treatments-xml/data/B0/12/2E/B0122E247166FF8924BED735FB6AF99D.xml

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<mods:title id="3D01042BE066E833AF9FE1B2DF72BD45">Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E7BB04F18B2C5993B3F0DB1D4C69E66">Zoology Department, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, 37129 Verona, Italy;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5FC5D8F23A03590B51AE7D4281FA169B">Sharp, Ian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D39F95064FAE84E240BCD8443E4600FF">Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924BED735FDECFBEB" blockId="5.[151,546,1045,1072]" box="[151,546,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="634C285E7166FF8924BED735FDECFBEB" bold="true" box="[151,546,1045,1072]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924BED735FDECFBEB" bold="true" box="[151,546,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
2. 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF89249CD736FDECFBEB" ID-CoL="5X6ZX" authority="Vari, 1961" authorityName="Vari" authorityYear="1961" box="[181,546,1045,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF89249CD736FE56FBEB" bold="true" box="[181,408,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caloptilia dicksoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C37166FF8925B6D736FDECFBEB" author="Vari, L." box="[415,546,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref35792" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 1961, 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1961">Vári, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924BED779FE3CFBA9" blockId="5.[151,498,1114,1138]" box="[151,498,1114,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="18ABB81C7166FF8924BED779FE3CFBA9" box="[151,498,1114,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitation id="B91AB9237166FF8924BED779FE3CFBA9" author="Vari, L." box="[151,498,1114,1138]" page="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1961">
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF8924BED779FE3CFBA9" ID-CoL="5X6ZX" authority="Vari, 1961: 20" authorityName="Vari" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,498,1114,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924BED779FE96FBA9" box="[151,344,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caloptilia dicksoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C37166FF892576D779FE3CFBA9" author="Vari, L." box="[351,498,1114,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref35792" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 1961, 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1961">Vári, 1961: 20</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924BED783FD6FFB04" blockId="5.[151,1436,1184,1607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924BED783FEB1FB61" bold="true" box="[151,383,1184,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="88D3956F7166FF8925ACD782FD50FB04" collectingDate="2016-10-14" collectingDateMax="2016-12-09" collectingDateMin="2016-10-14" collectionCode="CLV" country="South Africa" location="Golden Valley" municipality="Magaliesburg" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="CLV7572" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Gauteng">
<specimenCount id="2EBD54BB7166FF8925ACD782FE67FB60" box="[389,425,1185,1211]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCountry id="40ACDFA27166FF89259DD783FD8DFB61" box="[436,579,1184,1210]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07166FF892667D782FD7EFB60" box="[590,688,1185,1211]" country="South Africa" name="Gauteng" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="D86005487166FF892690D783FC9BFB61" box="[697,853,1184,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Magaliesburg</collectingMunicipality>
, 
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farm, mn 
<date id="4C05B9F27166FF892047D783FB2DFB61" box="[1134,1251,1184,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2016-10-14">
<collectingDate id="5C41401A7166FF892047D783FB2DFB61" box="[1134,1251,1184,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2016-10-14">14/x/2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, em 
<date id="4C05B9F27166FF89213DD783FA56FB61" box="[1300,1432,1184,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2016-12-09">09/xii/2016</date>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF8924BED7E6FE56FB04" authority=", CLV" authorityName="CLV" box="[151,408,1220,1247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyroides">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924BED7E6FE96FB05" box="[151,344,1220,1247]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Searsia pyroides,</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="681D37497166FF892549D7E7FE1EFB04" box="[352,464,1220,1247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">CLV7572</specimenCode>
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, slide TRB4442♂
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924EED7CBFC18FAD9" blockId="5.[151,1436,1184,1607]" box="[199,982,1256,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924EED7CBFEEFFAD9" bold="true" box="[199,289,1256,1282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biology</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF892506D7CAFE4DFAD8" box="[303,387,1257,1283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF892506D7CAFE4DFAD8" box="[303,387,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Searsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8925BDD7CBFE26FAD9" box="[404,488,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
= 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF89258AD7CBFE11FAD9" box="[419,479,1256,1282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF8925C6D7CBFCC1FAD9" authority="(Burch.) Moffett" authorityName="Moffett" baseAuthorityName="Burch." box="[495,783,1256,1282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyroides">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8925C6D7CBFD80FAD9" box="[495,590,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">pyroides</emphasis>
(Burch.) Moffett
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF892737D7CBFC04FAD9" box="[798,970,1256,1282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97166FF8924EED62FFBB5FAFC" box="[199,1147,1292,1319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924EED62FFBB5FAFC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1184,1607]" box="[199,1147,1292,1319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924EED62FFE97FAFD" bold="true" box="[199,345,1292,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="40ACDFA27166FF89254ED62FFE38FAFD" box="[359,502,1292,1318]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07166FF89262DD62EFD53FAFC" box="[516,669,1293,1319]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07166FF892680D62EFCC3FAFC" box="[681,781,1293,1319]" country="South Africa" name="Gauteng" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
). The species is new to 
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07166FF89203CD62EFBB6FAFC" box="[1045,1144,1293,1319]" country="South Africa" name="Gauteng" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97166FF8924EED613FB6AF99D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924EED613FEA5FA48" blockId="5.[151,1436,1184,1607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924EED613FEBCFA90" bold="true" box="[199,370,1328,1355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DNA barcodes</emphasis>
. A single barcode (CLV7572, SOURE016-19) is known for this species. This barcode is assigned to a unique BIN BOLD:AEC5342. The Asian 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF892684D677FBF2FAB5" authority="Kumata, 1966" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1966" box="[685,1084,1364,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acericola">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF892684D677FC5CFAB5" box="[685,914,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caloptilia acericola</emphasis>
Kumata, 1966
</taxonomicName>
is the nearest neighbor of this species (
<tableCitation id="7539AA897166FF8924DFD65BFE92FA48" box="[246,348,1400,1427]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,235,150,174]" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary statistics for specimens included in this study. Dmin_NN heterospecific = minimum distance to nearest neighbor; BIN Dmax= maxim intraspecific distance within a BIN." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table S1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38049F327166FF8924EED6BEFB6AF99D" blockId="5.[151,1436,1184,1607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF8924EED6BEFEFAFA6C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1437,1463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks</emphasis>
. Species known only from the male 
<typeStatus id="E70021907166FF8926EDD6BFFCE4FA6D" box="[708,810,1436,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The collected specimen, which was somewhat descaled, closely matches Vári’s description of the genitalia, particularly in terms of the valva shape and the presence of 7–8 cornuti in the vesica. Please refer to the previous section for a comparison of morphological differences with the previous species. As 
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C37166FF8925AED52BFDFEF9F8" author="Triberti, P." box="[391,560,1544,1571]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="177 - 188" refId="ref35736" refString="Triberti, P. (2019) Gracillariidae (Gracillarioidea). In: Mey, W. &amp; Kruger, M. A. (Eds.), The Lepidoptera fauna of a Crater Valley in the Great Escarpment of South Africa, Esperiana Memoir, 8, pp. 177 - 188." type="journal article" year="2019">Triberti (2019)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out, the specimen collected by Wolfram Mey in Sneeuberg (
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07166FF89216FD52AFF1BF99C" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
), was tentatively identified as 
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17166FF892601D50EFD68F99D" authorityName="Vari" authorityYear="1961" box="[552,678,1580,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
<emphasis id="0ACF43207166FF892601D50EFD68F99D" box="[552,678,1580,1607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. dicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to minor variations in the male genitalia.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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