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<mods:title id="4A4C1A52CFE23113DBE27E7C1F9A41D1">Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B071F01487BDC9C6E18F4AF0DE0C978C">Liu, An</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="537486025417F61B4E5D48CEE8D933BD">Xu, Yusen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E8330055C4CE6D22FAD607E8E1483B65">Ni, Bing</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A27FF08FAFFFCD7EB41" blockId="7.[151,832,1318,1377]" box="[151,832,1318,1344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="D09E6333F7309A27FF08FAFFFCD7EB41" bold="true" box="[151,832,1318,1344]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C69AFDCF7309A27FF08FAFFFCD7EB41" authority="Foissner, 2004" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,832,1318,1344]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis" subGenus="Cyrtohymenides">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FF08FAFFFCD7EB41" bold="true" box="[151,832,1318,1344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FF08FAFFFEADEB41" bold="true" box="[151,314,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Cyrtohymena</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FED4FAFFFD99EB41" bold="true" box="[331,526,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Cyrtohymenides</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FD80FAFFFD10EB41" bold="true" box="[543,647,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF7309A27FD10FAFFFCD7EB41" author="Foissner" box="[655,832,1318,1344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refString="Foissner, W. (2004) Some new ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from an Austrian floodplain soil, including a giant, red &quot; flagship &quot;, Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) aspoecki nov. subgen., nov. spec. Denisia, 13, 369 - 382." type="journal article" year="2004">Foissner, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A27FF08FA91FE31EB60" blockId="7.[151,832,1318,1377]" box="[151,422,1352,1377]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
(
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FF01FA91FF69EB60" box="[158,254,1352,1377]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A–G; 
<tableCitation id="C6EBE1E4F7309A27FED4FA91FE0CEB60" box="[331,411,1352,1377]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data of Rigidohymena inquieta (second line, Rig.), Pattersoniella vitiphila (first line, Pat.), Notohymena australis (third line, Not.), and Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis (fourth line, Cyr.) based on protargol impregnated specimens. Measurements are in μm. Min., Minimum; Max., Maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; SD, standard deviation; cv, coefficient of variation (%); n, number of individuals examined. DE-Value: distance between anterior body end and distal end of adoral zone of membranelles." pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A27FF08FA49FB74EBCC" blockId="7.[151,1437,1424,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF7309A27FF08FA49FED9EBA8" author="Foissner" box="[151,334,1424,1449]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refString="Foissner, W. (1995) Tropical protozoan diversity: 80 ciliate species (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in a soil sample from a tropical dry forest of Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new genera and seven new species. Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 145, 37 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (11) 80300 - 3" type="journal article" year="1995">Foissner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
reported the two populations from 
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(the 
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) and 
<collectingCountry id="F37E94CFF7309A27FC66FA48FBEDEBA8" box="[1017,1146,1424,1449]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
respectively. The living morphology and infraciliature are fairly clear, thus, only brief redescription was documented here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A27FF58FA01FE67E8A4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1424,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FF58FA01FC88EBF0" bold="true" box="[199,799,1496,1521]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Morphological description of Chinese population:</emphasis>
Cells in vivo 240-300 × 90-130 µm, very flexible (
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FAF0FA01FF31E814" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B). Buccal area occupying 37% of body length. Cortical granules yellowish to green in color, about 1 µm across, present on both sides, arranged in groups near ventral cirri and dorsal kineties, also scattering irregularly in other parts of pellicle (
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FE07F99CFE4AE85C" box="[408,477,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C). Contractile vacuole located near left margin and in anterior 1/2 of body, about 30 µm when fully extended. Two macronuclei each about 36 × 20 µm in vivo. Cyst about 75 µm in diameter, spherical, with smooth surface (
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FE16F954FE59E8A4" box="[393,462,1677,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A27FF58F969FB7EE937" blockId="7.[151,1437,1424,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Typically 8: 5: 5 ventral cirri arrangement, but six transverse cirri present in single specimen examined. Transverse cirri about 45 µm long, extending slightly beyond posterior body end (
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FBB2F90CFBE7E8EC" box="[1069,1136,1749,1774]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). Marginal cilia about 20 µm long in vivo. 7–12 dorsal kineties arranged irregularly. A morphogenetic cell of late stage was found and showing four dorsal marginal and three dorsal primordia (
<figureCitation id="1352C8DAF7309A27FC80F8C4FCF4E934" box="[799,867,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,339,962]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,339,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A – D) and after staining with protargol (E – G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245719/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E, F, G). Always three caudal cirri.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37387D4F7309A28FF58F899FE0FEF1C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD6D45FF7309A28FF58F899FE0FEF1C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1424,2025]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FF58F899FEAAE958" bold="true" box="[199,317,1856,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Remarks:</emphasis>
Chinese population corresponds well with two previous populations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF7309A27FBF8F899FA9DE958" author="Foissner" box="[1127,1290,1856,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refString="Foissner, W. (1995) Tropical protozoan diversity: 80 ciliate species (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in a soil sample from a tropical dry forest of Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new genera and seven new species. Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 145, 37 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (11) 80300 - 3" type="journal article" year="1995">Foissner 1995</bibRefCitation>
) in terms of living morphology and infraciliature, thus, the identification was acceptable. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF7309A27FBB2F8BCFB73E97C" author="Foissner" box="[1069,1252,1893,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refString="Foissner, W. (2004) Some new ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from an Austrian floodplain soil, including a giant, red &quot; flagship &quot;, Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) aspoecki nov. subgen., nov. spec. Denisia, 13, 369 - 382." type="journal article" year="2004">Foissner (2004)</bibRefCitation>
established the subgenus 
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FE94F850FE56E9A0" box="[267,449,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Cyrtohymenides</emphasis>
to include cyrtohymenids with larger body size and more than three dorsomarginal kineties, up to now, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C69AFDCF7309A27FE75F874FD36E9C4" box="[490,673,1965,1989]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="aspoecki" subGenus="Cyrtohymenides">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FE75F874FE6AE9C5" box="[490,509,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FD8BF874FDB0E9C5" box="[532,551,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FDA0F874FD36E9C4" box="[575,673,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">aspoecki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C69AFDCF7309A27FD30F874FCF2E9C4" box="[687,869,1965,1989]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis" subGenus="Cyrtohymenides">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FD30F874FD55E9C5" box="[687,706,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FD46F874FD7BE9C5" box="[729,748,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FC9CF874FCF2E9C4" box="[771,869,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C69AFDCF7309A27FC3CF874FBB7E9C4" box="[931,1056,1965,1989]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="shii" subGenus="Cyrtohymenides">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FC3CF874FC21E9C5" box="[931,950,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FC52F874FC77E9C5" box="[973,992,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="B91D084DF7309A27FC67F874FBB7E9C4" box="[1016,1056,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">shii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF7309A27FBB0F874FA97E9C4" box="[1071,1280,1965,1990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refString="Singh, J., Kamra, K. &amp; Sapra, G. R. (2013) Morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of an Indian population of Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) shii, including remarks on the subgenus. European Journal of Protistology, 49, 283 - 297. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2012.08.009" type="journal article">Singh et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
improved the diagnosis to include more characteristic features, i. e., slightly large number of frontal-ventral-transverse cirri, marginal rows not confluent posteriorly, and multiple fragmentation of the third dorsal kinety during ontogenesis. Though, 
<taxonomicName id="4C69AFDCF73F9A28FF61FF65FD38EED4" authority="Foissner, 1995" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1995" box="[254,687,188,213]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D084DF73F9A28FF61FF65FD97EED5" box="[254,512,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Cyrtohymena australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF73F9A28FD96FF65FD38EED4" author="Foissner" box="[521,687,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refString="Foissner, W. (1995) Tropical protozoan diversity: 80 ciliate species (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in a soil sample from a tropical dry forest of Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new genera and seven new species. Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 145, 37 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (11) 80300 - 3" type="journal article" year="1995">Foissner, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred to the subgenus by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8A9AEF73F9A28FBCFFF65FA91EED5" author="Foissner" box="[1104,1286,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refString="Foissner, W. (2004) Some new ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from an Austrian floodplain soil, including a giant, red &quot; flagship &quot;, Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) aspoecki nov. subgen., nov. spec. Denisia, 13, 369 - 382." type="journal article" year="2004">Foissner (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, the multiple fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 is still unconfirmed for the reason of unavailability of the complete ontogenesis process of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>