - 577"refId="B16"refString="Javidkar, M, Cooper, SJB, King, R, Humphreys, WF, Austin, AD, 2015. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family (Crustacea: Isopoda) with a unique water transport system. Invertebrate Systematics 29 (6): 554 - 577, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"title="Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family (Crustacea: Isopoda) with a unique water transport system."url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"volume="29"year="2015">Javidkar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<materialsCitationid="EB156127A32D45F3B3BB0224B5443EE4"collectingDate="2016-01-11"collectorName="G. Du Preez"country="Botswana"county="Diviner's Cave"latitude="-20.142277"location="Male"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="21.210167"municipality="Gcwihaba region"specimenCount="1"typeStatus="Holotype">
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<figureCitationid="C3C602006D3D4589AC79C84C052DAF4C"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A habitus, dorsal view B cephalon, frontal view C antennal flagellum D antennal peduncle, water conducting system E nodulus lateralis and scale-seta on pereonite 3 F noduli laterales on pereonites 5 - 7. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A); 100 µm (B, F); 20 µm (C); 10 µm (D, E)."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612529"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">1A</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="916B7666B655CE6645F58C92C3EE5C31"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A habitus, dorsal view B cephalon, frontal view C antennal flagellum D antennal peduncle, water conducting system E nodulus lateralis and scale-seta on pereonite 3 F noduli laterales on pereonites 5 - 7. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A); 100 µm (B, F); 20 µm (C); 10 µm (D, E)."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612529"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">1E, F</figureCitation>
); one line of noduli laterales per side on pereonites, close to posterior margins and at certain distance from lateral margins, b/c and d/c co-ordinates as in Fig.
<figureCitationid="C9AE2FAFD32BB9ED41340332251CFECE"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2A</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="0AFA84B4EDA7B6571EE86E240AAA69BF"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A habitus, dorsal view B cephalon, frontal view C antennal flagellum D antennal peduncle, water conducting system E nodulus lateralis and scale-seta on pereonite 3 F noduli laterales on pereonites 5 - 7. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A); 100 µm (B, F); 20 µm (C); 10 µm (D, E)."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612529"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">1B</figureCitation>
) with suprantennal line visible only at sides, no frontal line, eyes absent. Pleon slightly narrower than pereon, pleonites 3-5 with falciform epimera. Telson (Fig.
<figureCitationid="0EFAE1D27F9B2483784F7CB81F7D8276"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2B</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="75123874391997F9C2C3F4F92C3FBB07"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2C</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="540FD30FD2A620300B87517E2823993F"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A habitus, dorsal view B cephalon, frontal view C antennal flagellum D antennal peduncle, water conducting system E nodulus lateralis and scale-seta on pereonite 3 F noduli laterales on pereonites 5 - 7. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A); 100 µm (B, F); 20 µm (C); 10 µm (D, E)."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612529"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">1B-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="6B9488F2AC8CF6F74A636AB66A097B8A"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2B</figureCitation>
) reaching distal margin of pereonite 3 when extended backward; fifth article of peduncle and flagellum subequal in length; flagellum with two articles, second article about 3 times as long as first. Mandibles (Fig.
<figureCitationid="9BFA9E7834E603365BF867DEBAC79382"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2E, F</figureCitation>
) with molar penicil consisting of 5-6 setae arising from common stem; left mandible with 2 + 1 penicils, right mandible with 1+1 penicils. Maxillula (Fig.
<figureCitationid="A1BED785EE349A5F2EE4C128AD707D20"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2G</figureCitation>
) outer branch with 4 + 5 teeth (three of them slightly cleft) plus one small tooth between outer and inner teeth; inner branch with two short penicils. Maxilla (Fig.
<figureCitationid="EFA46359988B0E57312E11B68ED9F0DE"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2H</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="E91D52216FAFE09A957DD57E71D7CE5F"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2I</figureCitation>
) basis rectangular; palp basal article with two stout setae; endite rectangular, medial portion with one long seta, distal margin with one tooth. Pereopod dactylus with inner claw stout, slightly longer than outer one; pereopod 1 (Fig.
<figureCitationid="ACBB35D6A8B3E6EC9A1AF44259CC2452"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">3A</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="149F694659E048DE95C8280F4994E9AE"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype A co-ordinates of noduli laterales B pleonite 5, telson and left uropod, dorsal view C antennula D antenna E left mandible F right mandible G maxillula H maxilla I maxilliped."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612530"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">2B</figureCitation>
) protopod reaching distal margin of telson, slightly grooved on outer margin; endopod and exopod inserted at same level, endopod distinctly shorter than exopod.
<taxonomicNameid="DF4819881F2B46129C298AA207E8FB8F"authorityName="Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia botswanaensis"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="botswanaensis">
<taxonomicNameid="C9D1081F1A167F02A421B64997EB554B"authorityName="Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia botswanaensis"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="botswanaensis">
<figureCitationid="00964DBDA56F9224463046A7794FEF1E"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">3B</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="1DBB9DC273B11EF01F78219D05BE86CD"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">3C</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="0542CB39FF562E6A51B8A116DE5ED7F0"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">3D</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2332B85301689F346D94CFF039052108"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Niambia botswanaensis sp. nov. Male paratype. A pereopod 1 B pereopod 7 C pleopod 1 D pleopod 2 E pleopod 3 exopod F pleopod 4 exopod G pleopod 5 exopod."figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612531"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">3E-G</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="BF763ABA82B7DA279BFFBE7D1A4BC156"authorityName="Cardoso, Taiti & Ferreira"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia botswanaensis"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="botswanaensis">
<paragraphid="D19D80B9E877126977AA59A0F27FA2F2"pageId="0"pageNumber="91">The new species is named after Botswana, where the specimens were collected.</paragraph>
<taxonomicNameid="A8480DB0E603BE03A23FA0F79FE050B2"authorityName="Cardoso 1 & Preez 2 & Taiti 3 & Ferreira 1"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus">
since they show all the characters of the genus, except for lacking respiratory areas in the pleopod exopods. This condition may be due to a secondary reduction due to the humid environment of the caves where they occur. Most of the species of
<taxonomicNameid="4E4C19EA9C3D29B04C6E996E70CB5A92"authorityName="Cardoso 1 & Preez 2 & Taiti 3 & Ferreira 1"authorityYear="2021"class="Malacostraca"family="Platyarthridae"genus="Niambia"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Niambia"order="Isopoda"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus">
<bibRefCitationid="C302AE35B16F4BBBADEE2FF43D90A0BB"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22318"author="Barnard, KH"journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="179 - 388"refId="B3"refString="Barnard, KH, 1932. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. N° 11. Terrestrial Isopoda. Annals of the South African Museum 30: 179 - 388, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22318"title="Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. N ° 11. Terrestrial Isopoda."url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22318"volume="30"year="1932">Barnard 1932</bibRefCitation>
Taiti & Ferrara, 2004 from Socotra Island (Yemen). However, it is distinct in lacking pigmentation and eyes, and in the shape of the male pleopod 1 exopod without posterior point (compare fig. 11 in
<bibRefCitationid="BF50E61E5A192F9E9004CADE23607827"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770591"author="Taiti, S"journalOrPublisher="Journal of natural History"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="901 - 916"refId="B27"refString="Taiti, S, Ferrara, F, 1991. Two new species of terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) from Ascension Island. Journal of natural History 25: 901 - 916, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770591"title="Two new species of terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) from Ascension Island."url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770591"volume="25"year="1991">Taiti and Ferrara 1991</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="E67EC7E75F22BB8399B8FE5E5D014B76"author="Taiti, S"journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Arabia"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="211 - 325"refId="B28"refString="Taiti, S, Ferrara, F, 2004. The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea: Oniscidea) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia 20: 211 - 325"title="The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea: Oniscidea) of the Socotra Archipelago."volume="20"year="2004">Taiti and Ferrara 2004</bibRefCitation>
Some specimens of this species from the type locality were sent to Dr. M. Javidkar in Adelaide for molecular analysis and were included in a phylogenetic cladogram as
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<bibRefCitationid="43BAD77766810C7E7F820DC3C97E13F3"DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"author="Javidkar, M"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="554 - 577"refId="B16"refString="Javidkar, M, Cooper, SJB, King, R, Humphreys, WF, Austin, AD, 2015. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family (Crustacea: Isopoda) with a unique water transport system. Invertebrate Systematics 29 (6): 554 - 577, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"title="Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family (Crustacea: Isopoda) with a unique water transport system."url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS15010"volume="29"year="2015">Javidkar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="1DDE199B0EC6AD93FF27886D90F8EBC3"author="Thies, ML"journalOrPublisher="Museum of Texas Tech University"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="1 - 17"refId="B29"refString="Thies, ML, Lewis, PL, 2015. Effects of fire on small mammals of the Koanaka Hills, Northwestern Botswana. Museum of Texas Tech University 330: 1 - 17"title="Effects of fire on small mammals of the Koanaka Hills, Northwestern Botswana."volume="330"year="2015">Thies and Lewis (2015)</bibRefCitation>
the surrounding environment (known as the Kalahari Thirstland) is semi-arid with shrub savanna vegetation and forms part of the Savanna Biome. Annual precipitation typically ranges between 400 and 500 mm and temperatures from -8.5 °C to 42.2 °C.
The Koanaka and Gcwihaba hills collectively host four known caves with natural entrances, which include Gcwihaba Cave, a local tourist attraction formerly known as
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<bibRefCitationid="3F51CCD79873D315F36130211E4185CD"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1636/K13-55.1"author="Harvey, MS"journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Arachnology"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="105 - 110"refId="B15"refString="Harvey, MS, Du Preez, G, 2014. A new troglobitic ideoroncid pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Ideoroncidae) from southern Africa. The Journal of Arachnology 42: 105 - 110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1636/K13-55.1"title="A new troglobitic ideoroncid pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Ideoroncidae) from southern Africa."url="https://doi.org/10.1636/K13-55.1"volume="42"year="2014">Harvey and Du Preez 2014</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="13B234AE8EC344F79DAD917032F1D20E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.1.4"author="Du Preez, GC"journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Speleology"pageId="0"pageNumber="91"pagination="37 - 47"refId="B12"refString="Du Preez, GC, Forti, P, Jacobs, G, Jordaan, A, Tiedt, LR, 2015. Hairy Stalagmites, a new biogenic root speleothem from Botswana. International Journal of Speleology 44: 37 - 47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.1.4"title="Hairy Stalagmites, a new biogenic root speleothem from Botswana."url="https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.1.4"volume="44"year="2015">Du Preez et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Upon initial exploration of the cave, high CO2 levels were encountered, especially in areas lower than the general cave development level. However, since the cave was allowed to vent following the drilling of the borehole, CO2 levels gradually decreased and facilitated further exploration. As can be expected, atmospheric conditions in
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