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131 lines
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<document id="0A6DAADCD45DF1E683F6A5448720BD44" ID-CLB-Dataset="32485" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12682" ID-GBIF-Dataset="570c6901-193a-4902-a239-d40a7c26d6de" ID-PMC="PMC5672566" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-686-109" ID-PubMed="29200918" ID-ZooBank="6CAE73CA2C6D4C50B99AB4536FD23BE2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-686-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 686" ModsDocTitle="A new subspecies of sea snake, Hydrophisplaturusxanthos, from Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica" checkinTime="1502744470105" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bessesen, Brooke L. & Galbreath, Gary J." docDate="2017" docId="43DF395885D1884AF3C9ED894F62940B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 686: 109-123" docOrigin="ZooKeys 686" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12682" docTitle="Hydrophis platurus subsp. xanthos Bessesen & Galbreath, 2017, subsp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="291A79DC-C871-4AE3-9628-A60AE9CF9445" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="115" masterDocId="4E15E17F1E61FFFFED2C537FFFBEA63C" masterDocTitle="A new subspecies of sea snake, Hydrophisplaturusxanthos, from Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="123" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1701374547473" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0999B6AABACDB4AA496FB7EB982B401C">
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<mods:title id="F64322B40F60431239C23B5E61DB430F">A new subspecies of sea snake, Hydrophisplaturusxanthos, from Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83C8D3C0C125122CBE9E2EC9D09C877A">Bessesen, Brooke L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B17B9481CBF15E673ED35148078F024D">Galbreath, Gary J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0A0CD6EDBA19089949CBBA05573ADE2D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="95FCDD7D1235E21CB9C20428451B529F">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="47FFC4C850F6B1138BF06E54C7739578">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1F38830347C85C71855239122DAA77A3">686</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="ACC74FD7640E70A07819DB4F97458FA2">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12682</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F6E2D12321CBA3BABF370291F5B5B8C6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E987C2D88DB5568D0D20EA3A32ACA9F7" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12682</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="43DF395885D1884AF3C9ED894F62940B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132648811" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:291A79DC-C871-4AE3-9628-A60AE9CF9445" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/43DF395885D1884AF3C9ED894F62940B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<subSubSection id="3E9A6FBD670D45C8B7E11002B612DEF7" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A795D30AF054006DC9E0EEF38AC946DC" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName id="EE644252985DD1116A756CA914C0585C" ID-CoL="8KDFG" LSID="http://zoobank.org/291A79DC-C871-4AE3-9628-A60AE9CF9445" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">Hydrophis platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="63F76C63EDC413A7B035E627B14CEEF8" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">subsp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0FF5969900953C161EB34DA4FF4924DF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph id="11D32F2094E7F33F10A42095B3924EEF" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="800C88B03F2B38311CADFB24FBB4136F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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Holotype female from COSTA RICA: Golfo Dulce: inner basin,
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<geoCoordinate id="E9021C1AC5ADDCD777246002C1210E12" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="8.596">08°35.76'N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="567C58E177E80D06AB58602C115EDF58" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-83.22083">083°13.25'W</geoCoordinate>
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; collected 13 February 2009 by A.
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<normalizedToken id="6215D508E54488F718A31F6B1751E354" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
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, and deposited in the Zoological Museum of University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica (MZUCR:HERP:20614); body yellow with 4 black specks (<1 mm) and 5 black dots
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<pageBreakToken id="15E69E0299F353A9EA57222759628283" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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2-4 mm) along the dorsum, no tail markings; TL 52 cm, tail length 6 cm, paddle height 11 mm, weight 55 g. Paratype female from COSTA RICA: Golfo Dulce: inner basin,
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<geoCoordinate id="8C2E69C6FDA11A5BA8FF9F9978AAC843" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="8.596">08°35.76'N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="E1107DFD18308F37BD72532F1ECFAD9A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-83.22083">083°13.25'W</geoCoordinate>
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; collected 2 September 2009 by A.
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<normalizedToken id="0653F77A74863D17D4E98D454451D57E" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
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, and deposited in the Zoological Museum of University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica (MZUCR:HERP:20836); body yellow with 4 dark-brown dorsal blotches (2-3 mm) on or just caudal to the head, 2 black specks (<1 mm) and 2 dots (3-4 mm) farther down the dorsum, no tail markings; TL 51 cm, tail length 6 cm, paddle height 10 mm, weight 55 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6F5795D42F36B6FEBEB6AF115DF7D5A2" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EFE1423FC63122AAFD195F8308585CCD" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F377FA98B23F55628735E0C9B2C89323" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
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Here we describe a new, allopatric subspecies,
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<taxonomicName id="28BEF92330C036307CD47D0A2B673CB1" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">Hydrophis platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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subsp. n., or yellow sea snake, from the inner basin of Costa
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<normalizedToken id="AE076CB29068A08BFA3109D0C912AE4D" originalValue="Rica’s">Rica's</normalizedToken>
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Golfo Dulce. The new subspecies is diagnosed based on a dramatic color character state, as well as by a marked difference in body size. Aspects of behavior also appear to be unique.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A7365D0AE51EF2029A29029A758144DE" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="589C19342F6155C71D82A933676B431E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">
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<pageBreakToken id="E6DAA202F616CE48926BF254ADF13A66" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" start="start">Hydrophis</pageBreakToken>
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platurus xanthos
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</taxonomicName>
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is diagnosed as differing from other
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<taxonomicName id="3DCC0E608847864D0224729F15E5F3BF" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="platurus">H. platurus</taxonomicName>
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by its predominantly yellow coloration and smaller size. Apparent additional behavioral diagnostic traits include a sinusoidal ambush posture, and a preference for surfacing in rough rather than smooth waters, lacking an association with drift lines. No specimens unambiguously assignable to this taxon have shown full lateral striation on head and body or prominent spots or bands on the tail. The appearance of
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<taxonomicName id="CF528B8FE1401A3A01634DC63B3A1173" lsidName="H. p." pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="p." subSpecies="xanthos">H. p. xanthos</taxonomicName>
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starkly contrasts with the coloration of most conspecifics found in the broader Eastern Pacific, or even in the adjacent mouth of the Golfo Dulce, which evince nearly solid black pigmentation along the dorsum, breaking into spots or bands at the caudal end (Fig. 2A).
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<taxonomicName id="D6B2B485ACCC6E9F47ABBAA33A4E84E9" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">H. platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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is also shorter in length, with an average adult TL of 49 cm, compared to about 60-75 cm for other
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<taxonomicName id="7EED8A2A240971784352249D9048C918" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="platurus">H. platurus</taxonomicName>
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populations. Comparing our TL data for
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<taxonomicName id="66465E0B16222AEB3625F7DB37BDD86B" lsidName="H. p." pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="p." subSpecies="xanthos">H. p. xanthos</taxonomicName>
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with those of
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4D20E98D41AA4D7CD7D1F8D503E159" author="Rubinoff, I" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" pagination="181 - 191" title="Diving of the sea snake Pelamisplaturus in the Gulf of Panama I. Dive depth and duration." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569434" volume="91" year="1986">Rubinoff et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="CB06A10C6D585FA8D4EE38CF9C57E608" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="platurus">H. platurus</taxonomicName>
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in the Gulf of Panama, note that the two samples do not even overlap, despite good sample sizes. The difference between the underlying distributions is significant with P <.01 (Wilcoxin Rank Sum Test, N1 = 15, N2 = 69, T1 = 1155). Behavioral differences are equally pronounced between
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<taxonomicName id="D6462A8216C738E29A70F952F936159F" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">H. platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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and its yellow-bellied conspecifics. Drift lines, which play a critical role in the natural history of the species, supporting aggregations for feeding, reproduction and transport, are not used by
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<taxonomicName id="5A76814EFDFF2FF67AD0FBAF661D618A" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">H. platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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. Furthermore, while
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<taxonomicName id="F2D23A66A6C7DCF66D9094BA9AA17155" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="platurus">H. platurus</taxonomicName>
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feeds diurnally, stretched out in smooth water,
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<taxonomicName id="543DA591AC125A4808F91D5B1384EB15" lsidName="H. platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">H. platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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feeds at night, in turbulent water, assuming a sinusoidal ambush posture never previously reported for the species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="13E17B7160090D9F8E9D704A35703C61" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="coloration detail">
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<paragraph id="BBE8366248F9F08654B8547EB9311A71" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Coloration detail.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6B6D8BF7FFCB5102B6D94615DFD4DF11" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Head, body and tail are bright canary-yellow. Although appearing entirely yellow at a glance, most individuals possess at least one dark, black or brown, dorsal speck or dot (Fig. 2C); such markings lack any fixed pattern, but frequently present caudal-medial to the supraocular scales. A few specimens retain larger black spots along the dorsal ridge; of the yellow sea snakes photographed by an author (BLB; N = 120), less than 13% (N = 15) exhibited a black mark longer than 2 cm.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DDD5849A6B5ED3C3D6BF1CC7C819DDEF" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="B882F83008A2B336AD08532DA68B83A3" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F4974C1E75282D021372841BCE3DFFD" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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From Greek xanthos,
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<normalizedToken id="54A43C970BD9D033006951AA91FE04C3" originalValue="“yellow,”">"yellow,"</normalizedToken>
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to highlight a diagnostic feature of this subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3050551A80479E9C719D6D6F3B99A11A" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="58481080167BE015AC2E2A18DE8E3834" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="300C0C5993AB713D392B7DB055E62144" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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The breeding population of
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<taxonomicName id="34A878E1119AD6F6B8C2694ACBFC865C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="platurus" subSpecies="xanthos">Hydrophis platurus xanthos</taxonomicName>
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appears confined to approximately 320 km2 in the northern half of the Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, from 08°32'N to 08°44'N and 083°11'W to 083°28'W. A spatial gap up to 22 km separates the yellow sea snakes from the usually bi- or tricolored oceanic population, and appears to restrict genetic exchange (
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<bibRefCitation id="31376EA78A60E8C6BD557E77B2BBDB0F" author="Bessesen, BL" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Review" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" pagination="22 - 26" title="Geospatial and behavioral observations of a unique xanthic colony of pelagic sea snakes, Pelamisplaturus, residing in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica." volume="43" year="2012">Bessesen 2012</bibRefCitation>
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, Fig. 1).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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