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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28606" ID-GBIF-Dataset="388f3232-9132-4015-a839-c723b6aebc8f" ID-PMC="PMC6262044" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-798-23" ID-PubMed="30510464" ID-ZBK="3AC2C788DACA4C729EEFDB39AE686E5A" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-798-23" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 798" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Boloponera from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)" checkinTime="1542850892938" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hawkes, Peter G." docDate="2018" docId="510A5E1E39B093DC9951EEADE67836EC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 798: 23-44" docOrigin="ZooKeys 798" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28606" docTitle="Boloponera ikemkha Hawkes, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="8849C864-5D24-4BD6-A772-A09F2D8E9C7F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="72454819B30EFFC87E103259FFC1FFCC" masterDocTitle="A new species of Boloponera from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="23" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1542850892938" originalUpdateUser="pensoft" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1668166453763" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Boloponera from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hawkes, Peter G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>798</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>23</mods:start>
<mods:end>44</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28606</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28606</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-798-23</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">3AC2C788DACA4C729EEFDB39AE686E5A</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">3AC2C788DACA4C729EEFDB39AE686E5A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="149768472" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8849C864-5D24-4BD6-A772-A09F2D8E9C7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/510A5E1E39B093DC9951EEADE67836EC" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8849C864-5D24-4BD6-A772-A09F2D8E9C7F" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera ikemkha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ikemkha">Boloponera ikemkha</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="23">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Adult, Fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
, Fig. 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
, Fig. 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
, Larva, Fig. 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Worker measurements</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">(3 measured, holotype in parentheses): TL 3.35-3.42 (3.42), HL 0.76-0.77 (0.77), HW 0.61-0.62 (0.62), HH 0.48-0.49 (0.49), SL 0.43-0.44 (0.44), TLW 0.28-0.29 (0.28), ML 0.46 (0.46), PW 0.45-0.46 (0.45), WL 1.06-1.08 (1.07), PeNH 0.38-0.39 (0.39), PeH 0.43-0.44 (0.43), PeW 0.34-0.35 (0.34), PeNL 0.36-0.37 (0.36), ProTL 0.36-0.38 (0.37), MesTL 0.30-0.32 (0.31), MetTL 0.38-0.39 (0.38), Gt1L 0.56-0.57 (0.57), Gt1W 0.57-0.58 (0.58), Gt2L 0.66-0.68 (0.68), Gt2W 0.57-0.58 (0.58). Indices and estimates: CI 80-82 (81), SI 70-71 (71), HVe 0.117-0.124 (0.124), Gt1WI 53-55 (55), Gt2WI 53-55 (55) (all measurements in mm except HVe, which is presented in mm3).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera ikemkha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ikemkha">Boloponera ikemkha</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
holotype worker, CASENT0254322A full-face view B lateral view C dorsal view
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
paratype ergatoid queen, CASENT0254320, same magnifications as worker images D full-face view E lateral view F dorsal view (photographs by Peter Hawkes, from www.AntWeb.org).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Head subrectangular, moderately longer than wide (CI 80-82), posterior margin shallowly indented medially, sides almost straight but slightly divergent in anterior half, rounding posteriorly into the broadly convex vertices. Torular lobes extremely large and protruding anteriorly over the clypeus, forcing the medial portion of the posterior margin of the clypeus anterad of, and overhanging, the medially concave anterior clypeal margin. Torular lobes translucent and highly polished, without any trace of striate sculpture except in the median strip between the lobes, a few piligerous foveolae present adjacent to this strip and in the posterior portion of the lobes. A pair of short, weakly diverging setae arise medially at the upper (= posterior) margin of the clypeus, a second similar but more strongly divergent and longer pair arise below these from about the midlength of the clypeus and a third pair of strongly convergent setae arise from the lower (= anterior) clypeal margin. The latter setae cross each other at about their midlength. Lateral portion of clypeus divided into sloping anterior and flat posterior sections by a transverse carina. Clypeus smooth and shining, weakly sculptured posterolaterally and with several weak and incomplete diagonal carinae anteriorly. Frontal carinae are very short, fading out immediately behind the torular lobes and failing to reach the mid-length of the head. Eyes and ocelli absent. Mandibles smooth and shining with scattered piligerous punctures, elongate, curved inward apically and each with an apical and a preapical tooth, with an additional blunt tooth near and another at the base of the masticatory margin. A fine but distinct groove arises dorsally at the base of the basal margin, running diagonally across the outer surface of the mandible, reaching the lateroventral margin at about one third of the length of the mandible and continuing along this margin to the apex, but no dorsal groove parallel to the masticatory margin is present. Antennal scapes short, stout, basally curved and distally thickened; when laid back, scapes fall short of the posterior margin of the head by about half their length. Antennal segment 2 slightly longer than broad, segments 3 to 10 distinctly broader than long. Two-segmented club formed by segment 11, which is slightly broader than long, and the apical (12th) segment, which is twice as long as broad. Scapes with strong sub-appressed pubescence only, lacking erect setae, remaining segments with appressed pubescence and short suberect setae, all segments smooth and shining, unsculptured except for piligerous punctures. Head smooth and shining with scattered piligerous foveolae everywhere apart from a small posterodorsal patch medially, the foveolae irregularly spaced but on average separated by more than their diameter. Hairs arising from the foveolae appressed and medially oriented on dorsum of head. Foveolae weakly longitudinally aligned, spaces between them smooth and shining dorsally and posteriorly but laterally, anteriorly and ventrally undose. Mesosoma: laterally striate, becoming undose dorsolaterally, the sculpture stronger on the pronotum and metapleura, weaker on the mesopleura. All dorsal surfaces smooth and shining medially, weakly undose laterally. Entire dorsal mesosoma with scattered piligerous foveolae which are more widely spaced medially. Promesonotal suture well-defined and flexible, metanotal groove entirely absent dorsally and only faintly discernible laterally. Katepisternum well-defined and isolated by a sharply incised suture, anepisternum also sharply defined dorsally, but not posteriorly, where it is contiguous with the metapleuron. Propodeal spiracles round, situated at about the mid-height of the sides of the propodeum. Propodeal declivity flanked by strongly developed translucent lamellae running from the posterolateral corners of the propodeum to the metapleural lobes, with which they are confluent. In profile the propodeal dorsum meets the declivity in an obtuse angle, the surfaces s
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera ikemkha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ikemkha">Boloponera ikemkha</taxonomicName>
. A, B, D, E holotype worker CASENT0254322C, F paratype ergatoid queen CASENT0254320A head, lateral view B clypeus and mandibles C right scape, posterior view showing inflection from which length is measured D left metafemur, dorsal view E petiole, lateral view F petiole, ventral view (photographs by Peter Hawkes, from www.AntWeb.org).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Holotype worker. SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo, Sekhukhune, De Grooteboom 373 KT portion 1, 1025
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
10m, -24.93625, 30.14494
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
5m, P. Hawkes, J. Fisher, S. Pillay, 08.xii.2016, TRP2016b-TSF-131, Riverine fringe forest (in Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld), hand collected 10-15 cm deep in soil at base of tree, CASENT0254322 (SAMC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Paratype workers. 2 specimens, same data as holotype, CASENT0254323 (CASC), CASENT0254324 (AFRC)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Ergatoid queen measurements</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">(2 measured): TL 3.82-3.84, HL 0.84, HW 0.70, HH 0.54-0.55, SL 0.51, OD 0.06, TLW 0.31, ML 0.48-0.49, PW 0.51, WL 1.17-1.18, PeNH 0.43, PeH 0.48, PeW 0.39-0.40, PeNL 0.40-0.41, ProTL 0.43, MesTL 0.36, MetTL 0.47, Gt1L 0.66, Gt1W 0.70, Gt2L 0.82, Gt2W 0.71-0.72. Indices and estimates: CI 83, SI 72-73, HVe 0.166-0.167, Gt1WI 60, Gt2WI 61, OI 9 (all measurements in mm except HVe, which is presented in mm3).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Matching the description of the worker but differing in the following respects:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">1. Larger overall, with head relatively slightly broader and scapes relatively slightly longer (see Table 1);</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
2. Gastral segments 1 &amp; 2 absolutely and relatively broader and longer (see Table 1, Figures 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–F">B-F</normalizedToken>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">3. Mesosoma relatively very slightly broader (PW/WL 0.44 vs 0.43), metanotal suture faintly visible in dorsal view in one specimen;</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">4. Compound eyes present, with 12-17 rather poorly defined ommatidia of varying size and shape, making precise counts difficult;</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">5. Head somewhat more rounded posterolaterally (compare Figures 1A and 1D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6. Subpetiolar process more bluntly rounded apically, not posteriorly recurved (compare Figures 1B and E).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
7. Legs longer, the difference being more pronounced in the middle and hind legs (compare Figures 1C and 1F and see Table 1); in absolute terms the pro-, meso- and metathoracic tibiae of the ergatoid specimens are 14%, 17% and 21% longer respectively than those of the workers and relative to
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
length are 4%, 7% and 10% longer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="paratype ergatoid queens">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Paratype ergatoid queens.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">2 specimens, same data as holotype worker, CASENT0254320 (AFRC), CASENT0254321 (CASC).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="male">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName lsidName="ikemkha" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="ikemkha">ikemkha</taxonomicName>
is derived from Ancient Egyptian (ikem = shield; kha = shining) and refers to the very large, highly polished torular lobes. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and is thus invariant.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Figure 3. Metapleural gland openings. A, B
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera ikemkha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ikemkha">Boloponera ikemkha</taxonomicName>
holotype worker, CASENT0254322A profile view B dorsal view C, D
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectroctena strigosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigosa">Plectroctena strigosa</taxonomicName>
CASENT0235672C profile view D dorsal view. Metapleural gland openings indicated by arrows (photographs by Peter Hawkes, from www.AntWeb.org).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Table 1. Comparison of worker and ergatoid queen measurements (in mm) and indices of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ikhemka" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="ikhemka">B. ikhemka</taxonomicName>
; values presented as mean
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
standard deviation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Caste</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVZAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">TL</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4ZAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">CI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF1AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">SI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN1AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gt1WI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV1AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gt1LI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E41AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gt2WI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF2AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gt2LI</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN2AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">ProTL</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER2AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">WL</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EY2AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">MesTL</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E32AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">WL</abbrev>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED3AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">MetTL</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH3AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">WL</abbrev>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">3.39</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">81</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">54</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">54</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">53</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">63</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.29</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">3.83</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">83</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">73</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">56</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.36</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.31</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">0.40</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Mature (assumed, based on size) larva: white, length through spiracles 4.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7 mm (three measured), elongate pogonomyrmecoid form, weakly curved but distinctly differentiated into head, neck (T1-3 +
<normalizedToken originalValue="AI–II">AI-II</normalizedToken>
) and body (
<normalizedToken originalValue="AIII–X">AIII-X</normalizedToken>
). Tubercles yellowish-white, very numerous (708 on CASENT0257322), conoid with 0-2 simple hairs (0-2 on T1-T3, 0-1 on
<normalizedToken originalValue="AI–AX">AI-AX</normalizedToken>
) and surmounted by an elongate slender cone with spinulose integument (= conoid with spine sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 108" title="Ant larvae: review and synthesis." url="https://archive.org/details/ants_03126" volume="7" year="1976 a">Wheeler and Wheeler 1976a</bibRefCitation>
). Tubercles absent ventrally on T1-T3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Anus ventral, a weakly recurved transverse slit approximately 0.1 mm across, with a very fine anterior and much larger posterior lip (Figure 4E), four tubercles (conoid with a spine and two setae) arranged in a semicircle just behind the anus. Spiracles visible on T2-T3 and A1-A8, all ten of similar diameter (3.5-4.0μm); each set in a short cone-like peg set in a slight depression and with spinules on the inner surface of the atrium (Figure 4D). Thoracic segments and first eight abdominal segments distinct; abdominal segments nine and ten difficult to distinguish. Spinules abundant, in scattered short transverse rows of 2-7 posteriorly, longer rows ventrally on thoracic segments.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera ikemkha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ikemkha">Boloponera ikemkha</taxonomicName>
larva.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–BCASENT">A-BCASENT</normalizedToken>
0257321A lateral view before coating for SEM. (Photo by Peter Hawkes, from www.AntWeb.org) B head, dorsal view
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–ECASENT">C-ECASENT</normalizedToken>
0257322C left antenna D left spiracle on abdominal segment 2 E anus with associated tubercles (SEM images by Peter Hawkes &amp; Jonathan Fisher, from www.AntWeb.org).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Head small (0.32 mm, ca. 8% of body length) subquadrate, clypeus arcuate, antennae high on head, at about the upper third, each an elongate oval with stronger lateral but weak anterior and posterior demarcation, the three weakly defined sensilla each with a small blunt subglobular spinule. Hairs on head very sparse (ca. 16-20) and short (approximately 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
): two on each side near the anterolateral margin of median portion of clypeus, two on each side near posterolateral margin of clypeus, one on the side of head behind the mandibular insertion, a short longitudinal row of 2-3 hairs on sides near posterolateral corners of head and a single hair on each side between these rows, behind the level of the antennae. Labrum subrectangular, slightly wider than long, with a row of four hairs on the anterior margin, a few rows of elongate spinules posteriorly on the ventral border and numerous rows on the posterior margin. Mandible pogonomyrmecoid, with a sharp-edged, strongly inwardly curved apical tooth and two very blunt preapical teeth. Maxillae paraboloidal, anterior and interior surfaces of the lacinia with rows of spinules, stipes without spinules, but with 3-4 hairs on the outer surface; the paxilliform maxillary palp stouter and sub-equal in length to the digitiform galea, both with apical and subapical sensilla. Anterior surface of labium with short rows of elongate spinules, labial palps paxilliform and ventrolaterally situated, with one subapical and three apical sensilla. Hypopharynx densely spinulose, the spinules arranged similarly to those on the posterior margin of the labrum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Larval morphology is similar to that described for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectroctena cryptica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">Plectroctena cryptica</taxonomicName>
Bolton (
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="41 - 64" title="Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae." url="https://archive.org/details/ants_03128" volume="102" year="1976 b">Wheeler and Wheeler 1976b</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mandibularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="mandibularis">P. mandibularis</taxonomicName>
Smith (listed as
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. conjugata" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="conjugata">P. conjugata</taxonomicName>
Santschi in
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="50 - 55" title="Notes on ant larvae: Ponerinae." url="https://archive.org/details/ants_03225" volume="97" year="1989">Wheeler and Wheeler 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The number of tubercles in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ikhemka" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="ikhemka">B. ikhemka</taxonomicName>
(ca. 700) is intermediate between that reported for
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mandibularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="mandibularis">P. mandibularis</taxonomicName>
(ca. 1600) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cryptica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cryptica">P. cryptica</taxonomicName>
(ca. 350), the latter being similar to the 300 reported for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Streblognathus aethiopicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">Streblognathus aethiopicus</taxonomicName>
(Smith) by
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="50 - 55" title="Notes on ant larvae: Ponerinae." url="https://archive.org/details/ants_03225" volume="97" year="1989">Wheeler and Wheeler (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. The spiracle structure in
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boloponera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boloponera</taxonomicName>
most closely matches that described by Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1976a) for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraponera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraponera</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thaumatomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thaumatomyrmex</taxonomicName>
. Although the spiracle form in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectroctena" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plectroctena</taxonomicName>
was not explicitly described for either
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mandibularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="mandibularis">P. mandibularis</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cryptica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cryptica">P. cryptica</taxonomicName>
, inspection of a
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mandibularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="mandibularis">P. mandibularis</taxonomicName>
larva at 230
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification suggests that the structure is similar in this genus; SEM examination would be required to confirm this.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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