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<document id="635ECFE7A1240533B546BD09325EA99A" ID-CLB-Dataset="36829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3823.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdc3964e-ebf3-491e-b10c-9ad6592cb0f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286373" ID-ZooBank="0D42FA17-3B11-4DBB-9E48-D7D505F9CE29" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460443345149" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Austin, William C., Ott, Bruce S., Reiswig, Henry M., Romagosa, Paula &amp; G, Neil" docDate="2014" docId="03D0FB0AFFAA2E3409E0FDE3FC1C7912" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03823p084.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3823 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Sphaerotylus raphidophora Austin, Ott, Reiswig, Romagosa &amp; G, 2014, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFE98372FF892E120977FF89FF837A07" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698333174097" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="519C3EFE48067893D18B7DC17827A9C0">Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B8FABEEFCCF432907447A78E664FA99C">Austin, William C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="14279DB989BC9DB3FAA56355F282929E">Ott, Bruce S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="35B8574FEEBB824EAEC2F29D5BF9A9C6">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D7CB3B562EB1F0DEFAAC653EBA5660D5">Romagosa, Paula</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB5FE279DEAD94AE2352D1CB7230F113">G, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FCAEB4B8D2F7FF7B088AAF0EB69E7F0B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="9D2944DD13D48BE940802435F4053CCE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3823.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D0FB0AFFAA2E3409E0FDE3FC1C7912" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6132546" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6132546" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D0FB0AFFAA2E3409E0FDE3FC1C7912" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0FB0AFFAA2E3409E0FDE3FC1C7912" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFAA2E3109E0FDE3FE0178A1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAA2E3109E0FDE3FDAF7883" blockId="35.[151,556,618,678]" box="[151,556,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="D08EFD70FFAA2E3109E0FDE3FDAF7883" bold="true" box="[151,556,618,644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E3109E0FDE3FDAF7883" bold="true" box="[151,556,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAA2E3109E0FDE3FE617883" box="[151,482,618,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E3109E0FDE3FE617883" bold="true" box="[151,482,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sphaerotylus raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23E2B75FFAA2E31089EFDE3FDAF7883" box="[489,556,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAA2E3109E0FD04FE0178A1" blockId="35.[151,556,618,678]" box="[151,386,653,678]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAA2E3109E0FD04FF7378A1" box="[151,240,653,678]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,794,1927]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
A–D, 13A–F
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFAA2E3109E0FD5CFBC378E9" box="[151,1088,725,750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAA2E3109E0FD5CFBC378E9" blockId="35.[151,1088,725,750]" box="[151,1088,725,750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E3109E0FD5CFE9D78E9" bold="true" box="[151,286,725,750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name,
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E31088EFD5CFD1F78E9" box="[505,668,725,750]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAA2E31088EFD5CFD1478E9" box="[505,663,725,750]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora">raphidophora</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
reflects its raphide bearing character.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF061A94FFAA2E3109E0F815FC047DF7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAA2E3109E0F815FC047DF7" blockId="35.[151,1436,1948,2032]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E3109E0F815FEA27DB5" bold="true" box="[151,289,1948,1970]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAA2E31085FF815FDC37DB5" box="[296,576,1948,1970]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E31085FF815FDC37DB5" box="[296,576,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sphaerotylus raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23E2B75FFAA2E310B30F815FD027DB5" box="[583,641,1948,1970]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAA2E310B30F815FD027DB5" bold="true" box="[583,641,1948,1970]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF061A94FFAD2E3609E0F9B2FB8B7C89" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAD2E3609E0F9B2FB8B7C89" blockId="36.[151,1436,1595,1678]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609E0F9B2FEA37C56" bold="true" box="[151,288,1595,1617]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAD2E360850F9B2FDBD7C56" box="[295,574,1595,1617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E360850F9B2FDBD7C56" box="[295,574,1595,1617]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Sphaerotylus raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23E2B75FFAD2E360B32F9B2FDFC7C56" box="[581,639,1595,1617]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E360B32F9B2FDFC7C56" bold="true" box="[581,639,1595,1617]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFAD2E3409B0F93CFC797BD7" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAD2E3609B0F93CFE907DA1" blockId="36.[151,1437,1717,2030]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609B0F93CFE367CC9" bold="true" box="[199,437,1717,1742]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAD2E3608B6F93CFDAD7CC9" box="[449,558,1717,1742]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFAD2E360B4AF93FFD0D7CC9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[573,654,1718,1742]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">USNM</collectionCode>
1231336,
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFAD2E360A79F93FFCDC7CC9" box="[782,863,1718,1742]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qzhp-igg5" name="National Oceanic and Atmospeheric Administration" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">NOAA</collectionCode>
2004 Exploring Alaska's Seamounts Expedition,
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609E0F950FF507CF5" box="[151,211,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Alvin</emphasis>
Dive 4040, Giacomini Seamount, Gulf of Alaska, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFAD2E360A63F950FC1E7CF5" box="[788,925,1753,1778]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="9" value="56.423832">56º 25.43′N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFAD2E360ADEF950FBC57CF5" box="[937,1094,1753,1778]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="9" value="-146.37134">146º 22.28′W</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAD2E360D2EF950FB237CF6" box="[1113,1184,1753,1778]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.62" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="862.0">862 m</quantity>
depth,
<date id="FFC76CDCFFAD2E360D84F953FA147CF5" box="[1267,1431,1753,1778]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2004-08-16">Aug. 16, 2004</date>
.
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609B0F974FEDA7D11" bold="true" box="[199,345,1789,1814]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E360828F976FDDA7D11" box="[351,601,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Macroscopic features.</emphasis>
Specimen irregular button shape about
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAD2E360D6FF974FB167D11" box="[1048,1173,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.7 cm</quantity>
in diameter by
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAD2E360C31F974FA1E7D11" box="[1350,1437,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E3609E8F8A8FF727D3D" box="[159,241,1825,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,794,1927]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A). No papillae present; however, one or more may have broken off. Colour in alcohol “yellow-brown”.
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609B0F8CEFE3A7D59" box="[199,441,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Microscopic features.</emphasis>
Skeleton composed of a palisade of megasleres, many with rounded tips protruding from the surface. Longitudal tracts of megascleres radiate out through the choanosome to end at the base of the ectosome (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E3609E8F804FF717DA1" box="[159,242,1933,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,794,1927]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAD2E3709B0F838FE397B47" blockId="36.[151,1437,1717,2030]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAD2E3609B0F838FEAF7DCD" box="[199,300,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spicules.</emphasis>
Spicule complement includes exotyles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E360A73F838FCDB7DCD" box="[772,856,1969,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
A), two classes of tylostyles (small,
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E360C71F838FAD07DCD" box="[1286,1363,1969,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig 13</figureCitation>
C, D), (medium,
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E36087CF85CFED87DE9" box="[267,347,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
E), large subtylostyles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E360B10F85CFD3B7DE9" box="[615,696,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
F), and raphides (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAD2E360AF7F85CFC517DE9" box="[896,978,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
B). Megascleres in the ectosome include exotyles which have a granulated head ranging from stylote to tylote (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAC2E370AB6FF1EFB967AB7" box="[961,1045,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,794,1927]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
C, D). They are strongylote rather than stylote at the other end. Small styles to tylostyles occur in the ectosome (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAC2E370D79FF35FBDC7AD3" box="[1038,1119,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
C) while large subtylostyles form the longitudinal tracts in the choanosome (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAC2E370BC8FF56FC917AFF" box="[703,786,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
D). Additional medium size tylostyles occur between the tracts (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAC2E37099FFE8DFEBD7B1B" box="[232,318,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
E). Raphides bundled in trichodragmata (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFAC2E370A50FE8DFCFE7B1B" box="[807,893,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[179,1408,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. (cont.) A, composite of all spicule types at same magnification, scale bar 500 µm; B, raphides, scale bar upper 3 µm and lower 5 µm; C, small tylostyles, scale bar 50 µm; D, small subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, medium tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286386/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
B) were found in samples from four different locations in the specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E0FEE6FDF7790B" blockId="37.[151,448,367,392]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,719,781]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAC2E3709E0FEE6FF7C7B8F" box="[151,255,367,392]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFAC2E370871FEF9FED47B8F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[262,343,368,392]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM</collectionCode>
1231336
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3709B0FD46FEB878EF" bold="true" box="[199,315,719,744]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
We compared spicules in our species with those in
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370A0BFD46FB8E78EF" box="[892,1037,719,744]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E370A0BFD46FB8E78EF" box="[892,1037,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sphaerotylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species listed in the World Porifera Database (van
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAC2E37084AFD7DFE79790B" author="Soest" box="[317,506,756,781]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M. (2012) World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera. (accessed 1 November 2012)" type="journal article" year="2012">
Soest
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3708F6FD7CFE3A790A" box="[385,441,756,781]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<tableCitation id="C6FB7FA7FFAC2E370B78FD7DFDE5790B" box="[527,614,756,781]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="37.[151,239,828,851]" captionTargetBox="[159,1259,420,648]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="TABLE 9. Comparison of spicule sizes (Μm) and particularly the form and size of the exotyles in the species of Sphaerotylus listed in van Soest et al. (2012) with species described in this paper. The * denotes that size cut-off between medium and large subtylostyles could have been at about 500 Μm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994">Table 9</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FE2DFCD0788F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F979B8BCFFACD1ED09E8FE2DFB68788F" box="[159,1259,420,648]" gridcols="4" gridrows="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FE2DFB687BBD" box="[159,1259,420,442]" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FE2DFED97BBD" box="[159,346,420,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Spicule Type</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FE2DFD997BBD" box="[466,538,420,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig.</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FE2DFCE67BBD" box="[625,869,420,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Length</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0A8CFE2DFB687BBD" box="[1019,1259,420,442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Width</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FE44FB687BE4" box="[159,1259,461,483]" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FE44FED97BE4" box="[159,346,461,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Exotyle</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FE44FD997BE4" box="[466,538,461,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">13A</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FE44FCE67BE4" box="[625,869,461,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">568–(890)–1374 N=40</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A8CFE44FB687BE4" box="[1019,1259,461,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">26.0–(38.9)–49.9 N=36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FE7FFB68780B" box="[159,1259,502,524]" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FE7FFED9780B" box="[159,346,502,524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Small tylostyle</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FE7FFD99780B" box="[466,538,502,524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">13C, D</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FE7FFCE6780B" box="[625,869,502,524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">104–(172)–271 N=182</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A8CFE7FFB68780B" box="[1019,1259,502,524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.0–(3.6)–6.6 N=72</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FDA9FB687831" box="[159,1259,544,566]" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FDA9FED97831" box="[159,346,544,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Medium tylostyle</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FDA9FD997831" box="[466,538,544,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">13E</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FDA9FCE67831" box="[625,869,544,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">228–(418)–613 N=181</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A8CFDA9FB687831" box="[1019,1259,544,566]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">10.5–(13.4)–17.8 N=37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FDC0FB687858" box="[159,1259,585,607]" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FDC0FED97858" box="[159,346,585,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Large subtylostyle</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FDC0FD997858" box="[466,538,585,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">13F</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FDC0FCE67858" box="[625,869,585,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">711–(1107)–1615 N=77</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A8CFDC0FB687858" box="[1019,1259,585,607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">10.3–(20.4)–25.4 N=32</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8FDFBFB68788F" box="[159,1259,626,648]" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8FDFBFED9788F" box="[159,346,626,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Raphide</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08A5FDFBFD99788F" box="[466,538,626,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">13B</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0B06FDFBFCE6788F" box="[625,869,626,648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">60.8–(72.4)–80.0 N=4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" ID-Table-UUID="DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[159,1259,420,648]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" blockId="37.[151,1436,828,915]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3709E0FCB5FE8C7954" bold="true" box="[151,271,828,851]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">TABLE 9.</emphasis>
Comparison of spicule sizes (Μm) and particularly the form and size of the exotyles in the species of
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3709E0FCD5FEA27974" box="[151,289,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sphaerotylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed in van Soest
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E370886FCD5FDA47974" box="[497,551,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(2012) with species described in this paper. The *denotes that size cut-off between medium and large subtylostyles could have been at about 500 Μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FC27FAAD79C3" blockId="37.[159,1343,942,1171]" box="[159,1326,942,965]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Spicule
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAC2E370986FC26FEA379C3" box="[241,288,943,964]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
. Austin
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E370881FC39FDA979C3" box="[502,554,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
Boury-Esnault Koltun Kirkpatrick Hentschel
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3708DBFC51FB7F79E9" blockId="37.[159,1343,942,1171]" box="[428,1276,984,1006]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">this paper 2002 1966 1908 1914</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3708DBFB88FAA47E47" blockId="37.[159,1343,942,1171]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3708DBFB88FABC7E10" box="[428,1343,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E3708DBFB88FDBA7E10" box="[428,569,1025,1047]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora">raphidophora</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370B0FFB8BFD567E10" box="[632,725,1026,1047]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">capitatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370A34FB88FC237E10" box="[835,928,1025,1047]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schoenus">schoenus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370A8CFB8BFBDB7E10" box="[1019,1112,1026,1047]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">capitatus</taxonomicName>
vanhoeffeni
</emphasis>
s. Alaska Barents Sea Arctic
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFAC2E370A8CFBA3FAA47E47" box="[1019,1319,1066,1088]" name="Antarctica" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Antarctic Antarctic</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FBDDFAAC7E6D" blockId="37.[159,1343,942,1171]" box="[159,1327,1108,1130]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Exotyles 568–1374 650–950 600–1250 760 504–1080</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3708DBFBF4FA9C7EE1" blockId="37.[159,1343,942,1171]" lastBlockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">stylote-tylote tylote subtylote-tylote spherulote club granules granules granules granules granules</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FB70FAAD7F08" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1326,1273,1295]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lg.subtylostyles 711–1615 753–950 650–1504 1120 840–1416</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FAABFAA27F3F" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1313,1314,1336]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Med. tylostyles 228–613 314–656 416–605 ca. 365 272–480</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FAC5FBA27F65" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1057,1356,1378]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sm.subtylostyles 159–271 213 below part 218</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FAFCFAA27F8C" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1313,1397,1419]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sm. tylostyles 104–174 109–141 96–230 ca. 150 104–136</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FA17FB677FB3" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1252,1438,1460]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Raphides 61–80 nil nil nil nil</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3709E8FA41FA847FD9" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" box="[159,1287,1480,1502]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Spicle
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAC2E370993FA40FE937FD9" box="[228,272,1481,1502]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
Austin
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E370883FA40FDA47FD9" box="[500,551,1480,1502]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
Koltun / Plotkin Koltun / Plotkin Kirkpatrick Koltun
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3708DDFA78FDA17C7F" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
this paper 1970/2002 1970/2002 1908 1966
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAC2E3708DDF992FA907C37" box="[426,1299,1562,1584]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E3708DDF992FE7A7C37" box="[426,505,1563,1584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="verenae">verenae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370BE6F992FD6D7C37" box="[657,750,1563,1584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sceptrum">sceptrum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370A34F993FC297C37" box="[835,938,1562,1584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exotylotus">exotylotus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370A82F992FBE57C37" box="[1013,1126,1563,1584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarcticus">antarcticus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAC2E370DB6F993FA907C37" authority="Off" authorityName="Off" box="[1217,1299,1562,1584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="borealis">borealis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Off
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFAC2E3708A4F9CDFE777C5D" box="[467,500,1604,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BC</collectionCode>
/ NW Pacific NW Pacific
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFAC2E370A82F9CDFBD07C5D" box="[1013,1107,1604,1626]" name="Antarctica" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Barents Sea Washington
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3409E8F905FE107B47" blockId="37.[159,1336,1232,1739]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Exotyles
<date id="FFC76CDCFFAC2E3708DDF905FD9F7CA5" box="[426,540,1676,1698]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1008" valueMax="1459">1008–1459</date>
200–250 500–850 8000 5000–7500 stylote-subtylote scepter-club chalice style-mushroom mushroom The exotyles and large tylostyles of our species are approximately the same size range as those reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E3409E0FF35FEB97AD2" author="Koltun" box="[151,314,188,213]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of the north and far eastern seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 90, 1 - 107. [In Russian: Translated by Fisheries Research Board Canada, Ottawa, 1971]" type="journal article" year="1966">Koltun (1966)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340807FF34FE757AD3" box="[368,502,189,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340807FF34FE757AD3" box="[368,502,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. capitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340B7EFF35FCD67AD2" author="Koltun" box="[521,853,188,213]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of the north and far eastern seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 90, 1 - 107. [In Russian: Translated by Fisheries Research Board Canada, Ottawa, 1971]" type="journal article" year="1966">
Koltun, 1966 as
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340BB8FF34FCD67AD2" box="[719,853,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schoenus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340BB8FF34FCD67AD2" box="[719,853,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. schoenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340A06FF35FBF07AD2" box="[881,1139,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schoenus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340A06FF35FBF07AD2" box="[881,1139,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sphaerotylus schoenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently considered a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E3408F7FF69FD897AFF" box="[384,522,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3408F7FF69FD897AFF" box="[384,522,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. capitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340BEFFF56FCB77AFF" author="Sollas" box="[664,820,223,248]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1882) The sponge-fauna of Norway; a report on the Rev. A. M. Norman's collection of sponges from the Norwegian Coast. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5), 9 (51), 141 - 165, pls. VI, VII." type="journal article" year="1882">Sollas (1882)</bibRefCitation>
only named the species, giving no description nor declaring a
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAF2E34086DFE8CFEC97B1A" box="[282,330,261,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
specimen.
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E3408BDFE8DFD497B1A" box="[458,714,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schoenus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3408BDFE8DFD497B1A" box="[458,714,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sphaerotylus schoenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered a
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340AEEFE8CFBB47B1A" box="[921,1079,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">nomen nudum</emphasis>
by e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340DEEFE8DFAEF7B1B" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[1177,1388,260,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 4, 1 - 56, pls VIII - XXVI." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick (1908)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E3409E0FEAEFE0C7B47" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[151,399,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Harper, N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Pub., New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Boury-Esnault (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAC2E3708DDF881FB5F7DEB" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F979B8BCFFACD1ED09E8F881FAB17DEB" box="[159,1330,1800,2028]" gridcols="6" gridrows="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F881FAB17D19" box="[159,1330,1800,1822]" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED08DDF881FDAB7D19" box="[426,552,1800,1822]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">smooth</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F881FD747D19" box="[657,759,1800,1822]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">granules</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0A34F881FC2A7D19" box="[835,937,1800,1822]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">granules</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0A82F881FBC87D19" box="[1013,1099,1800,1822]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">granules</th>
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED0DB6F881FAB17D19" box="[1217,1330,1800,1822]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">granules</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F8B8FAB17D40" box="[159,1330,1841,1863]" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8F8B8FEC87D40" box="[159,331,1841,1863]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lg.subtylostyles</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08DDF8B8FDAB7D40" box="[426,552,1841,1863]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1075–1373*</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F8B8FD747D40" box="[657,759,1841,1863]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">600–1400</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A34F8B8FC2A7D40" box="[835,937,1841,1863]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">700–1700</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A82F8B8FBC87D40" box="[1013,1099,1841,1863]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2800</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0DB6F8B8FAB17D40" box="[1217,1330,1841,1863]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1100–2100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F8D3FAB17D77" box="[159,1330,1882,1904]" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8F8D3FEC87D77" box="[159,331,1882,1904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Med. tylostyles</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08DDF8D3FDAB7D77" box="[426,552,1882,1904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">384–1046*</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F8D3FD747D77" box="[657,759,1882,1904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">370–600</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A34F8D3FC2A7D77" box="[835,937,1882,1904]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">200–500</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A82F8D3FBC87D77" box="[1013,1099,1882,1904]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">400</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0DB6F8D3FAB17D77" box="[1217,1330,1882,1904]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">200–792</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F80DFAB17D9D" box="[159,1330,1924,1946]" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8F80DFEC87D9D" box="[159,331,1924,1946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sm.subtylostyles</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F80DFD747D9D" box="[657,759,1924,1946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">200–400</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F824FAB17DC4" box="[159,1330,1965,1987]" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8F824FEC87DC4" box="[159,331,1965,1987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sm. tylostyles</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08DDF824FDAB7DC4" box="[426,552,1965,1987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">96–142</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F824FD747DC4" box="[657,759,1965,1987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">100–160</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A34F824FC2A7DC4" box="[835,937,1965,1987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">100–180</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A82F824FBC87DC4" box="[1013,1099,1965,1987]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">146</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0DB6F824FAB17DC4" box="[1217,1330,1965,1987]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">102–160</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3549485EFFACD1ED09E8F85FFAB17DEB" box="[159,1330,2006,2028]" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76982122FFACD1ED09E8F85FFEC87DEB" box="[159,331,2006,2028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Raphides</th>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED08DDF85FFDAB7DEB" box="[426,552,2006,2028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nil</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0BE6F85FFD747DEB" box="[657,759,2006,2028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nil</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A34F85FFC2A7DEB" box="[835,937,2006,2028]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nil</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0A82F85FFBC87DEB" box="[1013,1099,2006,2028]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nil</td>
<td id="76982122FFACD1ED0DB6F85FFAB17DEB" box="[1217,1330,2006,2028]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nil</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAF2E3409B0FEC5FC797BD7" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Our species differs from all other described species of
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340A3AFEC5FC5D7B62" box="[845,990,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340A3AFEC5FC5D7B62" box="[845,990,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sphaerotylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having raphides in trichodragmata. These were obvious in samples taken from four different locations in the specimen, and are unlikely to be contaminants. The raphides are not simple cylinders but have lateral branches. Raphides are not unknown among the
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E3409B7FE3EFEE07BD7" box="[192,355,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Polymastiidae</taxonomicName>
. They occur in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340BF6FE3EFC757BD7" authority="Boury-Esnault 2002" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="2002" box="[641,1014,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Spinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340BF6FE3EFD747BD7" box="[641,759,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Spinularia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340A72FE3EFC6D7BD7" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[773,1006,439,464]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Harper, N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Pub., New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Boury-Esnault 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFAF2E3409B0FE55FD947883" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAF2E3409B0FE55FD947883" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E3409B0FE55FD837BF2" box="[199,512,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3409B0FE55FD837BF2" box="[199,512,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sphaerotylus raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340BABFE54FB837BF2" box="[732,1024,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340BABFE54FCE57BF3" box="[732,870,477,500]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">S. capitatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340A00FE54FB837BF2" box="[887,1024,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schoenus">S. schoenus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340D58FE55FB427BF2" author="Koltun" box="[1071,1217,476,501]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of the north and far eastern seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 90, 1 - 107. [In Russian: Translated by Fisheries Research Board Canada, Ottawa, 1971]" type="journal article" year="1966">Koltun 1966</bibRefCitation>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340C7EFE54FEA5781F" authority="Koltun 1970" authorityName="Koltun" authorityYear="1970" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exotylotus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340C7EFE54FA1F7BF2" box="[1289,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. exotylotus</emphasis>
Koltun
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAF2E340999FD89FEA5781F" box="[238,294,512,536]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0038" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1970.0">1970</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in having longer exotyles and from
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340BB8FD89FBB4781F" authority="Kirkpatrick 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[719,1079,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340BB8FD89FCE8781F" box="[719,875,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. antarcticus</emphasis>
Kirkpatrick 1907
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340D04FD89FF4C783A" authority="Swarschewsky 1906" authorityName="Swarschewsky" authorityYear="1906" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340D04FD89FB68781F" box="[1139,1259,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. borealis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFAF2E340D82FE76FF4C783A" author="Swarschewsky" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Swartschewsky, B. (1906) Data on sponge fauna of the White Sea and in part of the Murmansk Coast. Zapiski Kievskago Obshchiestva. Estestvoispytatelei. Memoires de la Societe des Naturalistes de Kiew, 20 (2), 307 - 371." type="journal article" year="1906">
Swarschewsky
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAF2E3409E0FDADFF4C783A" box="[151,207,548,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.84124" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1906.0">1906</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having much shorter exotyles (
<tableCitation id="C6FB7FA7FFAF2E340B20FDADFD33783B" box="[599,688,548,573]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="37.[151,239,828,851]" captionTargetBox="[159,1259,420,648]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="TABLE 9. Comparison of spicule sizes (Μm) and particularly the form and size of the exotyles in the species of Sphaerotylus listed in van Soest et al. (2012) with species described in this paper. The * denotes that size cut-off between medium and large subtylostyles could have been at about 500 Μm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="DF061A94FFAC2E3709E0FCB5FCDB7994">Table 9</tableCitation>
). The large subtylostyles of
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340A80FDACFB32783A" box="[1015,1201,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340A80FDACFB32783A" box="[1015,1201,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also longer than those in
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340981FDC1FE037867" box="[246,384,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340981FDC1FEFF7867" box="[246,380,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capitatus">S. capitatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The mushroom shaped exotyles of
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340A78FDC1FC2A7867" box="[783,937,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340A78FDC1FC2A7867" box="[783,937,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340AA8FDC1FBD57867" box="[991,1110,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340AA8FDC1FBD57867" box="[991,1110,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of all other described species of
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340808FDE5FD937882" box="[383,528,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340808FDE5FD937882" box="[383,528,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sphaerotylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFAF2E3409B0FD06FC1C7912" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAF2E3409B0FD06FCFF78CA" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3409B0FD06FEDC78AF" bold="true" box="[199,351,655,680]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Conclusions.</emphasis>
We propose that our specimen be considered a new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFAF2E340D46FD19FB6F78AF" box="[1073,1260,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sphaerotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphidophora">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E340D46FD19FB6F78AF" box="[1073,1260,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. raphidophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but additional material should be examined from the vicinity of the
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFAF2E340B9CFD3CFC9878CA" box="[747,795,693,717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAF2E3409B0FD5EFDCA78F7" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" box="[199,585,727,752]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3409B0FD5EFE2D78F7" bold="true" box="[199,430,727,752]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Bathymetric range.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFAF2E3408C2FD5EFE7F78E8" box="[437,508,727,752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.62" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="862.0">862 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFAF2E3409B0FD75FC1C7912" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" box="[199,927,764,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFAF2E3409B0FD75FE6C7912" bold="true" box="[199,495,764,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
Giacomini Seamount, Gulf of Alaska.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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