treatments-xml/data/03/A6/E9/03A6E95BFFAEFFF4E37F1504DD44FCFE.xml

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<mods:title id="04A1E99D327A95F67749A60A02F5B461">Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE37F1504DDCEFBAD" blockId="30.[264,489,1051,1077]" box="[264,489,1051,1077]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE3101504DDCEFBAD" ID-CoL="GVW" ID-ENA="7205" box="[359,489,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tabanidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE37F1579DF40FA00" blockId="30.[264,1323,1126,1432]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Tabanids are among the most annoying and persistent biting flies of humans and large mammals. When numerous, these flies are economic pests because they torment livestock and outdoor enthusiasts (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE05C15A9DFA0FB48" author="Gojmerac" box="[555,903,1206,1232]" pageId="30" pageNumber="41" refString="Gojmerac, W. L. &amp; Devenport, E. C. (1971) Tabanidae (Diptera) of Kegonsa State Park, Madison, Wisconsin: distribution and seasonal occurrence as determined by trapping and netting. Mosquito News, 31, 572 - 575." type="journal article" year="1971">Gojmerac &amp; Devenport 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE1E415A9D889FB48" author="Cilek" box="[915,1198,1206,1232]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Cilek, J. E. &amp; Schreiber, E. T. (1999) Diel host-seeking activity of adult Diachlorus ferrugatus (F.) (Diptera: Tabanidae) in northwestern Florida. Journal of Entomological Science, 34, 462 - 466." type="journal article" year="1999">Cilek &amp; Schreiber 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Tabanids can also be a significant dietary item for wildlife such as Rafinesque's big eared bat 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE6A915C0DE98FAB8" authority="Lesson (Ellis 1993)" authorityName="Lesson (Ellis" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rafinesquii">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE6A915C0DD9FFAB8" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Plecotus rafinesquii</emphasis>
Lesson (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE0461419DE92FAB8" author="Ellis" box="[561,693,1286,1312]" pageId="30" pageNumber="41" refString="Ellis, S. E. (1993) Tabanidae as dietary items of Rafinesque's big-eared bat: implications for its foraging behavior. Entomological News, 104, 118 - 122." type="journal article" year="1993">Ellis 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Tabanids are vectors of pathogens and parasites including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and filarial nematodes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE1AE1431D8A7FAD0" author="Krinsky" box="[985,1152,1326,1352]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Krinsky, W. L. (1976) Animal disease agents transmitted by horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 13, 225 - 275." type="journal article" year="1976">Krinsky 1976</bibRefCitation>
). An unidentified 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE34B1448DDFBFAE8" box="[316,476,1367,1392]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE34B1448DDFBFAE8" box="[316,476,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE0551448DF36FAE8" box="[546,785,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE0551448DF36FAE8" box="[546,785,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chrysops geminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Park resembles the undescribed species 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE37F1461DD9BFA00" author="Krinsky" box="[264,444,1406,1432]" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Krinsky, W. L. (1975) Trypanosomes from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in New York. Journal of Parasitology, 61, 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1975">Krinsky (1975)</bibRefCitation>
found in deer from New York State.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE37F14D0DE0BFA70" blockId="30.[264,1322,1486,1712]" box="[264,556,1486,1512]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE37F14D0DE0BFA70" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,556,1486,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Atylotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duplex">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE37F14D0DD9AFA70" box="[264,445,1487,1512]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Atylotus duplex</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE1FF14E9D807F988" box="[904,1056,1526,1552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, on grass, adult male, coll. I. Stocks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE34F1758DDEFF928" blockId="30.[264,1322,1486,1712]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE34F1758DDBFF9F8" box="[312,408,1607,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Atylotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE34F1758DDBFF9F8" box="[312,408,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Atylotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are rarely collected, and the bionomics of the three species from Tennessee are poorly known. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE0341771DF69F910" box="[579,846,1646,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
presented only one record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE6CE1770D90DF910" box="[1209,1322,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Atylotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duplex">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE6CE1770D90DF910" box="[1209,1322,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. duplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tennessee.
</paragraph>
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<tr id="353F5A0FFFAE002EE37F17F9D90CF898" box="[264,1323,1766,1792]" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFAE002EE37F17F9DE86F898" box="[264,673,1766,1792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE37F17F8DEA5F898" authority="Osten Sacken" authorityName="Osten Sacken" box="[264,642,1766,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callidus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE37F17F8DDFCF898" box="[264,475,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chrysops callidus</emphasis>
Osten Sacken
</taxonomicName>
</th>
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<tr id="353F5A0FFFAE002EE37F1611D90CF8B0" box="[264,1323,1806,1832]" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<th id="76EE3373FFAE002EE37F1611DE86F8B0" box="[264,673,1806,1832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Collection: Tennessee, Blount</th>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE0DA1611DEF9F8B0" box="[685,734,1806,1832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Co.,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE09D1611DF6AF8B0" box="[746,845,1806,1832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Houston</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE12D1611DFF6F8B0" box="[858,977,1806,1832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chambers</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE1AB1611D838F8B0" box="[988,1055,1806,1832]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pond,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE65B1611D853F8B0" box="[1068,1140,1806,1832]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cades</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE6081611D8E3F8B0" box="[1151,1220,1806,1832]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cove,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE6A61611D8C9F8B0" box="[1233,1262,1806,1832]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">16</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAE002EE68D1611D90CF8B0" box="[1274,1323,1806,1832]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">July</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFAE002EE37F1629D90CF8C8" box="[264,1323,1846,1872]" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFAE002EE37F1629DE86F8C8" box="[264,673,1846,1872]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">1989, coll. C. Parker.</th>
</tr>
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</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFAFFFCEE34F1003DE5BFE66" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1003DD5FFE36" blockId="31.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE34F1003DE28FEAD" ID-CoL="8BHFX" box="[312,527,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callidus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE34F1003DE28FEAD" box="[312,527,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops callidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the primary vector of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE13C1003D92AFEAE" authority="Simond" authorityName="Simond" box="[843,1293,284,310]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Haemoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="metchnikovi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE13C1003D8B7FEAD" box="[843,1168,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Haemoproteus metchnikovi</emphasis>
(Simond)
</taxonomicName>
, a blood parasite of turtles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAFFFCEE05B105BDF39FEC6" author="DeGiusti" box="[556,798,324,350]" pageId="31" pageNumber="41" refString="DeGiusti, D. L., Sterling, C. R. &amp; Dobrzechowski, D. (1972) Transmission of the chelonian haemoproteid Haemoproteus metchnikovi by a tabanid fly, Chrysops callidus. Nature, 242, 51 - 51." type="journal volume" year="1972">DeGiusti et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
). It is a pestiferous biter of humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAFFFCEE6BF105BDD4BFE1E" author="Drees" pageId="31" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAFFFCEE3F51073DEADFE1E" box="[386,650,364,390]" pageId="31" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
presented records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE1FD1073D82DFE1D" ID-CoL="8BHFX" box="[906,1034,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callidus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE1FD1073D82DFE1D" box="[906,1034,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C. callidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F10FBDE5BFE66" blockId="31.[264,1323,484,670]" box="[264,636,484,510]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F10FBDE5BFE66" ID-CoL="8BHG2" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,636,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carbonarius">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F10FBDE2AFE65" box="[264,525,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops carbonarius</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1313DEA4FDD6" blockId="31.[264,1323,484,670]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE06F1313DF93FDBE" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[536,948,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE6201313D901FDBE" box="[1111,1318,524,550]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-04-09" valueMax="2001-04-16" valueMin="2001-04-09">9–16 April 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, (Weigmann 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1343DD76FD06" blockId="31.[264,1323,484,670]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE34F1343DE19FDED" box="[312,574,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carbonarius">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE34F1343DE19FDED" box="[312,574,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops carbonarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected only at the lowest elevations of the Park in open fields.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F13CBDE50FD76" blockId="31.[264,1323,724,870]" box="[264,631,724,750]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F13CBDE50FD76" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,631,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincticornis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F13CBDE2EFD75" box="[264,521,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops cincticornis</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F13E3DEA4FCA6" blockId="31.[264,1323,724,870]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE06F13E3DF93FC8E" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[536,948,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE62013E3D901FC8E" box="[1111,1318,764,790]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-04-09" valueMax="2001-04-16" valueMin="2001-04-09">9–16 April 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, (Weigmann 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1253D90EFCFE" blockId="31.[264,1323,724,870]" box="[312,1321,844,870]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE34F1253DE10FCFD" box="[312,567,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincticornis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE34F1253DE10FCFD" box="[312,567,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops cincticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected at the lowest elevations of the Park in open fields.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F1283DE10FC2E" blockId="31.[264,1323,924,1070]" box="[264,567,924,950]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F1283DE10FC2E" authority="Whitney" authorityName="Whitney" box="[264,567,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuclux">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F1283DDEDFC2D" box="[264,458,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops cuclux</emphasis>
Whitney
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F12DBDDCAFBB6" blockId="31.[264,1323,924,1070]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE07A12DBDF88FC46" authority="Swain Co., Payne Branch" authorityName="Swain Co., Payne Branch" box="[525,943,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Payne Branch</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE1CC12DBD87DFC46" box="[955,1114,964,990]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-05-16">16 May 2001</date>
, biting human. A single female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE05612F3DEB5FB9D" box="[545,658,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuclux">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE05612F3DEB5FB9D" box="[545,658,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C. cuclux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bit W. Reeves while he was standing in a forested bog near Payne Branch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F1540DEACFBE1" blockId="31.[264,1325,1119,1465]" box="[264,651,1119,1145]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F1540DEACFBE1" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,651,1119,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F1540DDD0FBE0" box="[264,503,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops geminatus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1598D870FA81" blockId="31.[264,1325,1119,1465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE0531598DFFCFB39" authority="Swain Co., Payne Branch" authorityName="Swain Co., Payne Branch" box="[548,987,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Payne Branch</taxonomicName>
near Lake Fontana, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE6961598DD61FB51" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-07-08">8 July 2001</date>
, biting human; Tennessee, Blount Co., Houston Chambers Pond, Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE77815B0DDA7FB69" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1989-07-16">16 July 1989</date>
, coll. C. Parker; Sevier Co., Roaring Fork Motor Trail, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE65115C8D8E3FB69" box="[1062,1220,1239,1265]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, circling human head; Twin Creeks, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE03D15E0DF25FA81" box="[586,770,1279,1305]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2000-07-05" valueMax="2000-07-18" valueMin="2000-07-05">5–18 July 2000</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I. Stocks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F1438D840FA21" blockId="31.[264,1325,1119,1465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE34F1438DE0EFAD8" box="[312,553,1319,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE34F1438DE0EFAD8" box="[312,553,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops geminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most frequently collected deer flies in the Park. This fly bites humans and readily enters slow­moving or parked vehicles. Approximately 25% of the flies captured near Payne Branch were infected with a 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE6671468D897FA08" box="[1040,1200,1399,1424]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE6671468D897FA08" box="[1040,1200,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAFFFCEE6971468DDEDFA21" pageId="31" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE04D1480DEF3FA20" box="[570,724,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE04D1480DEF3FA20" box="[570,724,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C. geminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F14F6DE76F99B" blockId="31.[264,1323,1513,1739]" box="[264,593,1513,1539]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F14F6DE76F99B" authority="Krober" authorityName="Krober" box="[264,593,1513,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impunctus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F14F6DDD1F99A" box="[264,502,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops impunctus</emphasis>
Krober
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F170EDDD3F9CB" blockId="31.[264,1323,1513,1739]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE06F170EDFF4F9B3" authority="Swain Co., Payne Branch" authorityName="Swain Co., Payne Branch" box="[536,979,1553,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Payne Branch</taxonomicName>
, near Lake Fontana, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAFFFCEE6A9170EDD62F9CB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2001-07-08">8 July 2001</date>
, biting human.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE34F177EDFBEF953" blockId="31.[264,1323,1513,1739]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE34F177EDE01F9E2" box="[312,550,1633,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impunctus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE34F177EDE01F9E2" box="[312,550,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops impunctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was an annoying biter of humans in the forested bogs and woodlands near Payne Branch. Adult flies captured near Payne Branch were infected with a gregarine, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE31717AEDFBEF953" authority="Anderson &amp; Magnarelli." authorityName="Anderson &amp; Magnarelli." box="[352,921,1713,1739]" class="Sporozoa" family="Actinocephalidae" genus="Cometoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eugregarinida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="pechumani">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE31717AEDE54F952" box="[352,627,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cometoides pechumani</emphasis>
Anderson &amp; Magnarelli.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAFFFCEE37F17E3DD9EF8FE" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<table id="F90FAAEDFFAF002EE37F17E3D90DF8FE" box="[264,1322,1788,1894]" gridcols="11" gridrows="3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<tr id="353F5A0FFFAF002EE37F17E3D90DF88E" box="[264,1322,1788,1814]" gridrow="0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFAF002EE37F17E3DE6AF88E" box="[264,589,1788,1814]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAFFFCEE37F17E3DE63F88E" authority="Philip" authorityName="Philip" box="[264,580,1788,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macquarti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAFFFCEE37F17E3DDD1F88D" box="[264,502,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chrysops macquarti</emphasis>
Philip
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFAF002EE37F163BD90DF8A6" box="[264,1322,1828,1854]" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<th id="76EE3373FFAF002EE37F163BDE6AF8A6" box="[264,589,1828,1854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Collections: Tennessee,</th>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE022163BDE82F8A6" box="[597,677,1828,1854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Blount</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE0DA163BDEF9F8A6" box="[685,734,1828,1854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Co.,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE091163BDF09F8A6" box="[742,814,1828,1854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cades</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE141163BDF53F8A6" box="[822,884,1828,1854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cove</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE10B163BDF9DF8A6" box="[892,954,1828,1854]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Loop</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE1B5163BD820F8A6" box="[962,1031,1828,1854]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Road,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE678163BD80BF8A6" box="[1039,1068,1828,1854]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">22</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE642163BD897F8A6" box="[1077,1200,1828,1854]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">July 1999,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE6CF163BD8C9F8A6" box="[1208,1262,1828,1854]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">light</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFAF002EE681163BD90DF8A6" box="[1270,1322,1828,1854]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">trap,</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFAF002EE37F1653D90DF8FE" box="[264,1322,1868,1894]" gridrow="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFAF002EE37F1653DE6AF8FE" box="[264,589,1868,1894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">coll. J. Cooper.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF90FFF1E34F1003DE14FE36" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F1003D843FEC6" blockId="32.[264,1323,284,350]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E34F1003DE00FEAD" ID-CoL="8BHHS" box="[312,551,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macquarti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E34F1003DE00FEAD" box="[312,551,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops macquarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bites humans and is silent while approaching to feed (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E6D31003DD60FEC6" author="Drees" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E32C105BDE78FEC6" box="[347,607,324,350]" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E0B9105BDF4EFEC5" ID-CoL="8BHHS" box="[718,873,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macquarti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E0B9105BDF4EFEC5" box="[718,873,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. macquarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount County.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E37F108BDE14FE36" blockId="32.[264,1323,404,590]" box="[264,563,404,430]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E37F108BDE14FE36" ID-CoL="8BHJ4" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" box="[264,563,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E37F108BDD9BFE35" box="[264,444,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops niger</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF90FFF1E34F10A3DD78FD76" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F10A3DDDCFDD6" blockId="32.[264,1323,404,590]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E10810A3D839FE4E" box="[895,1054,444,470]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1939-05-17">17 May 1939</date>
, coll. A. Stupka. A single specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E03310FBDE8FFE65" box="[580,680,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E03310FBDE8FFE65" box="[580,680,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in the Park museum. Further collections in Cades Cove have yet to produce material. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E0C41313DF9BFDBE" box="[691,956,524,550]" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E6591313D8B7FDBD" box="[1070,1168,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E6591313D8B7FDBD" box="[1070,1168,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E37F139BDE56FD06" blockId="32.[264,1323,644,910]" box="[264,625,644,670]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E37F139BDE56FD06" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" box="[264,625,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="univittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E37F139BDDDEFD05" box="[264,505,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops univittatus</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F13B3DD78FD76" blockId="32.[264,1323,644,910]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Collections: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Myhr Cave entrance, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E66413B3D8F4FD5E" box="[1043,1235,684,710]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2000-08-02">2 August 2000</date>
, biting human.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF90FFF1E34F13E3DE05FC46" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F13E3DE16FC16" blockId="32.[264,1323,644,910]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E34F13E3DE14FC8D" ID-CoL="8BHKJ" box="[312,563,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="univittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E34F13E3DE14FC8D" box="[312,563,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops univittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a successful biter of humans because it is silent when approaching and can land without being detected (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E10B123BD87EFCA6" author="Drees" box="[892,1113,804,830]" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E604123BDD70FCFE" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E3B91253DE57FCFD" ID-CoL="8BHKJ" box="[462,624,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="univittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E3B91253DE57FCFD" box="[462,624,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. univittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties, where it was captured along ponds and streams.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E37F12DBDE05FC46" blockId="32.[264,1323,964,1190]" box="[264,546,964,990]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E37F12DBDE05FC46" ID-CoL="8BHKK" authority="Philip" authorityName="Philip" box="[264,546,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upsilon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E37F12DBDDF2FC45" box="[264,469,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops upsilon</emphasis>
Philip
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF90FFF0E34F12F3DF0FFD06" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F12F3DE16FBB6" blockId="32.[264,1323,964,1190]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E1E012F3D870FB9E" box="[919,1111,1004,1030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2001-07-02" valueMax="2001-07-16" valueMin="2001-07-02">2–16 July 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, R. Hightower &amp; J. Burbank.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F1523DDF6FB3E" blockId="32.[264,1323,964,1190]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E34F1523DE1AFBCE" box="[312,573,1084,1110]" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E0DA1523DF01FBCD" box="[685,806,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upsilon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E0DA1523DF01FBCD" box="[685,806,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. upsilon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from western Tennessee; however, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E6BA1523DD0AFBE5" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upsilon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E6BA1523DD0AFBE5" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. upsilon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E310157BDE5BFBE6" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" box="[359,636,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="univittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E310157BDE23FBE5" box="[359,516,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. univittatus</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
are poorly defined and might represent a single species or species complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E37F15C3DE4EFB6E" blockId="32.[264,1322,1244,1430]" box="[264,617,1244,1270]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E37F15C3DE4EFB6E" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,617,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E37F15C3DDF3FB6D" box="[264,468,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops vittatus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F141BDE91FA0E" blockId="32.[264,1322,1244,1430]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Collections: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Elkmont, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E125141BDFC4FA86" box="[850,995,1284,1310]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1973-06-08">8 June 1973</date>
, coll. Hobson. Only one specimen exists in the Park museum, but 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF90FFF1E1EF1433D8B9FADE" box="[920,1182,1324,1350]" pageId="32" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E7671433DD79FAF5" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E7671433DD79FAF5" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
throughout Tennessee, including Blount and Sevier Counties. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E635144BD928FAF5" box="[1090,1295,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Chrysops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E635144BD928FAF5" box="[1090,1295,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chrysops vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common species in the eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFF90FFF1E0FE1463DE95FA0E" box="[649,690,1404,1430]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">US</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E37F14D3DE9CFA7E" blockId="32.[264,1324,1484,1870]" box="[264,699,1484,1510]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E37F14D3DE9CFA7E" authority="Osten Sacken" authorityName="Osten Sacken" box="[264,699,1484,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Goniops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysocoma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E37F14D3DDD8FA7D" box="[264,511,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Goniops chrysocoma</emphasis>
(Osten Sacken)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF90FFF1E34F14EBDD54F8D6" blockId="32.[264,1324,1484,1870]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF90FFF1E06814EBD80EF996" authority="Haywood Co., Appalachian Trail" authorityName="Haywood Co., Appalachian Trail" box="[543,1065,1524,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Appalachian Trail</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E64F14EBD8FEF996" box="[1080,1241,1524,1550]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1997-07-27">27 July 1997</date>
, adult, coll. Troud Lorsen; Cataloochee (1382 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF90FFF1E1481703DFE5F9AE" box="[831,962,1564,1590]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" precision="5" value="35.5858">35.5858°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF90FFF1E1A71703D87CF9AE" box="[976,1115,1564,1590]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" precision="5" value="-83.0813">83.0813°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E6061703DD62F9C6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2001-05-15" valueMax="2001-06-08" valueMin="2001-05-15">15 May–8 June 2001</date>
, pitfall trapped larva, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Swain Co., Appalachian Trail, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E37F1773DDBFF91E" box="[264,408,1644,1670]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1997-07-03">3 July 1997</date>
, adult, coll. Troud Lorsen; Tennessee, Blount Co., Bull Sink, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E6F41773D901F91E" box="[1155,1318,1644,1670]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2002-06-11">11 June 2002</date>
, teneral adult male; Cocke Co., Albright Grove (1034 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF90FFF1E1A9178BD847F936" box="[990,1120,1684,1710]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" precision="5" value="35.7331">35.7331°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF90FFF1E61A178BD8DEF936" box="[1133,1273,1684,1710]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" precision="5" value="-83.2806">83.2806°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E77A178BDD94F94E" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2001-05-09" valueMax="2001-05-22" valueMin="2001-05-09">9– 22 May 2001</date>
, larvae, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Sevier Co., Bullhead Trail, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E76B17A3DD85F966" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1997-08-02">2 August 1997</date>
, adult, coll. Troud Lorsen; Twin Creeks, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E1FD17FBD860F966" box="[906,1095,1764,1790]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2001-06-05" valueMax="2001-06-21" valueMin="2001-06-05">5–21 June 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I. Stocks &amp; L. (C)ollins (
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF90FFF1E0401613DE7FF8BD" box="[567,600,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sic</emphasis>
); Goshen Prong, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF90FFF1E15B1613DFD2F8BE" box="[812,1013,1804,1830]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2000-04-09" valueMax="2000-04-27" valueMin="2000-04-09">9–27 April 2000</date>
, larvae, Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F1003DF6EFE36" blockId="33.[264,1325,284,430]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Larvae and adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E0371003DED5FEAD" box="[576,754,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Goniops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysocoma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E0371003DED5FEAD" box="[576,754,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. chrysocoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were frequently collected in deciduous woodlands. Females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E391105BDEB0FEC5" box="[486,663,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Goniops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysocoma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E391105BDEB0FEC5" box="[486,663,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. chrysocoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not feed on blood and lay only one batch of eggs. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E37F1073DE29FE1E" box="[264,526,364,390]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from Blount, Knox, and Sevier Counties. The collections from Cocke County are a new record.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E37F10FBDE79FE66" blockId="33.[264,1323,484,830]" box="[264,606,484,510]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E37F10FBDE79FE66" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[264,606,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincta">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E37F10FBDDF1FE65" box="[264,470,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra cincta</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F1313DF0FFD06" blockId="33.[264,1323,484,830]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E06A1313DFFAFDBE" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[541,989,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E19C1313D85BFDBE" box="[1003,1148,524,550]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, in truck, coll. M.H. Reeves, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E3C4132BDE76FDD6" box="[435,593,564,590]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting elk; Swain Co., Crestmont, date unknown, adult, coll. unknown; Tennessee, Blount Co., Tremont Institute, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E10C1343D831FDEE" box="[891,1046,604,630]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-07-11">11 July 2001</date>
, adult, coll. P. Super et al.; Sevier Co., Elkmont, date unknown, adult.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF91FFF0E34F13B3DEB1FC16" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F13B3DF6CFCA6" blockId="33.[264,1323,484,830]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E34F13B3DE2FFD5D" ID-CoL="3MY9Z" box="[312,520,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincta">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E34F13B3DE2FFD5D" box="[312,520,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra cincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occasionally attacks humans, particularly those swimming or wading in open water (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E39C13CBDE99FD76" author="Drees" box="[491,702,724,750]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). It feeds on elk, which recently have been reestablished in the Park. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E38E13E3DF2BFC8E" box="[505,780,764,790]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E1FF13E3DFDDFC8D" ID-CoL="3MY9Z" box="[904,1018,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincta">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E1FF13E3DFDDFC8D" box="[904,1018,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. cincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties and noted that it is restricted to uplands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E37F126BDEB1FC16" blockId="33.[264,1323,884,1070]" box="[264,662,884,910]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E37F126BDEB1FC16" ID-CoL="6MHZ7" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,662,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E37F126BDDC9FC15" box="[264,494,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra difficilis</emphasis>
(Wiedemann)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF91FFF3E34F1283DE54F94E" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F1283DDB3FBB6" blockId="33.[264,1323,884,1070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E06F1283DF19FC2E" authority="Payne Branch" authorityName="Payne Branch" box="[536,830,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Payne Branch</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E1381283DFDEFC2E" box="[847,1017,924,950]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-05-16">16 May 2001</date>
, biting human; Andrews Bald, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E33912DBDE7EFC46" box="[334,601,964,990]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-06-06" valueMax="2001-08-03" valueMin="2001-06-06">6 June–3 August 2001</date>
, Malaise traps, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E34F12F3DE38FB9D" box="[312,543,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E34F12F3DE38FB9D" box="[312,543,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attacks humans in woodlands rather than in open habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E69312F3DDA0FBB6" author="Drees" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E37F157BDEE6FBE6" blockId="33.[264,1323,1124,1518]" box="[264,705,1124,1150]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E37F157BDEE6FBE6" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" box="[264,705,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasiophthalma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E37F157BDE11FBE5" box="[264,566,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra lasiophthalma</emphasis>
(Macquart)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F1593D869FAEE" blockId="33.[264,1323,1124,1518]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E0531593D8A1FB3E" authority="Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse" authorityName="Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse" box="[548,1158,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse</taxonomicName>
(823 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF91FFF0E37F15ABDDACFB56" box="[264,395,1204,1230]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="5" value="35.6249">35.6249°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF91FFF0E3EE15ABDE05FB56" box="[409,546,1204,1230]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="5" value="-83.1165">83.1165°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E04E15ABDEEEFB56" box="[569,713,1204,1230]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, dead in window; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E33015FBDE3DFB66" box="[327,538,1252,1278]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-04-19" valueMax="2001-04-26" valueMin="2001-04-19">19–26 April 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E0B815FBDFB1FB66" author="Wiegmann" box="[719,918,1252,1278]" pageId="33" pageNumber="44" refString="Wiegmann, B. M. (2001) Ravenford site-flying insect survey. Resource Report for Proposed Land Exchange between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. National Park Service, Gatlinburg, 20 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wiegmann 2001</bibRefCitation>
); 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF91FFF0E1DC15FBD812FB66" box="[939,1077,1244,1278]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="5" value="35.6667">35.6667o N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF91FFF0E63615FBD8F1FB66" box="[1089,1238,1244,1278]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="5" value="-83.4833">83.4833 o W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E69615FBDDA3FABE" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1999-05-24" valueMax="1999-05-27" valueMin="1999-05-24">24–27 May 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. L.W. Quate; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E6B91413DD62FAD6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, adults; Sevier Co., Twin Creeks, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E097142BDFC0FAD6" box="[736,999,1332,1358]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2000-04-24" valueMax="2000-05-08" valueMin="2000-04-24">24 April–8 May 2000</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E3831443DE97FAEE" box="[500,688,1372,1398]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-06-05" valueMax="2001-06-21" valueMin="2001-06-05">5–21 June 2001</date>
, coll. I. Stocks &amp; L. (C)ollins (
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E66B1443D81AFAED" box="[1052,1085,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">sic</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F149BDFDAFA76" blockId="33.[264,1323,1124,1518]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E34F149BDE1EFA06" box="[312,569,1412,1438]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E0D0149BDF54FA05" box="[679,883,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasiophthalma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E0D0149BDF54FA05" box="[679,883,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. lasiophthalma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties and noted that it is the horse fly with the earliest flight season. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E1BE14B3D8DEFA5D" box="[969,1273,1452,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasiophthalma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E1BE14B3D8DEFA5D" box="[969,1273,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra lasiophthalma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a pest of cattle and probably feeds on deer and elk in Cataloochee.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E37F173BDECBF9A6" blockId="33.[264,1323,1572,1798]" box="[264,748,1572,1598]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E37F173BDECBF9A6" authority="Osten-Sacken" authorityName="Osten-Sacken" box="[264,748,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcephala">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E37F173BDE09F9A5" box="[264,558,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hybomitra microcephala</emphasis>
(Osten­Sacken)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F1753DE60F92E" blockId="33.[264,1323,1572,1798]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E0511753DFFCF9FE" authority="Swain Co., Taywa Creek" authorityName="Swain Co., Taywa Creek" box="[550,987,1612,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Taywa Creek</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E1991753D8B2F9FE" box="[1006,1173,1612,1638]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1986-07-23">23 July 1986</date>
, adult, coll. Parker; Tennessee, Sevier Co., Brushy Mountain, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF91FFF0E115176BD865F916" box="[866,1090,1652,1678]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2001-08-05" valueMax="2001-08-21" valueMin="2001-08-05">5–21 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF91FFF0E34F17DBDFECF89E" blockId="33.[264,1323,1572,1798]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF91FFF0E34F17DBDE67F946" box="[312,576,1732,1758]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
did not report 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF91FFF0E08117DBDF9AF945" box="[758,957,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcephala">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF91FFF0E08117DBDF9AF945" box="[758,957,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. microcephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tennessee but suggested that this species would eventually be discovered in the state.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F1003DE4FFEAE" blockId="34.[264,1323,284,510]" box="[264,616,284,310]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F1003DE4FFEAE" authority="Williston" authorityName="Williston" box="[264,616,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F1003DDC6FEAD" box="[264,481,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hybomitra sodalis</emphasis>
(Williston)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F105BDEAEFE36" blockId="34.[264,1323,284,510]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E06E105BDFE6FEC6" authority="Swain Co., Andrews Bald" authorityName="Swain Co., Andrews Bald" box="[537,961,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Andrews Bald</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E1BA105BD8A2FEC6" box="[973,1157,324,350]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1999-07-03" valueMax="1999-07-17" valueMin="1999-07-03">3–17 July 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E65F1073D899FE1E" box="[1064,1214,364,390]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2001-05-09">9 May 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F10A3D86CFE66" blockId="34.[264,1323,284,510]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E34F10A3DE1DFE4E" box="[312,570,444,470]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E0DE10A3DF07FE4D" box="[681,800,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E0DE10A3DF07FE4D" box="[681,800,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. sodalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exclusively from the upland areas of eastern Tennessee, including Blount County and noted that it is a pest of cattle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F132BDE7CFDD6" blockId="34.[264,1322,564,750]" box="[264,603,564,590]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F132BDE7CFDD6" authority="Whitney" authorityName="Whitney" box="[264,603,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F132BDDFCFDD5" box="[264,475,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hybomitra typhus</emphasis>
(Whitney)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F1343DDC4FD06" blockId="34.[264,1322,564,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collection: Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E1E21343D851FDEE" box="[917,1142,604,630]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2001-04-19" valueMax="2001-04-26" valueMin="2001-04-19">19–26 April 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, (Weigmann 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F13B3DFB8FD76" blockId="34.[264,1322,564,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E34F13B3DE2CFD5D" box="[312,523,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Hybomitra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E34F13B3DE2CFD5D" box="[312,523,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hybomitra typhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have a northern distribution and the Park could represent the southern limit for this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E0EB13CBDFB5FD76" author="Goodwin" box="[668,914,724,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F123BDE48FCA6" blockId="34.[264,1322,804,990]" box="[264,623,804,830]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F123BDE48FCA6" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[264,623,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Leucotabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F123BDE00FCA5" box="[264,551,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Leucotabanus annulatus</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F1253DD5FFC46" blockId="34.[264,1322,804,990]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Park Headquarters, date unknown, coll. D. DeFoe. This species bites humans and cattle at dusk and is crepuscular or nocturnal in activity (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E3671283DDC5FC2E" author="Drees" box="[272,482,924,950]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E3801283DED8FC2E" box="[503,767,924,950]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E1031283D82EFC2D" box="[884,1033,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Leucotabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E1031283D82EFC2D" box="[884,1033,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F150BDE3DFBB6" blockId="34.[264,1322,1044,1230]" box="[264,538,1044,1070]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F150BDE3DFBB6" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[264,538,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Stonemyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F150BDD9BFBB5" box="[264,444,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stonemyia rasa</emphasis>
(Loew)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F1523D849FB56" blockId="34.[264,1322,1044,1230]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E06F1523DFA9FBCE" authority="Swain Co., Siler Bald" authorityName="Swain Co., Siler Bald" box="[536,910,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Siler Bald</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E1ED1523D813FBCE" box="[922,1076,1084,1110]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1980-07-22">22 July 1980</date>
, coll. Friedrich; Tennessee, Sevier Co., Clingman’s Dome, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E0A5157BDF0FFBE6" box="[722,808,1124,1150]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1930-07">30 July</date>
(year unlisted), (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E198157BD8C2FBE6" author="Goodwin" box="[1007,1253,1124,1150]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
). This species is restricted to high elevations in the Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E1BA1593D8E2FB3E" author="Goodwin" box="[973,1221,1164,1190]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E35F15ABDD86FB55" box="[296,417,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Stonemyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E35F15ABDD86FB55" box="[296,417,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stonemyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not known to feed on blood but can be found on flowers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F141BDE9CFA86" blockId="34.[264,1323,1284,1550]" box="[264,699,1284,1310]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F141BDE9CFA86" authority="Osten-Sacken" authorityName="Osten-Sacken" box="[264,699,1284,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Stonemyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tranquilla">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F141BDDDAFA85" box="[264,509,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stonemyia tranquilla</emphasis>
(Osten­Sacken)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F1433DFECFA0E" blockId="34.[264,1323,1284,1550]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E06D1433DF99FADE" authority="Swain Co. Andrews Bald" authorityName="Swain Co. Andrews Bald" box="[538,958,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co. Andrews Bald</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E1BC1433D8A4FADE" box="[971,1155,1324,1350]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2001-07-03" valueMax="2001-07-17" valueMin="2001-07-03">3–17 July 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe; Indian Gap, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E098144BDFACFAF6" box="[751,907,1364,1390]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1990-07-22">22 July 1990</date>
, coll. D. DeFoe; Tennessee, Clingman’s Dome, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E3DB1463DE26FA0E" box="[428,513,1404,1430]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1920-07">20 July</date>
(year unlisted), (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E0BE1463DF99FA0E" author="Goodwin" box="[713,958,1404,1430]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F14BBDD62F996" blockId="34.[264,1323,1284,1550]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E3C014BBDE68FA25" box="[439,591,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Stonemyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tranquilla">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E3C014BBDE68FA25" box="[439,591,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. tranquilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
congregate on flowers, especially those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E61914BBD8EEFA25" box="[1134,1225,1444,1469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Spiraea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E61914BBD8EEFA25" box="[1134,1225,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Spiraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E36714D3DDFBFA7E" author="Drees" box="[272,476,1484,1510]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Drees, B. M., Butler, L. &amp; Pechuman, L. L. (1980) Horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia: an illustrated key (Diptera, Tabanidae). West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 674, 67 pp." type="book" year="1980">Drees et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E38714D3DED4FA7E" box="[496,755,1484,1510]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from high elevations in the Park.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E37F175BDE72F9C6" blockId="34.[264,1323,1604,1870]" box="[264,597,1604,1630]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E37F175BDE72F9C6" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" box="[264,597,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E37F175BDDDDF9C5" box="[264,506,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tabanus americanus</emphasis>
Forster
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F1773DE54F94E" blockId="34.[264,1323,1604,1870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF92FFF3E1091773D84FF91E" box="[894,1128,1644,1670]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2001-08-16" valueMax="2001-08-27" valueMin="2001-08-16">16–27 August 2001</date>
, Lingren funnel, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Whiteoak Sinks, (543 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF92FFF3E18D178BD85AF936" box="[1018,1149,1684,1710]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="5" value="35.635">35.6350°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF92FFF3E6FD178BD93AF936" box="[1162,1309,1684,1710]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="5" value="-83.7474">83.7474° W</geoCoordinate>
), date unknown, coll. A. Stupka.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF92FFF2E34F17FBDDD9FEAE" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF92FFF3E34F17FBD818F8D6" blockId="34.[264,1323,1604,1870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E34F17FBDE08F965" ID-CoL="8F8QJ" box="[312,559,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E34F17FBDE08F965" box="[312,559,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tabanus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on large mammals. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E10F17FBD8A3F966" box="[888,1156,1764,1790]" pageId="34" pageNumber="42" refString="Leprince, D. J., Foil, L. D. &amp; Mullen, G. R. (1988) Parasitism of Tabanus americanus (Diptera: Tabanidae) by Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 23, 274 - 275." type="journal article">Leprince et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
implicated 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF92FFF3E76217FBDDB6F8BD" ID-CoL="8F8QJ" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF92FFF3E76217FBDDB6F8BD" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">T. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a mechanical vector of cattle ticks. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF92FFF3E1211613D87EF8BE" box="[854,1113,1804,1830]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from Blount and Sevier Counties and noted that it feeds on cattle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F1003DDD9FEAE" blockId="35.[264,1322,284,430]" box="[264,510,284,310]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F1003DDD9FEAE" ID-CoL="8F8QY" authority="Hays" authorityName="Hays" box="[264,510,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F1003DD9EFEAD" box="[264,441,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus aranti</emphasis>
Hays
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FF93FFF4E34F105BDD44FCFE" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F105BD87CFE36" blockId="35.[264,1322,284,430]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E103105BD829FEC6" box="[884,1038,324,350]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1997-07-14">14 July 1997</date>
, coll. Trod Larsen. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E34F1073DDCCFE1D" box="[312,491,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E34F1073DDCCFE1D" box="[312,491,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus aranti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the largest tabanids in the Park and probably feeds on large mammals. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E3FF108BDEABFE36" box="[392,652,404,430]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E08B108BDF46FE35" box="[764,865,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E08B108BDF46FE35" box="[764,865,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">T. aranti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount County.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F10FBDE6AFE66" blockId="35.[264,1321,484,670]" box="[264,589,484,510]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F10FBDE6AFE66" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[264,589,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F10FBDDE3FE65" box="[264,452,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus atratus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F1313DEFBFD06" blockId="35.[264,1321,484,670]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E1041313D806FDBE" box="[883,1057,524,550]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2001-08-07">7 August 2001</date>
, coll. P. Super. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E34F132BDDD0FDD5" box="[312,503,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E34F132BDDD0FDD5" box="[312,503,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus atratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the largest tabanids in North 
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFF93FFF2E1A3132BD81AFDD6" box="[980,1085,564,590]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
. It usually feeds on large mammals but also feeds on reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E0861343D832FDEE" author="Barnard" box="[753,1045,604,630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E6501343D90EFDEE" box="[1063,1321,604,630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E306139BDDF9FD05" box="[369,478,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E306139BDDF9FD05" box="[369,478,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">T. atratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount County.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F13CBDE17FD76" blockId="35.[264,1323,724,910]" box="[264,560,724,750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F13CBDE17FD76" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[264,560,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F13CBDD9BFD75" box="[264,444,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus calens</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F13E3DE65FCA6" blockId="35.[264,1323,724,910]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E10213E3D803FC8E" box="[885,1060,764,790]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2001-08-07">7 August 2001</date>
, coll. P. Super et al., 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E76B13E3DD86FCA6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2003-08-04">4 August 2003</date>
, biting llama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F1253D82EFC16" blockId="35.[264,1323,724,910]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E34F1253DE63FCFE" box="[312,580,844,870]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E0CD1253DF04FCFD" box="[698,803,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E0CD1253DF04FCFD" box="[698,803,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">T. calens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount, Cocke, and Sevier Counties. This species is among the largest tabanids in the Nearctic Region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F12DBDE6EFC46" blockId="35.[264,1323,964,1150]" box="[264,585,964,990]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F12DBDE6EFC46" authority="Hine" authorityName="Hine" box="[264,585,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscicostatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F12DBDE2FFC45" box="[264,520,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus fuscicostatus</emphasis>
Hine
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F12F3DF91FBE6" blockId="35.[264,1323,964,1150]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E07A12F3DFE1FB9E" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[525,966,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E1A612F3D879FB9E" box="[977,1118,1004,1030]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, in truck. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E34F150BDE1EFBB5" box="[312,569,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscicostatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E34F150BDE1EFBB5" box="[312,569,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus fuscicostatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E095150BDF41FBB5" box="[738,870,1044,1069]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E095150BDF41FBB5" box="[738,870,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Anaplasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to cattle and equine infectious anemia virus to horses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E0531523DF12FBCE" author="Wilson" box="[548,821,1084,1110]" pageId="35" pageNumber="44" refString="Wilson, B. H. &amp; Meyer, R. B. (1966) Transmission studies of bovine anaplasmosis with the horseflies, Tabanus fuscicostatus and Tabanus nigrovittatus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 27, 367 - 369." type="journal article" year="1966">Wilson &amp; Meyer 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E1351523D814FBCE" author="Hawkins" box="[834,1075,1084,1110]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Hawkins, J. A., Adams, W. V., Wilson, B. H., Issel, C. J. &amp; Roth, E. E. (1976) Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 168, 63 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">Hawkins et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
). The females might transmit similar bacteria to deer, horses, or elk in the Park.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F15ABDE6CFB56" blockId="35.[264,1323,1204,1550]" box="[264,587,1204,1230]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F15ABDE6CFB56" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[264,587,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F15ABDDE4FB55" box="[264,451,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus lineola</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F15C3DEAEFA86" blockId="35.[264,1323,1204,1550]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF93FFF2E1F915C3D89AFB6E" box="[910,1213,1244,1270]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2001-07-30" valueMax="2001-08-16" valueMin="2001-07-30">30 July–16 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F1433DD73F996" blockId="35.[264,1323,1204,1550]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E34F1433DDC5FADE" author="Wilson" box="[312,482,1324,1350]" pageId="35" pageNumber="44" refString="Wilson, B. H. (1967) Feeding, mating, and oviposition studies of the horse flies Tabanus lineola and T. fuscicostatus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60, 1102 - 1106." type="journal article" year="1967">Wilson (1967)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E13D1433DF9EFADD" box="[842,953,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E13D1433DF9EFADD" box="[842,953,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">T. lineola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when fed on human blood can complete their ovarian cycle. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E004144BDF16FAF5" box="[627,817,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E004144BDF16FAF5" box="[627,817,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus lineola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will feed on reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E632144BDD6FFA0E" author="Barnard" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E32A1463DE51FA0E" box="[349,630,1404,1430]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Couvillion, C. E., Sheppard, D. C., Nettles, V. F. &amp; Bannaga, O. M. (1984) Intermediate hosts of Elaeophora schneideri Wehr &amp; Dikmans, 1935 on South Island, South Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 20, 59 - 61." type="journal article">Couvillion et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
incriminated 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E1691463DFABFA0D" box="[798,908,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E1691463DFABFA0D" box="[798,908,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">T. lineola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the vector of the cervid filarial worm 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E32314BBDF12FA26" authority="Wehr &amp; Dikmans" authorityName="Wehr &amp; Dikmans" box="[340,821,1444,1470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Elaeophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schneideri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E32314BBDE78FA25" box="[340,607,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Elaeophora schneideri</emphasis>
Wehr &amp; Dikmans
</taxonomicName>
in deer in South 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E18A14BBD841FA26" box="[1021,1126,1444,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E60714BBD90CFA25" box="[1136,1323,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E60714BBD90CFA25" box="[1136,1323,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus lineola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in Tennessee, including Blount and Cocke Counties (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E60E14D3DD60F996" author="Goodwin" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F175BDE80F9C6" blockId="35.[264,1323,1604,1750]" box="[264,679,1604,1630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F175BDE80F9C6" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,679,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocercus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F175BDE34F9C5" box="[264,531,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus melanocercus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F1773DE64F94E" blockId="35.[264,1323,1604,1750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Park Headquarters, date unknown, coll. D. DeFoe. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E34F178BDE64F935" box="[312,579,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocercus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E34F178BDE64F935" box="[312,579,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus melanocercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in Tennessee including Blount and Sevier Counties (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF93FFF2E33717A3DE11F94E" author="Goodwin" box="[320,566,1724,1750]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E37F1613DDDAF8BE" blockId="35.[264,1309,1804,1870]" box="[264,509,1804,1830]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF93FFF2E37F1613DDDAF8BE" authority="Philip" authorityName="Philip" box="[264,509,1804,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF93FFF2E37F1613DD88F8BD" box="[264,431,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tabanus mixis</emphasis>
Philip
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF93FFF2E34F162BD93AF8D6" blockId="35.[264,1309,1804,1870]" box="[312,1309,1844,1870]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Foothills Parkway, date unknown, coll. D. DeFoe.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F1003DFD8FEC6" blockId="36.[264,1323,284,350]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E34F1003DE1DFEAE" box="[312,570,284,310]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E0DD1003DF25FEAD" box="[682,770,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E0DD1003DF25FEAD" box="[682,770,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">T. mixis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount County and noted that it might be crepuscular. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E3EB105BDE76FEC6" author="Burger" box="[412,593,324,350]" pageId="36" pageNumber="40" refString="Burger, J. F. (1995 b) Catalog of Tabanidae (Diptera) of North America North of Mexico. Contributions on Entomology, International, 1, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Burger (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
considers 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E0B9105BDF0EFEC5" box="[718,809,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E0B9105BDF0EFEC5" box="[718,809,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">T. mixis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a distinct species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E37F108BDE32FE36" blockId="36.[264,1323,404,550]" box="[264,533,404,430]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E37F108BDE32FE36" authority="Stone" authorityName="Stone" box="[264,533,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mularis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E37F108BDDECFE35" box="[264,459,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus mularis</emphasis>
Stone
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F10A3DEAEFE66" blockId="36.[264,1323,404,550]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E1F910A3D89AFE4E" box="[910,1213,444,470]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-07-30" valueMax="2001-08-16" valueMin="2001-07-30">30 July–16 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F1313D8CBFDBE" blockId="36.[264,1323,404,550]" box="[312,1260,524,550]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E34F1313DDDDFDBD" box="[312,506,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mularis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E34F1313DDDDFDBD" box="[312,506,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus mularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually is not collected in large numbers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E19D1313D8C7FDBE" author="Goodwin" box="[1002,1248,524,550]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book" year="1985">Goodwin et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E37F1343DE9DFDEE" blockId="36.[264,1323,604,790]" box="[264,698,604,630]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E37F1343DE9DFDEE" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,698,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquevittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E37F1343DE02FDED" box="[264,549,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus quinquevittatus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F139BDEAEFD5E" blockId="36.[264,1323,604,790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E1F9139BD89AFD06" box="[910,1213,644,670]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-07-30" valueMax="2001-08-16" valueMin="2001-07-30">30 July–16 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F13CBDEBEFC8E" blockId="36.[264,1323,604,790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E34F13CBDE19FD76" box="[312,574,724,750]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E0C713CBDFA5FD75" box="[688,898,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquevittatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E0C713CBDE99FD75" box="[688,702,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E0BA13CBDFA5FD75" box="[717,898,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">quinquevittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount County and noted that it is active in mid­ to late summer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E37F1253DE1CFCFE" blockId="36.[264,1326,844,1430]" box="[264,571,844,870]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E37F1253DE1CFCFE" authority="Fairchild" authorityName="Fairchild" box="[264,571,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sackeni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E37F1253DDEEFCFD" box="[264,457,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus sackeni</emphasis>
Fairchild
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F126BDE20FADE" blockId="36.[264,1326,844,1430]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E053126BD80CFC16" authority="Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap" box="[548,1067,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E64B126BD921FC16" box="[1084,1286,884,910]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-17">17 August 2001</date>
, in truck; Cataloochee, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E38A1283DEC5FC2E" box="[509,738,924,950]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-02" valueMax="2001-08-20" valueMin="2001-08-02">2–20 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Swain Co., Kephart Prong Trailhead (854 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF94FFF5E12B12DBDFF8FC46" box="[860,991,964,990]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="35.5858">35.5858°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFF94FFF5E19B12DBD850FC46" box="[1004,1143,964,990]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-83.3583">83.3583°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E6FB12DBD90EFC46" box="[1164,1321,964,990]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2000-07-24">24 July 2000</date>
, coll. B. Sullivan; Oconaluftee/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E16C12F3D85AFB9E" box="[795,1149,1004,1030]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-16" valueMax="2001-10-10" valueMin="2001-08-16">16 August–10 October 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. D. Jones &amp; R. Harrington; Twentymile Creek ranger station, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E649150BD921FBB6" box="[1086,1286,1044,1070]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2002-08-15">15 August 2002</date>
, in truck; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E17F1523DF85FBCE" box="[776,930,1084,1110]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1999-07-22">22 July 1999</date>
, light trap, coll. J. Cooper; Tremont Institute, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E3D4157BDE19FBE6" box="[419,574,1124,1150]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-07-24">24 July 2001</date>
, coll. P. Super; Cocke Co., Snakeden Ridge, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E63D157BDD85FB3E" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-14" valueMax="2001-09-10" valueMin="2001-08-14">14 August–10 September 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Sevier Co., W. tributary of Porters Creek, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E3B515ABDE4FFB56" box="[450,616,1204,1230]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1999-07-27">27 July 1999</date>
, light trap, coll. J. Cooper; Brushy Mountain, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E6C515ABDD85FB6E" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-07-21" valueMax="2001-08-05" valueMin="2001-07-21">21 July–5 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe; Goshen Prong, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E63815C3DD61FA86" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-07-30" valueMax="2001-08-13" valueMin="2001-07-30">30 July–13 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks &amp; J. Lowe; Twin Creeks, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E1AB141BD8E2FA86" box="[988,1221,1284,1310]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-13" valueMax="2001-08-27" valueMin="2001-08-13">13–27 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I.C. Stocks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F144BD8D5FA0E" blockId="36.[264,1326,844,1430]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E34F144BDDDDFAF5" box="[312,506,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sackeni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E34F144BDDDDFAF5" box="[312,506,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus sackeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most frequently collected tabanids in Malaise traps in the Park. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E3001463DE5CFA0E" box="[375,635,1404,1430]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E09C1463DF78FA0D" box="[747,863,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sackeni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E09C1463DEDEFA0D" box="[747,761,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E1701463DF78FA0D" box="[775,863,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">sackeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Cocke Counties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E37F14D3DE0BFA7E" blockId="36.[264,1321,1484,1630]" box="[264,556,1484,1510]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E37F14D3DE0BFA7E" authority="Whitney" authorityName="Whitney" box="[264,556,1484,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E37F14D3DD98FA7D" box="[264,447,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus sparus</emphasis>
Whitney
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F14EBDE1BF9C6" blockId="36.[264,1321,1484,1630]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E10414EBD817F996" box="[883,1072,1524,1550]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1989-08-16">16 August 1989</date>
, coll. C. Parker. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF94FFF5E34F1703DE6EF9AE" box="[312,585,1564,1590]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from Blount County and noted that it attacks humans and cattle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E37F178BDEEFF936" blockId="36.[264,1323,1684,1870]" box="[264,712,1684,1710]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E37F178BDE7BF936" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" box="[264,604,1684,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcifrons">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF94FFF5E37F178BDDC3F935" box="[264,484,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Tabanus sulcifrons</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
complex
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF94FFF5E34F17A3D867F8D6" blockId="36.[264,1323,1684,1870]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF94FFF5E05617A3D859F94E" authority="Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse" authorityName="Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse" box="[545,1150,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Beech Gap Schoolhouse</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E6FA17A3D900F94E" box="[1165,1319,1724,1750]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, dead in window; Blount Co., Tremont Institute, 2001, dead in light fixture, coll. P. Super; 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E76D17FBDDEEF8BE" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-09-07">7 September 2001</date>
, adults, coll. P. Super; Rich Mountain Trail, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E1B81613D8ACF8BE" box="[975,1163,1804,1830]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1999-08-25">25 August 1999</date>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E6E01613DD62F8D6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1999-09-09">9 September 1999</date>
, adults on truck; Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFF94FFF5E0DD162BDF7EF8D6" box="[682,857,1844,1870]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-08-07">7 August 2001</date>
, coll. P. Super et al.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E34F1003DD5FFE1E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F90FAAEDFF95002EE37F1003D90AFE1E" box="[264,1325,284,390]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="353F5A0FFF95002EE37F1003D90AFEAE" box="[264,1325,284,310]" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76EE3373FF95002EE37F1003DE34FEAE" box="[264,531,284,310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF95FFF4E34F1003DE34FEAD" box="[312,531,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcifrons">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF95FFF4E34F1003DE34FEAD" box="[312,531,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tabanus sulcifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76EE3373FF95002EE06D1003DF85FEAE" box="[538,930,284,310]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">is a species complex, and the true</th>
<th id="76EE3373FF95002EE1DE1003D90AFEAE" box="[937,1325,284,310]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">diversity of species in the Park is</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFF95002EE37F105BD90AFEC6" box="[264,1325,324,350]" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76EE3373FF95002EE37F105BDE34FEC6" box="[264,531,324,350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">unknown. Goodwin et</th>
<td id="76EE3373FF95002EE06D105BDF85FEC6" box="[538,930,324,350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">al. (1985) reported this complex</td>
<td id="76EE3373FF95002EE1DE105BD90AFEC6" box="[937,1325,324,350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">from Blount, Cocke, and Sevier</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFF95002EE37F1073D90AFE1E" box="[264,1325,364,390]" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76EE3373FF95002EE37F1073DE34FE1E" box="[264,531,364,390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Counties.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E37F10A3DE8CFE4E" blockId="37.[264,1323,444,630]" box="[264,683,444,470]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF95FFF4E37F10A3DE8CFE4E" authority="Whitney" authorityName="Whitney" box="[264,683,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superjumentarius">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF95FFF4E37F10A3DE19FE4D" box="[264,574,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tabanus superjumentarius</emphasis>
Whitney
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E34F10FBDD79FDBE" blockId="37.[264,1323,444,630]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Park Headquarters, dead, unknown date, coll. D. DeFoe.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E34F132BDF5CFDEE" blockId="37.[264,1323,444,630]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF95FFF4E34F132BDE19FDD6" box="[312,574,564,590]" pageId="37" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF95FFF4E0C7132BDFBDFDD5" box="[688,922,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superjumentarius">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF95FFF4E0C7132BDE99FDD5" box="[688,702,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF95FFF4E0BA132BDFBDFDD5" box="[717,922,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">superjumentarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Blount and Sevier Counties and noted that it is common in the eastern mountains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E37F13B3DE4FFD5E" blockId="37.[264,1323,684,870]" box="[264,616,684,710]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFF95FFF4E37F13B3DE4FFD5E" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[264,616,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Tabanidae" genus="Tabanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbidus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFF95FFF4E37F13B3DDF4FD5D" box="[264,467,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tabanus turbidus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFF95FFF4E34F13CBDD44FCFE" blockId="37.[264,1323,684,870]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 2001, coll. P. Super et al. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFF95FFF4E34F13E3DE67FC8E" box="[312,576,764,790]" pageId="37" pageNumber="41" refString="Goodwin, J. T., Mullens, B. A. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1985) The Tabanidae of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642, 73 pp." type="book">Goodwin et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
presented a disjunct distribution for this species in Tennessee, although specimens were reported from Blount and Cocke Counties. This species is crepuscular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>