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<mods:title id="763F293CD5B3678949D2B05FBB48448A">A revision of the genus Pseudoscopelus Lütken (Chiasmodontidae: Acanthomorphata) with descriptions of three new species 2710</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FF3CFF3D4F1267B3" ID-CoL="6WGMD" authority="Krefft 1971" authorityName="Krefft, 1971 Pseudoscopelus scutatus Krefft" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,598,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF3CFF3D4CFB67B3" bold="true" box="[151,447,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus scutatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FE6CFF3D4F1267B3" author="Krefft" box="[455,598,151,177]" firstAuthor="Krefft" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref58626" refString="Krefft, G. (1971) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen des FFS &quot; Walther Herwig &quot; nach Sudamerika. XVIII. Pseudoscopelus scutatus spec. nov. (Pisces, Perciformes, Trachinoidei, Chiasmodontidae), ein neuer Kreuzzahnbarsch aus dem tropischen Atlantik. Archiv fur fischereiwissenschaft, 22, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1971">Krefft 1971</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FF3CFF104C7467D6" box="[151,304,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="39.[151,255,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,155,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-113@39.[163,1428,155,1850]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 16. Schematic drawing of dentition pattern in the species of Pseudoscopelus: (A) P. altipinnis, ZMUC P. 6546, 111.8 mm; (B) P.paxtoni, NMNZ P. 38679, 234.2 mm, paratype; (C) P. scutatus, ISH 647a-1966, 83.4 mm, paratype; (D) P. odontoglossum, SIO 61-48, 70.2 mm, holotype. Premaxilla (above) and dentary (below); bones with complete dentition are represented on top, and bones with only the sites for teeth attachment on bottom; circes are proportional to diameter of tooth-base; scale bar equals 10.0 mm; C stands for canine and F, for fang." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031444/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figures 16 C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FE96FF104C3267D6" box="[317,374,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="40.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,1554,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-99@40.[151,1436,1548,1926]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 18. Maps of distribution of (A) Pseudoscopelus altipinnis (triangle) and P.paxtoni (star); (B) P. scutatus (star) and P. bothrorrhinos (diamond). Each symbol may represent more than one locality; solid symbols represent type localities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031450/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">18 B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FE28FF104CA667D6" box="[387,482,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="44.[151,255,1735,1759]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,621,1712]" captionTargetId="figure-246@44.[151,1436,621,1712]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 20. Pseudoscopelus scutatus: (A) USNM 236776, 70.0 mm; (B) lateral view of head of ISH 567b-c/1966, 80.4 mm, paratype. Pseudoscopelus bothrorrhinos: (C) LACM 31502-2, 45.9 mm, holotype; (D) LACM 56616-1, 38.1 mm, paratype, dorsal view of a cleared stained specimen, arrows indicate the plate-like distal radials of first dorsal fin. Scale bar equals 5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031456/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">20 A–B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FE45FF104F6F67D6" box="[494,555,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="48.[151,255,1427,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-210@48.[151,1436,303,1415]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 21. Schematic drawing of the photophore pattern in lateral and ventral vies of (A) Pseudoscopelus scutatus, ISH 567b-c/1966, 80.4 mm, paratype; (B) P. bothrorrhinos, SIO 07-6, 39.6 mm, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031460/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">21 A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FD9CFF104F2367D6" box="[567,615,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="65.[151,255,1834,1858]" captionText="FIGURE 28. Guide for the identification of photophores in Pseudoscopelus: (A) P.scriptus; (B) P. sagamianus; (C) P. cephalus; (D) P.obtusifrons; (E) P. pierbartus; (F) P. cordilluminatus; (G) P. altipinnis; (H) P. paxtoni; (I) P. scutatus; (J) P. bothrorrhinos; (K) P. astronesthidens; (L) P. australis; (M) P. odontoglossum; (N) P. lavenbergi; (O) P. aphos; and (Q) P.parini." pageId="44" pageNumber="45">28 I</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="4005188DFFDEFFC2FDDFFF104F8967D6" box="[628,717,186,212]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="46.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 7. Morphometric data for Pseudoscopelus scutatus (n=12) and P. bothrorrhinos (n=11). SD stands for standard deviation." pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Table 7</tableCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF3CFEA04CE66623" box="[151,418,266,289]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus scutatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FE07FEA04FDA6623" author="Krefft" box="[428,670,266,289]" firstAuthor="Krefft" page="165 - 174" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref58626" refString="Krefft, G. (1971) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen des FFS &quot; Walther Herwig &quot; nach Sudamerika. XVIII. Pseudoscopelus scutatus spec. nov. (Pisces, Perciformes, Trachinoidei, Chiasmodontidae), ein neuer Kreuzzahnbarsch aus dem tropischen Atlantik. Archiv fur fischereiwissenschaft, 22, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1971">Krefft 1971: 165–174</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDEFFC2FD00FEA04E566623" box="[683,786,266,289]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="5.[151,255,988,1012]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1826,1850]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,255,1842,1866]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,244,1910,1931]" captionStartId-4="15.[151,255,1846,1870]" captionStartId-5="17.[151,255,1577,1601]" captionStartId-6="18.[151,255,670,694]" captionStartId-7="18.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,317,962]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1418,717,1799]" captionTargetBox-2="[152,1436,717,1816]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,151,1889]" captionTargetBox-4="[165,1428,167,1821]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,382,1553]" captionTargetBox-6="[155,1435,274,638]" captionTargetBox-7="[156,1431,835,1245]" captionTargetId-0="figure-350@5.[151,1436,317,962]" captionTargetId-1="figure-337@6.[151,1436,717,1799]" captionTargetId-2="figure-261@7.[151,1436,717,1816]" captionTargetId-3="figure-98@14.[151,1436,149,1889]" captionTargetId-4="figure-108@15.[165,1429,167,1821]" captionTargetId-5="figure-266@17.[151,1436,382,1553]" captionTargetId-6="figure-346@18.[151,1436,268,646]" captionTargetId-7="figure-350@18.[151,1436,830,1248]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="17" captionTargetPageId-6="18" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Schematic drawing showing all the photophore groups present in the genus Pseudoscopelus. Photophores on head: anteromaxillary photophores (amf); anteropreopercular photophores (apf); dorsonasal photophores (dnf); interorbital photophores (inof 1, 2); longitudinal preopercular photophores (lpf); maxillary photophores (mxf); opercular photophores (opf); posteromandibular photophores (pmf); postorbital photophores (pof); posteropreopercular photophores (ppf); ventro-nasal photophores (vnf). Photophores on body: isthmus photophores (if); lateral pelvic-fin photophores (lvf); pectoral-fin axillary photophores (paf); pectoral-fin photophores (pf); precaudal-fin photophores (prcf); prepelvicfin photophores (prvf); postpelvic-fin photophores (ptvf); random trunk photophores (rtf); anal-fin photophores (saf); supracaudal-fin photophores (scf); suprapectoral-fin photophores (spf); suprapelvic-fin photophores (svf); transverse pelvic-fin photophores (trf); pelvic-fin axillary photophores (vaf); pelvic-fin photophores (vf)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Schematic drawing of bones and lateral-line system of head. Osteological abbreviations: den, dentary; ext, extrascapular; fr, frontal; io 1-6, infraorbitals 1–6; mx, maxilla; mst, mesethmoid; lls, lateral-line scale; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pto, pterotic; ptt, posttemporal; so, supraoccipital. Lateral-line system abbreviations: ESC, epiphyseal branch of supraorbital sensory canal; IO, infraorbital canal; MD, mandibular canal; MD-5, 5th mandibular-canal pore; OT, otic canal; PrO, preopercular canal; SN, supranasal pore; SO, supraorbital canal; ST, supratemporal canal; T temporal canal; and TR, trunk canal." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Schematic drawing of premaxilla (A) and dentary (B): left side with teeth illustrated and right side with site for tooth attachment represented by circles with diameter proportional to the tooth base width. The teeth filled with red represent the lateral series; with blue, middle series; with yellow, mesial series; with green, fang; and with white, canine; dashed lines represent the limits of premaxillary regions; C stands for canine, and F, for fang." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Pseudoscopelus scriptus: (A) ZMUC P. 65171, 70.0 mm, holotype; (B) USNM 240671, 104.4 mm; (C) MCZ 68449, 55.0 mm. Type series of P. stellatus (D) USNM 170941, 18.7 mm, holotype; (E) CAS-SU 66496, 6.5 mm, paratype; (F) CAS-SU 66494, 10.7 mm, paratype; (G) CAS-SU 66497, 16.7–2
[type locality: eastern North Atlantic, 
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ISH 567a/66, 
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<treatmentCitation id="8C260B27FFDEFFC2FD92FE804E126643" author="Lavenberg, R. J." box="[569,854,298,321]" page="183" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1974">
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, figures 41–42 [Atlantic and Pacific Oceans]; 
<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FAE2FE804C7C6663" author="Nakabo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakabo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="19 - 23" refId="ref59050" refString="Nakabo, T., Yamada, U. &amp; Aizawa, M. (1992) New record of Pseudoscopelus scutatus (Chiasmodontidae) from Japan. Uo, 41, 19 - 23." type="journal article" year="1992">
Nakabo 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF6CFEE04DB96663" box="[199,253,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
1992
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[western North Pacific]; 
<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FDECFEE04F926663" author="Nakabo" box="[583,726,330,353]" firstAuthor="Nakabo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref59021" refString="Nakabo, T. (2002) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Tokai University Press, Japan, English Edition, 1748 p." type="book" year="2002">Nakabo 2002</bibRefCitation>
[key to species]; 
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<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FC39FEE049CC6663" author="Moore" box="[914,1160,330,353]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" page="227" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="159 - 248" refId="ref58964" refString="Moore, J. A., Hartel, K. E., Craddock, J. E. &amp; Galbraith, J. K. (2003) An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new are records. Northeastern Naturalist, 10, 159 - 248." type="journal article" year="2003">
Moore 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FC4BFEE049526663" box="[992,1046,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2003: 227
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[western North Atlantic]; 
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<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FF6CFEC04C996683" author="Figueiredo" box="[199,477,362,385]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Figueiredo" page="94" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref58356" refString="Figueiredo, J. L., Santos, A. P. &amp; Menezes, N. A. (2003) Familia Chiasmodontidae. In: Menezes, N. A.; Buckup, P. A.; Figueiredo, J. L. &amp; Moura, R. L. (Eds.) Catalogo de Peixes do Brasil. Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, 160 p." type="book" year="2003">
Figueiredo 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FEEAFEC04C336683" box="[321,375,362,385]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2003: 94
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[literature compilation]; 
<treatmentCitation id="8C260B27FFDEFFC2FD40FEC049D06683" author="Prokofiev, A. M. &amp; Kukuev, E. I." box="[747,1172,362,385]" page="228" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="691650C7FFDEFFC2FD40FEC049D06683" author="Prokofiev and Kukuev" box="[747,1172,362,385]" firstAuthor="Prokofiev" page="228 - 229" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="212 - 233" refId="ref59492" refString="Prokofiev, A. M. &amp; Kukuev, E. I. (2006 a) Preliminary review of the Atlantic linebellies of the genus Pseudoscopelus with remarks on the species composition of the genus in the world's fauna (Perciformes, Chiasmodontidae). II. Voprosy Ikhtyologii, 46, 159 - 181 (in Russian, English translation Journal of Ichthyology, 46, 212 - 233)." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">Prokofiev and Kukuev 2006a: 228–229</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figure 5 [western North Atlantic, eastern Central Atlantic]; 2006c [key to species]; 2008: 125–136, figures 20, 50, 54–56, 69, 180–183 [in part, species account].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="459D7EBDFFDEFFC2FF3CFE584E316536" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDEFFC2FF3CFE584E316536" blockId="44.[151,1436,498,564]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF3CFE584C53650E" bold="true" box="[151,279,498,524]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of the 
<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FE49FE584E406509" authorityName="Krefft, 1971 Pseudoscopelus scutatus Krefft" authorityYear="1971" box="[482,772,498,523]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FE49FE584E406509" box="[482,772,498,523]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, which can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FAEAFE584C426531" authorityName="Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, 2007 Pseudoscopelus bothrorrhinos Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo" authorityYear="2007" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bothrorrhinos">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FAEAFE584C426531" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. bothrorrhinos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a single characteristic: 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FD94FDB04F1A6531" box="[575,606,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">lpf</emphasis>
absent (
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FD6AFDB04E436531" box="[705,775,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">vs. lpf</emphasis>
present).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="59F87DBEFFDEFFC2FF3CF96D4C276044" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6031456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031456/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[151,255,1735,1759]" targetBox="[151,1436,621,1712]" targetPageId="44">
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDEFFC2FF3CF96D4C276044" blockId="44.[151,1436,1735,1862]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF3CF96D4C6261DD" bold="true" box="[151,294,1735,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FE87F9624F7061DD" authorityName="Krefft, 1971 Pseudoscopelus scutatus Krefft" authorityYear="1971" box="[300,564,1736,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FE87F9624F7061DD" box="[300,564,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (A) USNM 236776, 70.0 mm; (B) lateral view of head of ISH 567b-c/1966, 80.4 mm, paratype. 
<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FE93F9404F3A6003" authorityName="Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, 2007 Pseudoscopelus bothrorrhinos Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo" authorityYear="2007" box="[312,638,1770,1793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bothrorrhinos">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FE93F9404F3A6003" box="[312,638,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus bothrorrhinos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (C) LACM 31502-2, 45.9 mm, holotype; (D) LACM 56616-1, 38.1 mm, paratype, dorsal view of a cleared stained specimen, arrows indicate the plate-like distal radials of first dorsal fin. Scale bar equals 5.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="459D7EBDFFDEFFC3FF6DF8D04F1361C8" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDEFFC2FF6DF8D04F7460E6" blockId="44.[151,1436,1914,2020]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FF6DF8D04C1A6096" bold="true" box="[198,350,1914,1940]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Description.</emphasis>
Medium-sized species of 
<taxonomicName id="CA8756B5FFDEFFC2FD36F8D04E1C6091" box="[669,856,1914,1939]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDEFFC2FD36F8D04E1C6091" box="[669,856,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pseudoscopelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, largest specimen examined 91.0 mm SL. Morphometric data summarized in 
<tableCitation id="4005188DFFDEFFC2FDAFF8084F1A60BE" box="[516,606,1954,1980]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="46.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 7. Morphometric data for Pseudoscopelus scutatus (n=12) and P. bothrorrhinos (n=11). SD stands for standard deviation." pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Table 7</tableCitation>
. General body shape as described for genus with diagnostic characteristics of species and species group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFF324CDA6628" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">First dorsal-fin rays vi (3), vii (8), viii (1); second dorsal-fin rays ii+20 (3), ii+21 (6), ii+22 (3); anal-fin rays ii+22 (1), iii+20 (4), iii+21 (5), iii+22 (2); pectoral-fin rays 13 (3), 14 (8), 15 (1); pelvic-fin rays I+5 (12); caudal-fin rays i+7+8+i (12). Branchiostegal rays 7 (12). Pre-caudal vertebrae 17 (5), 18 (9); total vertebrae 35 (2), 36 (10), 37 (2).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFE924F0F66C8" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lateral line complete; lateral-line pores 74 (1), 75 (2), 76 (2), 77 (2), 78 (2), 79 (1), 80 (1). Pores in temporal canal 2 (12); supratemporal canal 3 (12); otic canal 2 (12); supraorbital canal 6 (12); supranasal pore 3 (12); epiphyseal branch 3 (12); infraorbital canal 12 (12); preopercular canal 5 (12); mandibular canal 6 (12); fifth pore of mandibular canal 1 (12).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFE7D48476518" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DFE7D4C0766F3" bold="true" box="[198,323,471,497]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Dentition.</emphasis>
Enlarged teeth on premaxilla, dentary and palatine. Premaxilla and dentary illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDFFFC3FAC0FE724DBB6518" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="39.[151,255,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,155,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-113@39.[163,1428,155,1850]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 16. Schematic drawing of dentition pattern in the species of Pseudoscopelus: (A) P. altipinnis, ZMUC P. 6546, 111.8 mm; (B) P.paxtoni, NMNZ P. 38679, 234.2 mm, paratype; (C) P. scutatus, ISH 647a-1966, 83.4 mm, paratype; (D) P. odontoglossum, SIO 61-48, 70.2 mm, holotype. Premaxilla (above) and dentary (below); bones with complete dentition are represented on top, and bones with only the sites for teeth attachment on bottom; circes are proportional to diameter of tooth-base; scale bar equals 10.0 mm; C stands for canine and F, for fang." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031444/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 16 C</figureCitation>
. Premaxilla narrow, widest point of premaxillary body 12–14 % in premaxillary length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFD82499665E0" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Premaxillary teeth on head, neck, body and caudal process. Lateral series of teeth in single longitudinal row, along lateral edge of premaxillary head, neck, body and caudal process; teeth slightly curved. Canine and fang on ventral shelf of premaxillary head. Middle and mesial series on ventral shelf of premaxillary body. Middle series in two, irregular, longitudinal row; teeth needle-like, straight, gradually increasing in size from lateral to medial. Mesial series in single, longitudinal row; teeth needle-like, slightly curved.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFD5A4D8E6480" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Dentary teeth in lateral and mesial series. Lateral series along lateral shelf of dentary, in single, longitudinal row, extending from symphysis to posterior tip; teeth conical, slightly curved. Mesial series on dorsal shelf of dentary, in single row; teeth straight, needle-like. Palatine teeth 3 (4), 4 (5), 5 (3); in single, longitudinal row.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFC3A49746320" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Teeth on infrapharyngobranchials and fifth ceratobranchial, conical, curved. Teeth on second basibranchial 6 (2), 7 (2), 8 (2), 9 (3), 11 (1), 12 (1), conical, in V-shaped or single, irregular row. Teeth absent on basihyal and other basibranchials. Gill rakers on first epibranchial 0 (12); first ceratobranchial 5 (2), 6 (4), 7 (4), 8 (2); first hypobranchial 1 (4), 2 (5), 3 (3). Gill rakers absent on other elements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFB854FF56210" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DFB854C8E634B" bold="true" box="[198,458,1071,1097]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Luminescent organs.</emphasis>
Luminescent organs present as discrete photophores on head and body (
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDFFFC3FAB1FB9A48CA6348" box="[1306,1422,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="48.[151,255,1427,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-210@48.[151,1436,303,1415]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 21. Schematic drawing of the photophore pattern in lateral and ventral vies of (A) Pseudoscopelus scutatus, ISH 567b-c/1966, 80.4 mm, paratype; (B) P. bothrorrhinos, SIO 07-6, 39.6 mm, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031460/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 21 A</figureCitation>
). Photophores on head: 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FE34FBF24C806373" box="[415,452,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">dnf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FE7FFBF24F466373" box="[468,514,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">inof</emphasis>
1–2, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FDEEFBF24F206373" box="[581,612,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">lpf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FDDFFBF24FDA6373" box="[628,670,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">mxf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD05FBF24F976373" box="[686,723,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">opf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD48FBF24E4D6373" box="[739,777,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">pof</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FCEFFBF24E2E6373" box="[836,874,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ppf</emphasis>
absent; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FC67FBF24EB66373" box="[972,1010,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">apf</emphasis>
in angle between dentary and preopercle; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF58FB2A4C53639B" box="[243,279,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">vnf</emphasis>
absent from most specimens, and if present as small patch posterior to anteriormost pore of supraorbital canal; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FEDCFB024CE763C3" box="[375,419,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">amf</emphasis>
in two to three rows, medial to mandibular canal, between second and third pores; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FADBFB0248D863C3" box="[1392,1436,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">pmf</emphasis>
in one to two rows, anteriorly medial to mandibular canal, posteriorly lateral to mandibular canal, from forth pore to halfway between fifth and sixth pores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DFA8A4CDE6100" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Photophores on body: 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FE64FA8A4CA8623B" box="[463,492,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">lvf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FE50FA8A4F01623B" box="[507,581,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">pf, paf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FDFFFA8A4F3C623B" box="[596,632,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">vaf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD2CFA8A4FD8623B" box="[647,668,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">vf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD01FA8A4F82623B" box="[682,710,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">trf</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD7EFA8A4FB5623B" box="[725,753,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">rtf</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FC9AFA8A4E17623B" box="[817,851,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">spf</emphasis>
absent; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FC1FFA8A4E90623B" box="[948,980,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">scf</emphasis>
usually absent, present as three photophores in a single specimen (USNM 240671); 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FD16FAE24F896263" box="[701,717,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">if</emphasis>
in two rows, from isthmus to ventral edge of cleithrum; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FAC7FAE248D86263" box="[1388,1436,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">prvf</emphasis>
in irregular single row, from posterior to cleithrum, connected to 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FC1BFADA4E98628B" box="[944,988,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ptvf</emphasis>
posteriorly and extending to slightly anterior to anus; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FECFFA324CC062B3" box="[356,388,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">svf</emphasis>
triangular, anterodorsal to pelvic-fin; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FCE5FA324E3462B3" box="[846,880,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">saf</emphasis>
in two rows, oval, not extending anteriorly to anus, and connected posteriorly; 
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FDBCFA6A4F0162DB" box="[535,581,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">prcf</emphasis>
oval-shaped or three-pronged, medial prong extending over anteriormost lower procurrent rays.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DF9A549CE6150" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DF9A54F49612B" bold="true" box="[198,525,1551,1577]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Identification of juveniles.</emphasis>
The smallest specimen recognized has 
<quantity id="CA7F80D3FFDFFFC3FC77F9BA49006128" box="[988,1092,1552,1578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.84" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="28.4">28.4 mm</quantity>
(SIO 68-537); the identification was concave shape of snout and the complete development of photophore groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DF9F54F1361C8" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DF9F54C56617B" bold="true" box="[198,274,1631,1657]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Color.</emphasis>
Specimens preserved for long time faded to light brown. Body brown or dark brown, except for triangular area on epiphyseal branch. Pectoral, pelvic first and second dorsal, anal and caudal fins hyaline. Internal area of mouth and gill arches pale.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="459D7EBDFFDFFFC3FF6DF97D49F46068" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DF97D4F146040" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DF97D4C2361F3" bold="true" box="[198,359,1751,1777]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, from 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FC1EF9724EBA61F0" box="[949,1022,1752,1778]" degrees="40" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="40.0">40° N</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FB80F972493561F0" box="[1067,1137,1752,1778]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30° S</geoCoordinate>
, 22° to 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FB7CF972486C61F0" box="[1239,1320,1752,1778]" degrees="83" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="-83.0">83° W</geoCoordinate>
. A single record in the Indian Ocean, from the Arabian Sea; from 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FC8FF8AA4EC06018" box="[804,900,1792,1818]" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="2.0">2°00’ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FC3BF8AA49406018" box="[912,1028,1792,1818]" degrees="55" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="-55.0">55°00’ W</geoCoordinate>
. In the Pacific Plate; from 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FA92F8AA483A6018" box="[1337,1406,1792,1818]" degrees="22" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="22.0">22° N</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FF3CF8824D9D6040" box="[151,217,1832,1858]" degrees="25" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="-25.0">25° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FF4DF8824C046040" box="[230,320,1832,1858]" degrees="100" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="-100.0">100° W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="68B34BF1FFDFFFC3FECDF8824C856040" box="[358,449,1832,1858]" degrees="157" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55555" value="-157.0">157° W</geoCoordinate>
(
<figureCitation id="95BC31B3FFDFFFC3FE7AF8824F066040" box="[465,578,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="40.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,1554,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-99@40.[151,1436,1548,1926]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 18. Maps of distribution of (A) Pseudoscopelus altipinnis (triangle) and P.paxtoni (star); (B) P. scutatus (star) and P. bothrorrhinos (diamond). Each symbol may represent more than one locality; solid symbols represent type localities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6031450/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 18 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D382D36FFDFFFC3FF6DF8E549F46068" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,1898]" box="[198,1200,1871,1898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3FF3F124FFDFFFC3FF6DF8E54F41606B" bold="true" box="[198,517,1871,1897]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bathymetric distribution.</emphasis>
Meso- to bathypelagic, from 
<quantity id="CA7F80D3FFDFFFC3FCCAF8FA4EB96068" box="[865,1021,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.004999999999999" metricValueMax="17.16" metricValueMin="0.85" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="900.5" valueMax="1716.0" valueMin="85.0">85 to 1716 m</quantity>
(mean 
<quantity id="CA7F80D3FFDFFFC3FBFEF8FA49E76068" box="[1109,1187,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.779999999999999" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="578.0">578 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>