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<document id="7E1C2C0A10F5DDFA17A0DDF2ABEACAD2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252292" ID-ZooBank="CCE28335-B063-47A5-8EFA-904B5B5BC99B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1666769573018" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash &amp; Mally, Richard" docDate="2022" docId="03C8791FFFC08035FF78518BFB5D58AE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5197.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5197 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Crambinae Latreille 1810" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FFF10167FFDB8029FFEF545AFFFA5F63" masterDocTitle="A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1699389895625" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9875CAA4E1350E47720FAD1BDCDEF40A">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E182E1DA0B31A29EB133B839E1783CF4">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A735451E9A6C67F3D11591E07A2BB06">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="715EA428C4B859EE767FEF817FC7D4AE">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DF692316072E0FDE3E5BC1973F58956C" type="email">avi.talukdar@rediffmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="79C1E73697292B03835312E22C1C0351">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="665AD4E3335A2191A660E50E5EF42993" type="email">joshiarctiidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DFF4E06B03981C1F8A58274127CDF903">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DD81B78735AD6A11CD7FA872903DFC28">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EF07DBEE1EAB9A72AFCAA697533AE73">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC08032FF78518BFEB55A88" box="[151,335,1489,1515]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC08032FF78518BFEB55A88" blockId="27.[151,335,1489,1515]" box="[151,335,1489,1515]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0967F65FFC08032FF78518BFEB55A88" bold="true" box="[151,335,1489,1515]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FF78518BFEB55A88" bold="true" box="[151,335,1489,1515]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
2.2.
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FF27518BFEB55A88" ID-CoL="93MT5" ID-ENA="40081" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[200,335,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC08035FF785243FB5D58AE" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC08032FF785243FAD75853" blockId="27.[151,1437,1561,2020]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FF785243FE235950" bold="true" box="[151,473,1561,1588]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
worldwide, ranging from cold-temperate to tropical regions. Globally, the subfamily comprises 2,072 species in 175 genera (Nuss
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FD615264FD3C593B" box="[654,710,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2003
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FCEC5264FCEB593B" bold="true" box="[771,785,1598,1624]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">–</emphasis>
2022,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC08032FCB95264FBE2593B" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[854,1048,1598,1624]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FC715264FC2F593B" box="[926,981,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC08032FBA95264FB78593B" box="[1094,1154,1598,1624]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">India</collectingCountry>
, 149 species in 40 genera are reported, representing 7.19% of the total global diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FC865238FC12591F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[873,1000,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
. Of the 40 genera reported from
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC08032FAB35238FA62591F" box="[1372,1432,1634,1660]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">India</collectingCountry>
, 19 genera are known through single
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FDDF52DCFD2959C3" box="[560,723,1670,1696]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Indian species</taxonomicName>
, 15 genera comprise two to 10 species in
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC08032FB4A52DCFB1B59C3" box="[1189,1249,1670,1696]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">India</collectingCountry>
, and the remaining six genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FEA452F0FDC259A7" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[331,568,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Ancylolomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FEA452F0FE2359A7" box="[331,473,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ancylolomia</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FDA952F0FCCD59A7" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1863" box="[582,823,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Calamotropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FDA952F0FD1259A7" box="[582,744,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Calamotropha</emphasis>
Zeller
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FCAB52F0FBDC59A7" authority="Swinhoe" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1886" box="[836,1062,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Charltona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FCAB52F0FC4D59A7" box="[836,951,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Charltona</emphasis>
Swinhoe
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FBDB52F0FB2159A7" authority="Zincken" authorityName="Zincken" authorityYear="1817" box="[1076,1243,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Chilo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FBDB52F0FB8859A7" box="[1076,1138,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chilo</emphasis>
Zincken
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FB0652F0FA6659A7" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1856" box="[1257,1436,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eschata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FB0652F0FAB959A7" box="[1257,1347,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eschata</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FF275294FE32598B" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1938" box="[200,456,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Glaucocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FF275294FE9A598B" box="[200,352,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Glaucocharis</emphasis>
Meyrick
</taxonomicName>
are known by more than 10 and fewer than 20 species (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC08032FBA25294FB58598B" box="[1101,1186,1742,1768]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,318,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-84@28.[151,1436,309,1337]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Species diversity of Indian Crambinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252324/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC08032FB385294FAE9598B" box="[1239,1299,1742,1768]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">India</collectingCountry>
, the highest diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC08032FECF52A8FE61586F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[288,411,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
is reported from North East, followed by the Deccan Peninsula, the West- and North West Himalaya, Western Ghats, the central Himalaya, the Semi-Arid, the Gangetic plain, and Coasts (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC08032FB23534CFADA5853" box="[1228,1312,1814,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1175,1199]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,189,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-19@29.[201,1386,181,1151]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 17. Species diversity of Indian Crambinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252326/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC08035FF285363FBAF5E7E" blockId="27.[151,1437,1561,2020]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FF285363FE635837" bold="true" box="[199,409,1849,1876]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adult characters:</emphasis>
mostly of small to moderate size. With their longitudinally streaky patterns on the forewings that are wrapped closely around the body in resting position, they generally mimic grass foliage (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC08032FAEE5304FA62581B" author="Landry, B." box="[1281,1432,1885,1912]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref287344" refString="Landry, B. (1995) A phylogenetic analysis of the major lineages of the Crambinae and of the genera of Crambini of North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Memoirs on Entomology International, Gainesville, 1, 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1995">Landry 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC08032FF7853D8FE7158FF" author="Holloway, J. D. &amp; Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D." box="[151,395,1922,1948]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
Holloway
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC08032FEE153D8FEBD58FF" box="[270,327,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The forewing termen is often notched. The discocellular spots in the hindwing are usually incomplete. The labial palps are long and porrect, and the maxillary palps have distally expanded scaling. In the forewing, the stem of CuA mostly exhibits a pecten of erect setae. In the male genitalia, the uncus and gnathos are distant from vinculum, juxta and valvae. The gnathos bears lateral arms articulating with the junction of tegument and uncus. The valvae usually exhibit a sclerotized and process-bearing costal region and sacculus. The phallus is medially attached to the juxta, which is a synapomorphy for the subfamily. In the female genitalia, signa are absent, but sometimes present as an inconspicuous group of spicules (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FCA05559FBB25E7E" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[847,1096,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC78035FF77510AFCFB5A0A" blockId="28.[152,769,1360,1385]" box="[152,769,1360,1385]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FF77510AFEDF5A0B" bold="true" box="[152,293,1360,1384]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Species diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC78035FE15510AFDC15A0B" box="[506,571,1360,1384]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC78035FDAE510AFD4A5A0B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[577,688,1360,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
genera.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC78035FF2851CDFC615996" blockId="28.[151,1437,1431,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FF2851CDFE5D5AD2" bold="true" box="[199,423,1431,1457]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Larval characters:</emphasis>
in the head, the adfrontals usually reach maximally half of the coronal suture, AF2 above the furcation of the epicranial suture, lower than P2. Stemma 5 is dorsocaudal or caudal of stemma 6, and stemmata 4–6–5 form an acute or a right angle. O3 is below the line of stemmata 4–5, substantially closer to SO3 than to O2, O1–O2–O
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an acute or a right angle. The pinacula are usually well developed, but sometimes unpigmented. Prothorax with XD2–
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1–
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a right to obtuse angle, meso- and metathorax with L2 macroscopic. Distance of D2–D2 on A1–A8 considerably longer than D1–D1, and L1 posterodorsal of L2. A1 with three SV setae. Stigma on A8 located caudal of the lines connecting D1 and
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1 as well as
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1 and L1. A9 with D1 near to and anterodorsally of DS1, and D2 of both sides on a single pinaculum, L2 absent. Anal plate well developed. A10: distance of II–II ≤ II–III, III a is macroscopic, distance V1–V1 smaller than on A9. The abdominal legs are fully developed, with crochets bearing two to three rows of hooks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FD7F5281FCBD5996" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[656,839,1755,1781]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss 1960</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FCBD5281FC745996" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[850,910,1755,1781]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="197 - 364" refId="ref280699" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1963) Eine Vergleichend-morphologische Analyse der regularen Borstenmuster der Lepidopterenlarven. Studien zur Methodik der vergleichenden Morphologie der Borstenmuster und zur phylogenetischen Deutung der Abwandlungen der regularen Borstenmuster der Lepidopterenlarven. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 52, 197 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00407613" type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC78035FF2852A5FB5D58AE" blockId="28.[151,1437,1431,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FF2852A5FEA5587A" bold="true" box="[199,351,1791,1817]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Food plants:</emphasis>
larvae are mainly stem or root borers or ground-living leaf feeders of various grasses, sedges, rushes, bamboos, or mosses, rarely on other plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FD355379FC28585E" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[730,978,1827,1853]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FC325379FB37585E" author="Holloway, J. D. &amp; Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D." box="[989,1229,1827,1853]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
Holloway
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FBBD5379FB79585E" box="[1106,1155,1827,1853]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The root-feeding species are most diverse in temperate zones, whereas stem-borers are more diverse in tropical and subtropical areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FF705331FE6058E6" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[159,410,1899,1925]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC78035FDC65331FD9D58E6" authorityName="Zincken" authorityYear="1817" box="[553,615,1899,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Chilo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FDC65331FD9D58E6" box="[553,615,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chilo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has several species that are stem borers of cereal crops and sugarcane in the Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC78035FEF953D5FDF158CA" author="Holloway, J. D. &amp; Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D." box="[278,523,1935,1961]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
Holloway
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC78035FE6153D5FE3D58CA" box="[398,455,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC78035FDF053D5FD6058CA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[543,666,1935,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
larvae are common turf and sod species, and numerous species also feed on maize and other field including sugar cane and rice, where they are considered pests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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