treatments-xml/data/03/8F/87/038F87D4CA52FFBCCFED3B6CF6BCFEF0.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA52FFBCCFED3B6CF6BCFEF0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mellivora capensis Schreber 1776" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="622" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="621" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>564</mods:start>
<mods:end>656</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714051" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714051" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA52FFBCCFED3B6CF6BCFEF0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA52FFBCCFED3B6CF6BCFEF0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="622" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<heading pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<subSubSection box="[1416,1447,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1413,2127,1893,2019]" box="[1416,1447,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<figureCitation box="[1416,1447,1892,1942]" captionStart="Plate 32: Mustelidae" captionStartId="2.[137,167,3446,3471]" captionTargetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. American Badger (Taxidea taxus), 2. Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis), 3. Hog Badger (Arctonyx collars), 4. Japanese Badger (Meles anakuma), 5. Asian Badger (Meles leucurus), 6. European Badger (Meles meles)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363018/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">2.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1464,1766,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1413,2127,1893,2019]" box="[1464,1766,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<vernacularName box="[1464,1766,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Honey Badger</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1780,2126,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1413,2127,1893,2019]" box="[1780,2126,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[1780,2126,1892,1942]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis box="[1780,2126,1892,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Mellivora capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1413,2127,1893,2019]" box="[1415,1958,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[1415,1491,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1501,1549,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Ratel</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[1571,1662,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1672,1788,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Honigdachs</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[1809,1900,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1910,1958,1959,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Ratel</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1413,2127,1893,2019]" box="[1414,1718,1998,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[1414,1660,1998,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1670,1718,1998,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Ratel</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[2029,2184,2067,2100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Viverra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">Viverra capensis Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2114,2598,2107,2140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" box="[2114,2598,2107,2140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806308" box="[2114,2598,2107,2140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<collectingRegion box="[2114,2184,2107,2140]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Cape</collectingRegion>
of Good Hope, 
<collectingCountry box="[2416,2594,2107,2140]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2029,2461,2146,2179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" box="[2029,2461,2146,2179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Ten subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714133/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" targetBox="[1415,2000,2075,2484]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" box="[2029,2428,2189,2218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[2029,2428,2189,2218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[2030,2431,2229,2258]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="capensis">M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
— S Africa N to 
<collectingCountry box="[2064,2167,2273,2298]" name="Angola" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Angola</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2183,2368,2273,2298]" name="Mozambique" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry box="[2447,2554,2273,2298]" name="Zambia" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Zambia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Baryshnikov, 2000" authorityName="Baryshnikov" authorityYear="2000" box="[2030,2488,2303,2336]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="buechneri">M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000</taxonomicName>
— C Asia including 
<collectingCountry box="[2172,2343,2343,2376]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2362,2522,2343,2376]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry name="Turkmenistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry box="[2237,2394,2385,2414]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[2027,2613,2067,2494]" lastBlockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1907" authorityName="Thomas &amp; Wroughton" authorityYear="1907" box="[2029,2612,2425,2454]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="concisa">M. c. concisa Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1907</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[2056,2159,2469,2494]" name="Algeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2181,2307,2469,2494]" name="Morocco" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, and Subsaharan Africa from 
<collectingCountry box="[1551,1704,2501,2530]" name="Mauritania" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry box="[1750,1871,2501,2530]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1460,2297,2546,2571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority=": Lydekker, 1906" authorityName=": Lydekker" authorityYear="1906" box="[1460,1790,2546,2571]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="cotton">M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906</taxonomicName>
— C Africa from 
<collectingCountry box="[2026,2119,2546,2571]" name="Gabon" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Gabon</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry box="[2165,2293,2546,2571]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1413,1937,2576,2609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Hodgson, 1836" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1836" box="[1413,1813,2576,2609]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="inaurita">M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1848,1933,2576,2609]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Nepal</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1421,2019,2620,2649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1421,1717,2620,2649]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="indica">\g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1752,1825,2620,2649]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1897,2015,2620,2649]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1412,2111,2655,2688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1923" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1923" box="[1412,1803,2655,2688]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="maxwell">M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1838,1923,2655,2688]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1995,2108,2655,2688]" name="Somalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Somalia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1421,2264,2693,2727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Pocock, 1946" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1946" box="[1421,1775,2693,2727]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="pumalio">\J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946</taxonomicName>
— S Arabian Peninsula and 
<collectingCountry box="[2161,2260,2694,2727]" name="Yemen" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Yemen</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" box="[1418,2167,2732,2767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Pocock, 1909" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1909" box="[1418,1772,2732,2767]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="signata">M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1807,1909,2742,2767]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1980,2163,2742,2767]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<taxonomicName authority="Cheesman, 1920" authorityName="Cheesman" authorityYear="1920" box="[1420,1816,2772,2807]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="wilsoni">\f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1852,1911,2782,2807]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Iran</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1928,1986,2782,2807]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Iraq</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2003,2080,2782,2807]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2091,2193,2782,2807]" name="Jordan" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2210,2306,2782,2807]" name="Kuwait" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2323,2450,2782,2807]" name="Lebanon" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry box="[1532,1601,2811,2844]" name="Syria" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Syria</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[1410,1658,2856,2885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 73: 
<quantity box="[1875,1992,2856,2885]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="cm" value="49.0" valueMax="95.0" valueMin="3.0">3-95 cm</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity box="[2127,2286,2856,2885]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.86" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="8.12" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="cm" value="88.6" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="81.2">81.2-96 cm</quantity>
(females), tail 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8649999999999998" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.43" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="cm" value="18.65" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="14.3">14.3-23 cm</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity box="[1600,1789,2896,2925]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.885" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="cm" value="18.85" valueMax="22.5" valueMin="15.2">15.2-22.5 cm</quantity>
(females); weight 
<quantity box="[2070,2236,2896,2925]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.1" metricValueMax="10.5" metricValueMin="7.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="kg" value="9.1" valueMax="10.5" valueMin="7.7">7.7-10.5 kg</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity box="[2382,2549,2896,2925]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="13.6" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="kg" value="9.9" valueMax="13.6" valueMin="6.2">6.2-13.6 kg</quantity>
(females). The Honey Badger is a short, stocky animal, with strong limbs and a short tail. The upperparts, from the top of the head to the base of the tail, are gray to pale yellow or whitish, and contrast sharply with the dark brown or black of the underparts. Completely black individuals have been reported from some parts of Africa. The tail is black, with a gray or white tip. The front feet are broad, with strong, long claws (&gt; 
<quantity box="[1452,1556,3131,3160]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
), whereas the hindfeet have small claws (
<quantity box="[2154,2261,3131,3160]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
). There are two pairs of mammae. The skull is massive, with short orbital processes and robust teeth. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,.P 3/3, M1/1 =32.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="622" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1407,2612,2501,3358]" lastBlockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="622" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
<emphasis box="[1408,1519,3245,3278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">Habitat.</emphasis>
Honey Badgers are found in diverse habitats including deep forests, subtropical dry evergreen forests, tropical thorn forests, open Acacia, Combretum and Terminalia woodlands, open riparian woodland (dominated by Acacia albida), Tarai or marshes, floodplain grasslands (dominated by Vetivaria nigritana), bushveld, afro-alpine steppes, rocky hills and kopjes, Rhigozum scrub sandveld, savannah, dry swamps, waterless sandplains, coastal sandveld, and deserts. They tolerate habitats with a rainfall of over 
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="mm" value="2000.0">2000 mm</quantity>
(annually) as well as arid areas with less than 
<quantity box="[944,1058,414,447]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
annual rainfall. Honey Badgers are found from sea level up to 
<quantity box="[750,856,455,488]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="m" value="4050.0">4050 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6363018" box="[137,1929,3446,3471]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363018/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" startId="2.[137,167,3446,3471]" targetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph blockId="2.[134,2610,3424,3477]" box="[137,1929,3446,3471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="621">
On following pages: 3. Hog Badger (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[536,717,3446,3471]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">Arctonyx collaris</taxonomicName>
); 4. Japanese Badger (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[970,1037,3446,3471]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Meles</taxonomicName>
anakuma); 5. Asian Badger (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1354,1421,3446,3471]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Meles</taxonomicName>
leucurus): 6. European Badger (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1776,1843,3446,3471]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="621" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Meles</taxonomicName>
meles).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[197,454,497,526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The diet is mostly mammals, insects, amphibians, reptiles and birds, but also includes roots, berries, and fruit (such as ber Zizyphusjubata). Favorite foods are honey and the larvae of honeybees (Hymenoptera). However, their adaptation to burrowing, together with the abundance of subterranean animals found in six stomachs, suggests that honey is only a secondary food item. Consumption of honey may also be seasonal because it is more widely available in the drier months of the year. In October and November, Honey Badgers in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, 
<collectingCountry box="[1219,1394,729,762]" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, were found to eat mainly rodents, which occurred in 60% of scats and made up c. 30% of the volume of food. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) chicks, Spring Hares (Pedetes 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[1280,1386,812,841]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">capensis</taxonomicName>
), Meerkats, as well as domestic sheep and goats, were also eaten. They are strong diggers, and do not hesitate to dig after rodents or other prey hiding underground. Food items are detected mostly by smell or sound. Excess food may be cached in a den. When Honey Badgers eat, the food is held between the front claws while the forelegs rest on the ground. Beehives are opened by tearing away the wood of trees; honey combs are also scooped out from the cracks of rocks with the claws of the forefeet. Grubs are removed from the comb with their incisors. The clay capsules of estivating lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus), cases of insect pupae, carapaces of turtles, or skins of animals are peeled away to expose the softer inner parts to be eaten. Honey Badgers dig large spiders out of holes 
<quantity box="[480,609,1201,1234]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="cm" value="20.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="15.0">15-25 cm</quantity>
deep in the ground. Fish are caught with the claws at the edge of streams or from drying pans. They may raid campgrounds or dumpsters at night and are widely blamed for breaking into poultry houses and apiaries. The anecdotal relationship between the Honey Badger and a bird, the greater honeyguide (Indicator indicator), may be mythical. Although these two animals may occur together at the nests of bees, a complete observation of this supposed symbiotic relationship, from the initial attraction by a greater honeyguide of a Honey Badger, through guiding to a nest by the honeyguide, to the breaking open of the nest by the Honey Badger does not exist.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[200,438,1516,1549]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Primarily nocturnal, although diurnal observations are numerous. Honey Badgers shelter in burrows, thick brush, caves, clumps of fallen bamboo, hollow trees, old ruins, rock shelters, dens excavated by themselves, or abandoned burrows. Hollow trees are entered from the top.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[202,900,1677,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Honey Badgers are good swimmers and can chase turtles underwater. They can also climb trees. Daily movements average 
<quantity box="[206,341,1752,1785]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10-30 km</quantity>
, with males covering longer distances than females. Female Honey Badgers forage in a relatively small area, covering c. 
<quantity box="[839,928,1791,1824]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
/day. They zig-zag short distances from bush to bush, digging on average 10-2 holes/km. Males engage in long-distance foraging, covering c. 
<quantity box="[515,609,1870,1903]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
/day; only c. 1-3 holes/km are dug. Mean straightline distance between dens from one day to the next is c¢. 2: 
<quantity box="[985,1056,1913,1942]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
for short-distance foragers and c. 10- 
<quantity box="[393,459,1953,1982]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
for long-distance foragers. Males and females differ significantly in their rate of travel (
<quantity box="[487,592,1988,2021]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3-8 km</quantity>
/h and 
<quantity box="[700,805,1988,2021]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2-7 km</quantity>
/h, respectively), straight line (6- 
<quantity box="[1269,1340,1988,2021]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
and 
<quantity box="[205,305,2027,2060]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="2.4">2.4 km</quantity>
) and actual distance (13- 
<quantity box="[676,748,2027,2060]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
and 7- 
<quantity box="[854,928,2027,2060]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
) moved during an active period, but do not differ in the percentage of their home range area traversed in a single day (3%). Honey Badgers are mostly solitary, but pairs may be seen and aggregations may occur at feeding sites. Occasionally, after foraging in a particular area for most of the night, a male may suddenly move off to a location less than 
<quantity box="[1063,1132,2185,2218]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
away, where it may meet up with other adults. On one occasion in 
<collectingCountry box="[894,1040,2224,2257]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, six animals met up; they showed no aggression but continuously uttered a wide range of grunts, hisses, squeaks, and whines while rolling in the sand, sniffing each other, and scent marking. Such gatherings may last more than 18 min, and the Honey Badgers may retreat to the same den during the day. Radio-telemetry in the southern Kalahari revealed that the mean home range size of adult males (
<quantity box="[657,760,2425,2454]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.41" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="541.0">541 km</quantity>
?) wassignificantly larger than the mean home range size of adult females (
<quantity box="[618,730,2460,2493]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="126.0">126 km</quantity>
?). While mean home range overlap in females was moderate (13%) and home range centres were regularly spaced, females did not appearto actively defend a territory and no direct interactions between females were observed. Scent marking appears to mediate spatial-temporal separation and females show a loosely territorial spacing pattern. In contrast, the home ranges of males encompassed the overlapping home ranges of up to 
<specimenCount box="[920,1069,2661,2690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="female">13 females</specimenCount>
. Young males tended to have smaller home ranges (
<quantity box="[601,699,2696,2729]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="km" value="151.0">151 km</quantity>
?*) than adult males and showed a spacing pattern more similar to adult females than adult males.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[208,342,2774,2807]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Breeding.</emphasis>
Mating occurs throughout the year and there appears to be no distinct breeding season. The gestation period is 50-70 days. Litter size is commonly one to two. Only the motherraises the young. The young are born blind and helpless inside a burrow. At two days of age, one captive Honey Badger weighed c. 
<quantity box="[1121,1223,2892,2925]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="kg" value="11.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="0.0">0-23 kg</quantity>
and was hairless except for a few hairs on the face; the head and body length was 19- 
<quantity box="[1217,1286,2932,2965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
, and the tail was 
<quantity box="[318,414,2971,3004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="622" unit="cm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3-8 cm</quantity>
. It uttered squeaks and low guttural sounds during the first weeks, usually at feeding time; vocalization changed to deep, drawn-out, ominous growls at ten weeks. Within three months, the young have a fully developed adult pelage. The claws are fully formed on each foot at four weeks of age. The eyes open after 33 days and teeth begin erupting at 36 days and are fully developed at around three months. Adult size is reached after six months. Attempts at walking progress from a swimming motion (using all four legs) at age two to three weeks,to a forward dragging movement by the front legs at age five weeks, to a trot, similar to that of an adult, at eight weeks. Climbing starts at ten weeks. The young reach independence after 12-16 months.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="3.[197,1412,296,3488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[211,568,3325,3358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern in The 
<collectionCode box="[1099,1178,3325,3358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">IUCN</collectionCode>
Red List. Honey Badgers do not occur at high densities and are considered uncommon throughout their range. Persecution by beekeepers and livestock farmers is probably the greatest threat to this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="622" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="3.[1470,2671,303,370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">
<emphasis box="[1471,1622,303,324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="622">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Begg, C. et al. (2005a, 2005b), Begg, K. (1995), Dean et al. (1990), Kruuk &amp; Mills (1983), Smithers &amp; Chimimba (2005), Stuart (1981), Vanderhaar &amp; Hwang (2003), Wozencraft (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>