treatments-xml/data/E3/9F/D7/E39FD76123E1E7512BAE81D0D954BD3F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="E39FD76123E1E7512BAE81D0D954BD3F" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum pubescens Willd., Phytographia 1: 5. 1794." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number>198</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E39FD76123E1E7512BAE81D0D954BD3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E39FD76123E1E7512BAE81D0D954BD3F" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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35. 
<taxonomicName authority="Willd., Phytographia 1: 5. 1794." authorityName="Willd., Phytographia 1: 5. 1794." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Solanum pubescens Willd., Phytographia 1: 5. 1794.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diversity of inflorescences and flowers in tropical Asian spiny solanums A lax, spreading inflorescences and stellate flowers of Solanum violaceum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126945, India) B condensed, recurved inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. multiflorum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India) C inflorescences and large stellate flowers of S. involucratum (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. pubescens with unequal stamens, one long and recurved (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E large rotate flower of S. insanum with abundant interpetalar corolla tissues (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) F many flowered inflorescence and infructescence of S. pseudosaponaceum (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) G many flowered inflorescences of S. torvum; flowers with well-developed interpetalar corolla tissues (Suksathan et al. PS 3815, Thailand) H small stellate flowers of S. viarum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126944, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, E, H X. Aubriot C M. Nuraliev F D. Tandang G D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689696" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 3D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Diversity of fruits and seeds in tropical Asian spiny solanums A large oval fruit of Solanum insanum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) B condensed infructescence and small rounded fruits of Solanum hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C large rounded hairy fruit of S. involucratum with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D small rounded fruit of Solanum pubescens with elongated calyx lobes (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E rounded fruit of Solanum cyanocarphium with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F small rounded fruit of S. trilobatum in transverse cut (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G rounded fruit and accrescent calyx of S. praetermissum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H oval fruit of Solanum virginianum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, F, H X. Aubriot C, E, G M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="F59" captionText="Figure 59. Solanum pubescens Willd. A herbarium specimen collected in India (Wight 2629 b, BM 000900098) B habit (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) C inflorescence (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) D immature fruit (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London B-D X. Aubriot." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure59" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689752" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 59</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calycinum">Solanum calycinum</taxonomicName>
Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17(1): 60. 1834. Type. India. Sin. loc., &quot;Herb. Madr. 237&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
[Wallich Catal. Suppl. n. 237] (lectotype, designated here: GZU [GZU000255511])
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum neesianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesianum">Solanum neesianum</taxonomicName>
D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. (D. Dietrich) 1: 697. 1839, nom. illeg., non 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum neesianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesianum">Solanum neesianum</taxonomicName>
Wall. ex Nees, 1834. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calycinum">Solanum calycinum</taxonomicName>
Nees
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum esenbeckii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Solanum esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 602. 1841, nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calycinum">Solanum calycinum</taxonomicName>
Nees
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum conanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conanthum">Solanum conanthum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 127. 1852, nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calycinum">Solanum calycinum</taxonomicName>
Nees
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" location="Habitat in Indiae" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
Cultivated. &quot; 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E39FD76123E1E7512BAE81D0D954BD3F:40D73D05FDD8B74F5D9D93E911166705" name="Habitat in Indiae">Habitat in Indiae</location>
hortis, arboretis solo argilloso rarius&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper, FN" editor="Dassanayake, MD" journalOrPublisher="VI. Smithsonian Institution and Amerind Publishing, Washington DC and New Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="365 - 409" refId="B96" refString="Hepper, FN, 1987. Solanaceae. In: Dassanayake, MD, Ed., A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vol. VI. Smithsonian Institution and Amerind Publishing, Washington DC and New Delhi: 365 - 409" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vol." year="1987">Hepper 1987</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 369, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
: B [B-W04313-010])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect shrubs to 5 m tall, unarmed. Stems erect, terete, stellate-pubescent and sticky glandular; pubescence of very short-stalked multangulate trichomes mixed with sessile porrect-stellate trichomes, the multangulate trichomes with more than 10 rays, the rays 0.4-0.5 mm long, the porrect-stellate trichomes with 6-8 rays, 0.4-0.5 mm long, the midpoints to 1 mm long, all trichomes usually glandular tipped and the plants sticky; new growth densely glandular-pubescent, the trichomes tangled, soon deciduous and the stems glabrate; bark of older stems greyish white. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, unlobed, the blades 2.5-12 cm long, 1.5-7 cm wide, ca. 1-1.5 times longer than wide, ovate to broadly triangular, widest in the lower third, chartaceous, more or less concolorous, unarmed, the leaves of lower stems much larger than those of distal branches; adaxial surface evenly and densely pubescent with sessile and very short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the rays 4-8, to 0.5 mm long, glandular at the tips, the midpoints 2-4-celled, to 2 mm long, glandular at the tips; abaxial surface with similar porrect-stellate trichomes, but these denser especially along the veins; major veins 3-4 pairs, densely pubescent especially abaxially; base abruptly truncate to cordate, somewhat oblique; margins entire or slightly sinuate, not lobed; apex acute; petioles 1-4 cm long, 1/2 of the leaf blade length, unarmed, more densely glandular stellate-pubescent than the stems, but the trichomes of the same morphology. Inflorescences to 3 cm long, internodal and lateral, unbranched, with 5-12 flowers, only 1 or 2 flowers open at any one time, densely glandular pubescent with mixed multangulate and stellate-porrect trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.3-0.5 cm long; pedicels 1.2-1.6 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading at anthesis, glandular stellate-pubescent like the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 1-3 mm apart. Buds elongate ellipsoid and tapering, strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 2-2.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 3.5-5 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, long-triangular to lanceolate, apically acute, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with mixed glandular multangulate and porrect-stellate trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 2-2.2 cm in diameter, violet or deep purple, stellate, lobed 3/4 of the way to the base, minimal interpetalar tissue present, the lobes 6-7 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, mostly glabrous adaxially or with a few stellate trichomes along the petal midvein, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with densely tangled sessile trichomes where exposed in bud, these densest at the tips. Stamens markedly unequal, with 4 short and one long and curved; long anther 7.5-9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, strongly curved and tapering, short anthers 5-7 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, straight, all anthers yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube minute, glabrous; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 9-10 mm long, strongly curved inwards and held adjacent to the long anther, glabrous; stigma capitate or slightly clavate, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, several per infructescence, 1-1.6 cm in diameter, orange-red when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 2.5-3.5 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the base, 2-2.5 mm in diameter at the apex, somewhat woody, spreading to pendent from weight of berries; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the lobes often breaking off. Seeds 20-30 per berry, 4-5 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, flattened reniform, yellowish or reddish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells with sinuate margins. Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation author="Chennaveeraiah, MS" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B40" refString="Chennaveeraiah, MS, Krishnappa, DG, 1971. Karyomorphological studies of nonspinaceous species of Solanum. Journal of Cytology and Genetics 5: 89-94." title="Karyomorphological studies of nonspinaceous species of Solanum. Journal of Cytology and Genetics 5: 89 - 94." year="1971">Chennaveeraiah and Krishnappa 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053339" author="Rao, YV" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B204" refString="Rao, YV, Rao, BG, 1987. Cytomorphological studies of hybrids between Solanum pubescens, Solanum incanum and Solanum indicum. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 97(1): 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053339" title="Cytomorphological studies of hybrids between Solanum pubescens, Solanum incanum and Solanum indicum. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 97 (1): 49 - 53." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053339" year="1987">Rao and Rao 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure59" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689752" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 59" startId="F59">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 59.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Willd. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in India (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wight 2629b</emphasis>
, BM000900098) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126956</emphasis>
, India) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
inflorescence (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126956</emphasis>
, India) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
immature fruit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126956</emphasis>
, India). Photograph credits: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
X. Aubriot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="F60" captionText="Figure 60. Distribution of S. pubescens." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure60" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689753" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">60</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from India to Saudi Arabia and Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in a variety of dry forest types, such as thorn forest, often occurring in open areas and along roadsides, from 300 to 1,000 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India. sonde, hucchu sonde, savadangi, cherichunda (Malayam), kaattu sundai kaai (Tamil), usthi kaai (Telugu) (https://www.flowersofindia.net). It is recorded as being used for bowel and joint pains (see https://www.flowersofindia.net).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC). EOO (996,977 km2, LC); AOO (272 km2, EN). Like many other spiny solanums in tropical Asia, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in a variety of habitats, although the AOO suggests some concern, this is a common species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure60" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689753" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 60" startId="F60">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 60.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically similar and probably closely related to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vagum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sharing with that species zygomorphic flowers at anthesis, heteromorphic anthers and shiny berries on erect or slightly pendulous pedicels. 
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper, FN" editor="Dassanayake, MD" journalOrPublisher="VI. Smithsonian Institution and Amerind Publishing, Washington DC and New Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="365 - 409" refId="B96" refString="Hepper, FN, 1987. Solanaceae. In: Dassanayake, MD, Ed., A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vol. VI. Smithsonian Institution and Amerind Publishing, Washington DC and New Delhi: 365 - 409" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vol." year="1987">Hepper (1987)</bibRefCitation>
treated material of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vagum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Sri Lanka as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the &quot;Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon&quot;. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vagum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its glandular pubescence, its narrowly elliptic leaves with attenuate bases and slightly smaller, violet (rather than white) flowers. In 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lamina of young leaves is obscured by the dense covering of glandular stellate to multangulate stalked trichomes with elongate midpoints and the leaves are described as &quot;oily to touch&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Singh, NP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B226" refString="Singh, NP, 1988. Solanaceae. In: Flora of eastern Karnataka. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications, Delhi, 455-462." title="Solanaceae. In: Flora of eastern Karnataka. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications, Delhi, 455 - 462." year="1988">Singh 1988</bibRefCitation>
), while in 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vagum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pubescence of adaxial leaf surfaces is of very sparse sessile stellate trichomes with midpoints usually equal to the rays, and the lamina is clearly visible. The two species are sympatric in southern India.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vagum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share a zygomorphic androecium, with one anther distinctly longer than the rest. From herbarium sheets it appears that this difference becomes more pronounced with flower age. Post-anthesis anther expansion occurs in the unrelated 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. turneroides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="turneroides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. turneroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Chodat (Brevantherum clade, see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666624" author="Stern, S" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="471 - 496" refId="B233" refString="Stern, S, Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, Knapp, S, 2013. A revision of Solanum section Gonatotrichum Bitter (Solanaceae). Systematic Botany 38: 471 - 496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666624" title="A revision of Solanum section Gonatotrichum Bitter (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666624" volume="38" year="2013">Stern et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) of southern South America. Buds of the African species 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. somalense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="somalense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. somalense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Franch. also have the anthers of more or less equal length that become different with age (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This phenomenon needs study with populations in the field and lab.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
from Nees van 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esenbeck’s">Esenbeck's</normalizedToken>
personal herbarium are held in Graz at GZU (
<bibRefCitation author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" refId="B231" refString="Stafleu, FA, Cowan, RS, 1981. Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, Utrecht. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" title="Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, Utrecht." url="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" year="1981">Stafleu and Cowan 1981</bibRefCitation>
). The sheet in GZU is the only one we have found of the Wallich Herb. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Madras”">&quot;Madras&quot;</normalizedToken>
gatherings cited in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calycinum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calycinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We therefore designate it (GZU000255511) as the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calycinum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calycinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
coined the replacement name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. conanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="conanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. conanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calycinum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calycinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nees citing &quot;non Dunal&quot; in reference to his own 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calycinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calycinum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calycinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrocarpon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrocarpon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. of Africa, the Gboma eggplant, see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
) that is a later homonym of Nees van 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esenbeck’s">Esenbeck's</normalizedToken>
name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>