<documentid="FEE2B019F2F30BDA2A4B5CA2A2A4FBC6"ID-CLB-Dataset="298390"ID-DOI="10.5194/fr-19-131-2016"ID-GBIF-Dataset="31edc4a0-986a-4bf9-ab81-60803deeb386"ID-ISSN="2193-0074"ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588541"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina"checkinTime="1716845083696"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel, Priego-Vargas, Jaime, Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel`ngel & Maldonado, Marco Antonio Pineda"docDate="2016"docId="0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E"docLanguage="en"docName="FossRec.19.2.131-141.pdf"docOrigin="Fossil Record 19 (2)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-131-2016"docStyle="DocumentStyle:1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D.2:FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article"docStyleId="1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D"docStyleName="FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article"docStyleVersion="2"docTitle="Panthera atrox Leidy 1853"docType="treatment"docVersion="3"lastPageNumber="139"masterDocId="FFAEDC79902AFFB4164AFFEAFFA3C83F"masterDocTitle="First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico"masterLastPageNumber="141"masterPageNumber="131"pageNumber="133"updateTime="1718153806862"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:titleid="64E3642EBEAE30CD2EED269481A30A8D">First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico</mods:title>
<mods:namePartid="B7797F92D7A098B65EF1722D296260A1">Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="2ABA8837A9E78A34BF3B30F9710B5500">Jaime Priego-Vargas & Marco Antonio Pineda Maldonado & Museo de Paleontología,`rea AcadØmica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="E4A9F4985EEFCF3CB34C150EB681A094">Miguel`ngel Cabral-Perdomo & AcadØmica de Biología, Doctorado en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="8D820C1AED45C03989BE65A47E201EAF">Jaime Priego-Vargas & Marco Antonio Pineda Maldonado & Museo de Paleontología,`rea AcadØmica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="6F10DEA6D6B7C0A8D05ED8473F994721">Maldonado, Marco Antonio Pineda</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="44BE66C3762C92BF6BBFC10E34464797">AcadØmica de Biología, Maestría en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB6171CFA36FE77CDCC"author="Leidy, J."box="[342,468,1500,1523]"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="319 - 321"refId="ref8558"refString="Leidy, J.: Description of an extinct species of American lion: Felis atrox, T. Am. Philos. Soc. New Series, 10, 319 - 321, 1853."type="journal article"year="1853">Leidy, 1853</bibRefCitation>
<emphasisid="B94AC9059028FFB616DDF980FEDFCEBD"box="[151,380,1642,1666]"italics="true"pageId="2"pageNumber="133">Distribution and age.</emphasis>
The American lion was widely distributed across North America from Alaska (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB61428F961FEA6CEFD"author="Whitmore Jr., F. C. & Foster, H. L."pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="247 - 251"refId="ref9504"refString="Whitmore Jr., F. C. and Foster, H. L.: Panthera atrox (Mammalia: Felidae) from central Alaska, J. Paleontol., 247 - 251, 1967."type="book chapter"year="1967">Whitmore and Foster, 1967</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB61449F941FE0ACEDE"author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. & Carbot-Chanona, G."pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="217 - 222"refId="ref8897"refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB617F0F920FF5DCF3E"author="Carbot-Chanona, G. & Gomez-POrez, L. E."pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="83 - 89"refId="ref7769"refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014."type="journal article"year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB61727F8C0FD9DCF7E"author="Barnett, R. & Shapiro, B. & Barnes, I. & Ho, S. Y. W. & Burger, J. & Yamaguchi, N. & Higham, T. F. G. & Wheeler, T. & Rosendhal, W. & Sher, A. V. & Sotnikova, M. & Kuznetsova, T. & Baryshnikov, G. F. & Martin, L. D. & Harington, C. R. & Burns, J. A. & Cooper, A."box="[365,574,1834,1857]"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="1668 - 1677"refId="ref7098"refString="Barnett, R., Shapiro, B., Barnes, I., Ho, S. Y. W., Burger, J., Yamaguchi, N., Higham, T. F. G., Wheeler, T., Rosendhal, W., Sher, A. V., Sotnikova, M., Kuznetsova, T., Baryshnikov, G. F., Martin, L. D., Harington, C. R., Burns, J. A., and Cooper, A.: Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo spp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity, Mol. Ecol., 18, 1668 - 1677, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Barnett et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It is a taxon limited to the Rancholabrean NALMA (Kurten and Anderson, 1980;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB616F5F880FEEACFBE"author="Lange, I. M."box="[191,329,1898,1921]"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"refId="ref8529"refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002."type="book"year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC9028FFB6137DFC47FA2ACBFB"box="[1335,1417,941,964]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
thick) covers the first third of the tooth. The tip has broken anterolaterally after death (given that it does not show wear) and is subacute in shape. The specimen is moderately curved, and in cross section it is oval to oval-elongate toward to the base. The lateral surface of the tooth is slightly convex, whereas the medial surface is flattened (
<figureCitationid="130509929028FFB615D7FB66FC7CCC9C"box="[925,991,1164,1187]"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="3.[819,886,1757,1779]"captionTargetBox="[883,1395,1196,1715]"captionTargetId="figure-509@3.[876,1405,1191,1725]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Figure 2. Isolated left lower canine (UAHMP-4221) of Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. (a) Labial and (b) lingual views. Scale bar equals 2 cm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588557"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588557/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="133">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
The metacarpal UAHMP-4222 is slender and long, showing a relatively gracile appearance (
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC9028FFB612EDFB26FB54CCDC"box="[1191,1271,1228,1251]"captionStart="Table 2"captionStartId="3.[124,180,571,593]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 2. Comparison of measurements (in mm) between UAHMP-4222 and fifth metacarpal specimens of Panthera atrox from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3">Table 2</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="130509929028FFB61348FB26FAE3CCDC"box="[1282,1344,1228,1251]"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="4.[124,191,1027,1049]"captionTargetBox="[395,1195,215,963]"captionTargetId="figure-9@4.[339,1246,177,996]"captionTargetPageId="4"captionText="Figure 3. Left fifth metacarpal (UAHMP-4222) of Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. (a) Ventral, (b) dorsal, (c) medial, (d) lateral, (e) proximal, and (f) distal views. Scale bar equals 2 cm."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588559"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588559/files/figure.png"pageId="2"pageNumber="133">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The shaft is oval in cross section and without sharply defined borders between the dorsal and palmar surfaces. At the proximal end, the articular surface for the unciform is narrow. The medial face presents the articular surface for metacarpal IV, formed by a large projection (“ear-shaped projection” of
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB61313FA81FC46CD9D"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."pageId="2"pageNumber="133"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
) and a narrow notch placed on the palmar side. The lateral surface presents a convex tuberosity. At the distal end, the lateral tuberosity is more prominent than the medial tuberosity. The distal articulation surface is situated at a 10
The deciduous lower canine of felids is distinguished by having an accessory cusp situated on the anterolingual side of the tooth (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69028FFB61530F900FBA0CF3E"author="Salles, L. O."box="[890,1027,1770,1793]"pageId="2"pageNumber="133"pagination="1 - 67"refId="ref9204"refString="Salles, L. O.: Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea), Am. Mus. Novit., 3047, 1 - 67, 1992."type="journal article"year="1992">Salles, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The specimen UAHMP-4221 does not show this condition, indicating that it is a permanent tooth; furthermore, it resembles the lower canine of pantherines in the absence of a lingual cavity (a widespread condition among felids), and differs from an upper canine in the absence of a lingual ridge (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB717CEFB4DFDABCC81"author="Salles, L. O."box="[388,520,1191,1214]"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"pagination="1 - 67"refId="ref9204"refString="Salles, L. O.: Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea), Am. Mus. Novit., 3047, 1 - 67, 1992."type="journal article"year="1992">Salles, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) and in being more robust. By contrast, the lower canine of
is smaller and slender, strongly curved, and shows a median lateral ridge (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB716C9FAECFE3BCD22"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."box="[131,408,1286,1309]"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
(f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB717EEFF06FD16C93E"author="Whitmore Jr., F. C. & Foster, H. L."box="[420,693,236,257]"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"pagination="247 - 251"refId="ref9504"refString="Whitmore Jr., F. C. and Foster, H. L.: Panthera atrox (Mammalia: Felidae) from central Alaska, J. Paleontol., 247 - 251, 1967."type="book chapter"year="1967">Whitmore and Foster, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB7137CFF06FF52C921"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."pageId="3"pageNumber="134"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB7152BFEE3FAEDC921"author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. & Carbot-Chanona, G."box="[865,1358,265,286]"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"pagination="217 - 222"refId="ref8897"refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69029FFB714E3FDB3FC01CA51"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."box="[681,930,601,622]"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses.
<thid="76DF7E299029004B16B4FC5AFD76CBFA"box="[254,725,944,965]"gridcol="0"gridrow="8"pageId="3"pageNumber="134">Transverse diameter at middle of shaft</th>
<thid="76DF7E299029004B16B4FC00FD76CBC0"box="[254,725,1002,1023]"gridcol="0"gridrow="10"pageId="3"pageNumber="134">Dorsoventral diameter at middle of shaft</th>
<thid="76DF7E299029004B16B4FBCEFD76CC05"box="[254,725,1060,1082]"gridcol="0"gridrow="12"pageId="3"pageNumber="134">Greatest transverse diameter at distal end of shaft</th>
, including USNM 23619 (right lower jaw with c, p3–m1) from
<locationid="8EE143CC9029FFB71424FA8CFF1DCDA2"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9029FFB71424FA8CFF1DCDA2"country="Mexico"county="Rancho La Brea"municipality="Rancho La Brea"name="Lost Chicken Creek"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"stateProvince="Chiapas">Lost Chicken Creek</location>
,
<locationid="8EE143CC9029FFB71687FA6CFDA0CDA2"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9029FFB71687FA6CFDA0CDA2"box="[205,515,1414,1437]"country="Mexico"county="Rancho La Brea"municipality="Rancho La Brea"name="Rancholabrean of Fairbanks"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"stateProvince="Chiapas">Rancholabrean of Fairbanks</location>
, Alaska; it falls in the upper limit of the observed range in specimens from
<collectingMunicipalityid="6BE58F6D9029FFB71481FA4CFEA1CDE2"pageId="3"pageNumber="134">Rancho La Brea</collectingMunicipality>
, California, United States; and it is nearly 25 % larger than the specimen IHNFG-2678 (isolated lower canine) from
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC9029FFB7146AF9EFFDD1CE23"box="[544,626,1541,1564]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The difference in size between the specimens from
could be explained by intraspecific variation (related to age and/or sex), considering that UAHMP-4221 shows dimensions comparable to the larger lower canines from
<collectingCountyid="62E06D9B9029FFB71481F96FFEA6CE83"pageId="3"pageNumber="134">Rancho La Brea</collectingCounty>
, whereas the dimensions of IHNFG-2678 correspond to those of the smaller ones (
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC9029FFB7145EF92FFDC6CEE3"box="[532,613,1733,1756]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
). It should be stated that the specimen UAHMP-4221 is significantly larger (ca. 33 %) than lower canines of
; however, the size of this tooth between those extant species is similar (
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC9029FFB716A6F8AEFE9FCF64"box="[236,316,1860,1883]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903"pageId="3"pageNumber="134"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
Among felids, the morphology of the limb elements is somewhat homogeneous, including the metacarpals. In general, the metacarpal bones of felids are characterized by being short and robust with a broad and curved diaphysis as well as broad proximal and narrow distal ends (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB014D7FB13FE46CD0F"author="Morales-Mejia, F. M. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J."pageId="4"pageNumber="135"pagination="75 - 84"refId="ref8999"refString="Morales-Mejia, F. M. and Arroyo-Cabrales, J.: Estudio comparativo de algunos elementos de las extremidades de las familias Felidae y Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora), Rev. Esp. Cienc. Quimico- Biologicas, 15, 75 - 84, 2012."type="journal article"year="2012">Morales-Mejía and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). All these features are observed in the specimen UAHMP-4222, indicating its felid condition. In particular, the fifth metacarpal from Hidalgo resembles those of
in the following characters: (1) well-developed projection on the palmar side at the proximal end; (2) the articulating surface for the unciform is narrow; (3) the diaphysis is relatively slender; (4) the notch on the articulating surface for the fourth metacarpal is narrow; and (5) the diaphysis at the middle is oval in cross section (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB016F2F9D2FE78CE70"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."box="[184,475,1592,1615]"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, the size of UAHMP-4222 (greatest length = 105.9 mm) is within the observed range of fifth metacarpals of
<collectingRegionid="49FADBF5902EFFB016A9F972FEF1CE90"box="[227,338,1688,1711]"country="United States of America"name="California"pageId="4"pageNumber="135">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountryid="F3295587902EFFB01715F972FE4CCE90"box="[351,495,1688,1711]"name="United States of America"pageId="4"pageNumber="135">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC902EFFB0144AF972FDF5CE90"box="[512,598,1688,1711]"captionStart="Table 2"captionStartId="3.[124,180,571,593]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Table 2. Comparison of measurements (in mm) between UAHMP-4222 and fifth metacarpal specimens of Panthera atrox from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3">Table 2</tableCitation>
); however, it is about 25 % larger than the fifth metacarpal of OCMP-077 belonging to
is distinguished in having a poorly developed projection on the palmar side at the proximal end, a broad articulating surface for the unciform, and a relatively stout diaphysis (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB01295FB90FCCFCC8E"author="Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C."pageId="4"pageNumber="135"refId="ref8836"refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932."type="book"year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
The American lion was one of the largest cats that inhabited North America during the late Pleistocene (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB01340F9C9FC62CE65"author="KurtOn, B. & Anderson, E."pageId="4"pageNumber="135"refId="ref8500"refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980."type="book"year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB01584F9A9FBF9CE65"author="Lange, I. M."box="[974,1114,1603,1626]"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"refId="ref8529"refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002."type="book"year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Body size estimations indicate that this felid had a mean body mass of
<quantityid="4CC6B8F2902EFFB01579F969FC67CEA5"box="[819,964,1667,1690]"metricMagnitude="2"metricUnit="kg"metricValue="3.0"metricValueMax="4.0"metricValueMin="2.0"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"unit="kg"value="300.0"valueMax="400.0"valueMin="200.0">200 to 400 kg</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB0159AF969FAAACEA5"author="Van Valkenburgh, B. & Hayward, M. W. & Ripple, W. J. & Meloro, C. & Roth, V. L."box="[976,1289,1667,1690]"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"pagination="862 - 867"refId="ref9444"refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016."type="journal article"year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
). It has been observed that prey body size tends to increase with the predator size (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB01526F928FBE5CEE6"author="Sinclair, A. R. E. & Mduma, S. & Brashares, J. S."box="[876,1094,1730,1753]"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"pagination="288 - 290"refId="ref9269"refString="Sinclair, A. R. E., Mduma, S., and Brashares, J. S.: Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system, Nature, 425, 288 - 290, 2003."type="journal article"year="2003">Sinclair et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, it should be expected that large mammalian herbivores were common prey of
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902EFFB015FFF8E8FB4ECF26"author="Van Valkenburgh, B. & Hayward, M. W. & Ripple, W. J. & Meloro, C. & Roth, V. L."box="[949,1261,1794,1817]"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"pagination="862 - 867"refId="ref9444"refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016."type="journal article"year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al. (2016</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2, p. 865) predicted a typical prey size ranging from
<quantityid="4CC6B8F2902EFFB01295F8C8FAC5CF06"box="[1247,1382,1826,1849]"metricMagnitude="2"metricUnit="kg"metricValue="4.8"metricValueMax="9.0"metricValueMin="0.6"pageId="4"pageNumber="135"unit="kg"value="480.0"valueMax="900.0"valueMin="60.0">60 to 900 kg</quantity>
for the American lion, and the maximum prey size could have been about
from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, including the herbivores that have been reported at the El Barrio locality (HGO-47). Diamond and line indicate the mean and observed range of body mass (from
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB113DBFC1BFECACC1C"author="Van Valkenburgh, B. & Hayward, M. W. & Ripple, W. J. & Meloro, C. & Roth, V. L."pageId="5"pageNumber="136"pagination="862 - 867"refId="ref9444"refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016."type="journal article"year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
); the body mass among these herbivores is estimated to have been
<quantityid="4CC6B8F2902FFFB1149DFACCFF40CD62"metricMagnitude="2"metricUnit="kg"metricValue="5.5"metricValueMax="9.0"metricValueMin="2.0"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"unit="kg"value="550.0"valueMax="900.0"valueMin="200.0">200 to 900 kg</quantity>
(
<figureCitationid="13050992902FFFB116BCFAACFE9FCD62"box="[246,316,1350,1373]"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="5.[124,191,979,1001]"captionTargetBox="[339,1246,177,946]"captionTargetId="figure-9@5.[339,1246,177,948]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="Figure 4. Potential common prey-size range for Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, including the herbivores that have been reported at the El Barrio locality (HGO-47). Diamond and line indicate the mean and observed range of body mass (from Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588563"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588563/files/figure.png"pageId="5"pageNumber="136">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Hunting in groups increases the upper range of available prey size; consequently, it has been suggested that large-sized Pleistocene cats (such as
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB11694FA2CFDB4CDE2"author="Van Valkenburgh, B. & Hayward, M. W. & Ripple, W. J. & Meloro, C. & Roth, V. L."box="[222,535,1478,1501]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"pagination="862 - 867"refId="ref9444"refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016."type="journal article"year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Assuming a hunting group behavior and potential presence of other individuals belonging to
The American lion was the second largest carnivore in the late Pleistocene ecosystems of North America, exceeded by only the short-faced bear
<taxonomicNameid="4C3E6E94902FFFB117C2F8CEFF52CF64"authority="(KurtOn and Anderson, 1980)"baseAuthorityName="KurtOn and Anderson"baseAuthorityYear="1980"class="Mammalia"family="Ursidae"genus="Arctodus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Carnivora"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="simus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB1147CF8CEFF4BCF64"author="KurtOn, B. & Anderson, E."pageId="5"pageNumber="136"refId="ref8500"refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980."type="book"year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The large size and restricted dietary behavior of
(a carnivore that feeds mostly on meat, i.e., a hypercarnivore) suggest that this extinct cat occupied the top of the trophic chain, considering that both conditions are typical of extant top predators (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB1122EFB4DFA2ACC81"author="Ritchie, E. G. & Johnson, C. N."box="[1124,1417,1191,1214]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"pagination="982 - 998"refId="ref9126"refString="Ritchie, E. G. and Johnson, C. N.: Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation, Ecol. Lett., 12, 982 - 998, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Ritchie and Johnson, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). At the El Barrio locality, it is probable that the individual of
. The earliest known occurrences are from the Sangamonian interglacial stage, including localities in the western of the
<collectingCountryid="F3295587902FFFB1129AF9E1FAC2CE1D"box="[1232,1377,1547,1570]"name="United States of America"pageId="5"pageNumber="136">United States</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB112CDF9C1FA12CE7D"author="KurtOn, B. & Anderson, E."box="[1159,1457,1579,1602]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"refId="ref8500"refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980."type="book"year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB11579F9A1FBF5CE5D"author="Van Devender, T. R. & Rea, A. M. & Smith, M. L."box="[819,1110,1611,1634]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"pagination="23 - 55"refId="ref9388"refString="Van Devender, T. R., Rea, A. M., and Smith, M. L.: The Sangamon interglacial vertebrate fauna from Rancho la Brisca, Sonora, Mexico, T. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 21, 23 - 55, 1985."type="journal article"year="1985">Van Devender et al., 1985</bibRefCitation>
), indicating that this large-sized cat reached regions of southern temperate North America in a relatively short time. Subsequently, the American lion spread its distribution to the Great Plains, the Great Basin, the California Coast, the Gulf Coast, and
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB115D5F900FB6ECF3E"author="KurtOn, B. & Anderson, E."box="[927,1229,1770,1793]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"refId="ref8500"refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980."type="book"year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902FFFB11293F900FAC0CF3E"author="Lange, I. M."box="[1241,1379,1770,1793]"pageId="5"pageNumber="136"refId="ref8529"refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002."type="book"year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
, it seems that it was a common inhabitant of temperate areas of central-western North America, although it was able to reach tropical areas that now are part of southern
<figureCitationid="13050992902FFFB1132AF880FA02CFBE"box="[1376,1441,1898,1921]"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="6.[124,191,859,881]"captionTargetBox="[136,756,180,825]"captionTargetId="figure-9@6.[132,759,177,828]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Figure 5. Geographic distribution of Panthera atrox in North America during the late Pleistocene (main source: KurtØn and Anderson, 1980). The gray silhouette indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588567"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588567/files/figure.png"pageId="5"pageNumber="136">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
in North America during the late Pleistocene (main source:
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21461FC93FF13CB94"author="KurtOn, B. & Anderson, E."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"refId="ref8500"refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980."type="book"year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The gray silhouette indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico.
<collectingRegionid="49FADBF5902CFFB21474FB87FD57CCBB"box="[574,756,1133,1156]"country="Mexico"name="San Luis Potosi"pageId="6"pageNumber="137">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB2179EFB47FD02CCFB"author="Freudenberg, W."box="[468,673,1197,1220]"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="195 - 231"refId="ref8191"refString="Freudenberg, W.: Die saugetierfauna des Pliocans und post-Pliocans von Mexiko. 1. Carnivoren, Geol. und Palaont. Abhandlungen, 9, 195 - 231, 1910."type="journal article"year="1910">Freudenberg, 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB214E7FB47FEEDCCDC"author="Mooser, O. & Dalquest, W. W."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="781 - 820"refId="ref8966"refString="Mooser, O. and Dalquest, W. W.: Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico, J. Mammal., 56, 781 - 820, 1975."type="journal article"year="1975">Mooser and Dalquest, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21710FB26FD3ECCDC"author="Lorenzo, J. L. & Mirambell, L."box="[346,669,1228,1251]"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="11112 - 11124"refId="ref8623"refString="Lorenzo, J. L. and Mirambell, L.: El Cedral, S. L. P., Mexico: Un sitio con presencia humana de mAEs de 30,000 aP, in: X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas: Comision XII: El Poblamiento de AmOrica. Coloquio: Evidencia arqueologica de ocupacion humana en AmOrica anterior a 11,500 aaeos a. p., edited by: Bryan, A. L., Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, MOxico, 18 - 24 October 1981, 11112 - 11124, 1981."type="book chapter"year="1981">Lorenzo and Mirambell, 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB214E3FB26FE35CD3C"author="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Polaco, O. J."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="273 - 291"refId="ref6892"refString="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. and Polaco, O. J.: Caves and the Pleistocene vertebrate paleontology of Mexico, in: Ice age cave faunas of North America, edited by: Schubert, B. W., Mead, J. I., and Graham, R. W., Indiana University Press and Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, 273 - 291, 2003."type="book chapter"year="2003">Arroyo-Cabrales and Polaco, 2003</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21492FB06FF4ACD1C"author="Lucas, S. G."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="39 - 49"refId="ref8730"refString="Lucas, S. G.: Late Cenozoic fossil mammals from the Chapala rift basin, Jalisco, Mexico, in: Neogene mammals: New Mexico, USA, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Morgan, G. S., Spielmann, J. A., and Prothero, D. R., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 44, 39 - 49, 2008."type="journal article"year="2008">Lucas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21775FAC6FE64CD7C"author="Aviaea, C. E."box="[319,455,1324,1347]"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="1 - 20"refId="ref7066"refString="Aviaea, C. E.: Nota sobre carnivoros fosiles del Pleistoceno de MOxico, Departamento de Prehistoria, INAH, Paleoecologia, 5, 1 - 20, 1969."type="journal article"year="1969">Aviaea, 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB2179FFAC6FED0CD5C"author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. & Carbot-Chanona, G."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="217 - 222"refId="ref8897"refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB217CAFAA6FF10CDBC"author="Carbot-Chanona, G. & Gomez-POrez, L. E."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="83 - 89"refId="ref7769"refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014."type="journal article"year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
<quantityid="4CC6B8F2902CFFB216BDF9E1FE38CE1D"box="[247,411,1547,1570]"metricMagnitude="3"metricUnit="m"metricValue="1.875"metricValueMax="2.25"metricValueMin="1.5"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"unit="m"value="1875.0"valueMax="2250.0"valueMin="1500.0">1500 to 2250 m</quantity>
<figureCitationid="13050992902CFFB2174BF961FEF3CE9D"box="[257,336,1675,1698]"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="6.[819,886,1143,1165]"captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1111]"captionTargetId="figure-285@6.[827,1454,177,1112]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Figure 6. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of Panthera atrox, considering (a) a hypsometric base and (b) the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu Ceballos et al., 2010). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588571"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588571/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="137">Fig. 6a</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21203FB58FAB5CCF8"author="Ceballos, G. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Ponce, E."box="[1097,1302,1202,1223]"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="464 - 473"refId="ref7808"refString="Ceballos, G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., and Ponce, E.: Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico, Quaternary Res., 73, 464 - 473, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ceballos et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands.
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21492F941FEF9CEDE"author="Ceballos, G. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Ponce, E."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="464 - 473"refId="ref7808"refString="Ceballos, G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., and Ponce, E.: Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico, Quaternary Res., 73, 464 - 473, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ceballos et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
(including the Hidalgoan record considered in the present study) indicate that this felid used the corridors of the Rocky Mountains– Sierra Madre Occidental and/or central
<collectingCountryid="F3295587902CFFB21478F8A0FDF1CF5E"box="[562,594,1866,1889]"name="United States of America"pageId="6"pageNumber="137">US</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21533FA13FB59CE2F"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."box="[889,1274,1529,1552]"pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
– Central America Gulf Lowlands (i.e., Gulf Coastal Plain corridor (after
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902CFFB21371F9D3FB84CE4F"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="6"pageNumber="137"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
)) for reaching southern tropical areas of the Mexican territory (
<figureCitationid="13050992902CFFB2120AF992FB2CCEB0"box="[1088,1167,1656,1679]"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="6.[819,886,1143,1165]"captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1111]"captionTargetId="figure-285@6.[827,1454,177,1112]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Figure 6. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of Panthera atrox, considering (a) a hypsometric base and (b) the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu Ceballos et al., 2010). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588571"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588571/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="137">Fig. 6b</figureCitation>
<tableCitationid="C6BC20AC902DFFB314D1FBFCFD52CC12"box="[667,753,1046,1069]"captionStart="Table 3"captionStartId="7.[124,180,177,199]"captionTargetBox="[153,1428,473,841]"captionTargetId="graphics-169@7.[139,1441,462,851]"captionText="Table 3. The record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico. The morphotectonic provinces are those of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Morphotectonic provinces: NW, Northwestern Plains and Sierras; CH-CO, Chihuahua–Coahuila Plateaus and Ranges; SMOr, Sierra Madre Oriental; CeP, Central Plateau; TMVB, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; GCP, Gulf Coastal Plain; SMS, Sierra Madre del Sur; CHI, Sierra Madre de Chiapas; YPL, Yucatan Platform. Localities: 1, El Golfo (Sonora); 2, La Brisca (Sonora); 3, Terapa (Sonora); 4, Cuatro CiØnegas (Coahuila); 5, Cueva de JimØnez (Chihuahua); 6, Cueva de San Josecito (Nuevo León); 7, El Cedral (San Luis Potosí); 8, Mina San Antonio (San Luis Potosí); 9, El Cedazo (Aguascalientes); 10, Chapala–Zacoalco (Jalisco); 11, Tequixquiac (State of Mexico); 12, Tlapacoya (State of Mexico); 13, Tlailotlacan (State of Mexico); 14, El Barrio (Hidalgo, present study); 15, Valsequillo (Puebla); 16, Mixtequilla (Veracruz); 17, San Agustín (Oaxaca); 18, La Simpatía (Chiapas); 19, La Tejería (Chiapas); 20, Villa Corzo (Chiapas); 21, Cueva de Loltoen (YucatAEn); 22, Hoyo Negro (Quintana Roo)."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"tableUuid="DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The Mexican record of Pleistocene felids includes 87.5 % and 73.3 % of generic and specific diversity known for North America, respectively.
The record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico. The morphotectonic provinces are those of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Morphotectonic provinces: NW, Northwestern Plains and Sierras; CH-CO, Chihuahua–Coahuila Plateaus and Ranges; SMOr, Sierra Madre Oriental; CeP, Central Plateau; TMVB, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; GCP, Gulf Coastal Plain; SMS, Sierra Madre del Sur; CHI, Sierra Madre de Chiapas; YPL, Yucatan Platform. Localities: 1, El Golfo (Sonora); 2, La Brisca (Sonora); 3, Terapa (Sonora); 4, Cuatro CiØnegas (Coahuila); 5, Cueva de JimØnez (Chihuahua); 6, Cueva de San Josecito (Nuevo León); 7, El Cedral (San Luis Potosí); 8, Mina San Antonio (San Luis Potosí); 9, El Cedazo (Aguascalientes); 10, Chapala–Zacoalco (Jalisco); 11, Tequixquiac (State of Mexico); 12, Tlapacoya (State of Mexico); 13, Tlailotlacan (State of Mexico); 14, El Barrio (Hidalgo, present study); 15, Valsequillo (Puebla); 16, Mixtequilla (Veracruz); 17, San Agustín (Oaxaca); 18, La Simpatía (Chiapas); 19, La Tejería (Chiapas); 20, Villa Corzo (Chiapas); 21, Cueva de Loltoen (YucatAEn); 22, Hoyo Negro (Quintana Roo).
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB314E8FAFFFF17CD73"author="Lindsay, E. H."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="208 - 215"refId="ref8594"refString="Lindsay, E. H.: Late Cenozoic mammals from northwestern Mexico: J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 4, 208 - 215, 1984."type="journal article"year="1984">Lindsay, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31689FADFFE60CD73"author="Croxen III, F. W. & Shaw, C. A. & Sussman, D. R."box="[195,451,1333,1356]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="84 - 89"refId="ref7976"refString="Croxen III, F. W., Shaw, C. A., and Sussman, D. R.: Pleistocene Geology and Paleontology of the Colorado River Delta at Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexico, Wild, Scenic and Rapid: A Trip Down the Colorado River Trough, 84 - 89, 2007."type="book chapter"year="2007">Croxen III et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
). By contrast, the late Pleistocene record of Mexican felids is represented by at least eight species whose material has been recovered from several localities across the country (
<figureCitationid="13050992902DFFB317ABFA7EFD81CD94"box="[481,546,1428,1451]"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="8.[124,191,798,820]"captionTargetBox="[303,1285,177,767]"captionTargetId="figure-9@8.[302,1285,177,767]"captionTargetPageId="8"captionText="Figure 7. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of felids. The map is regionalized in the morphotectonic provinces of Ferrusquía- Villafranca (1993). Abbreviations of the morphotectonic provinces as in Table 3. Squares indicate the early Pleistocene localities and circles the late Pleistocene localities. The felid record includes the following species: A: Panthera atrox; B: Panthera onca; C: Puma concolor; D: Puma yagouaroundi; E: Lynx rufus; F: Leopardus pardalis; G: Leopardus wiedii; H: Smilodon fatalis; I: Smilodon cf. S. gracilis; J: Felis rexroadensis; K: Miracinonyx inexpectatus."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588577"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588577/files/figure.png"pageId="7"pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
(sabertoothed cat) is somewhat numerous. These species are known from several late Pleistocene localities in the following morphotectonic provinces:
<locationid="8EE143CC902DFFB31730F9BEFDF6CE54"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902DFFB31730F9BEFDF6CE54"box="[378,597,1620,1643]"country="Mexico"county="Sierra Madre del Sur"municipality="Central Plateau"name="Northwestern Plains"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"stateProvince="Chihuahua">Northwestern Plains</location>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB314CEF99EFEDACE95"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
<collectingRegionid="49FADBF5902DFFB31445F979FDCDCE95"box="[527,622,1683,1706]"country="Mexico"name="Coahuila de Zaragoza"pageId="7"pageNumber="138">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31410F959FD59CEF5"author="Gilmore, R. M."box="[602,762,1715,1738]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="147 - 165"refId="ref8224"refString="Gilmore, R. M.: Report on a collection of mammal bones from archeologic cave-sites in Coahuila, Mexico, J. Mamma., 28 (2), 147 - 165, 1947."type="journal article"year="1947">Gilmore, 1947</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31636F939FE82CED5"author="Messing, H. J."box="[124,289,1747,1770]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="277 - 288"refId="ref8868"refString="Messing, H. J.: A late Pleistocene-Holocene fauna from Chihuahua, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 31, 277 - 288, 1986."type="journal article"year="1986">Messing, 1986</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31452F919FF53CF15"author="Lorenzo, J. L. & Mirambell, L."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="11112 - 11124"refId="ref8623"refString="Lorenzo, J. L. and Mirambell, L.: El Cedral, S. L. P., Mexico: Un sitio con presencia humana de mAEs de 30,000 aP, in: X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas: Comision XII: El Poblamiento de AmOrica. Coloquio: Evidencia arqueologica de ocupacion humana en AmOrica anterior a 11,500 aaeos a. p., edited by: Bryan, A. L., Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, MOxico, 18 - 24 October 1981, 11112 - 11124, 1981."type="book chapter"year="1981">Lorenzo and Mirambell, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005, 2010;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31788F8D9FF16CF55"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB315CCFC7CFBBDCB92"author="Mooser, O."box="[902,1054,918,941]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="409 - 452"refId="ref8935"refString="Mooser, O.: La fauna " Cedazo " del Pleistoceno en Aguascalientes, Ann. Inst. Biol. MOxico, 29, 409 - 452, 1959."type="journal article"year="1959">Mooser, 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31266FC7CFAFFCB92"author="Mooser, O. & Dalquest, W. W."box="[1068,1372,918,941]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="781 - 820"refId="ref8966"refString="Mooser, O. and Dalquest, W. W.: Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico, J. Mammal., 56, 781 - 820, 1975."type="journal article"year="1975">Mooser and Dalquest, 1975</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB315CCFC3CFBF1CBD2"author="Freudenberg, W."box="[902,1106,982,1005]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="195 - 231"refId="ref8191"refString="Freudenberg, W.: Die saugetierfauna des Pliocans und post-Pliocans von Mexiko. 1. Carnivoren, Geol. und Palaont. Abhandlungen, 9, 195 - 231, 1910."type="journal article"year="1910">Freudenberg, 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31215FC3CFB46CBD2"author="Aviaea, C. E."box="[1119,1253,982,1005]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="1 - 20"refId="ref7066"refString="Aviaea, C. E.: Nota sobre carnivoros fosiles del Pleistoceno de MOxico, Departamento de Prehistoria, INAH, Paleoecologia, 5, 1 - 20, 1969."type="journal article"year="1969">Aviaea, 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB312B8FC3CFA20CBD2"author="Rufolo, S. J."box="[1266,1411,982,1005]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"refId="ref9162"refString="Rufolo, S. J.: Taxonomy and significance of the fossil mammals of Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, M. S. thesis, Provo, Utah, Brigham Young University, 146 pp., 1998."type="book"year="1998">Rufolo, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB313DAFC3CFC38CC32"author="Lucas, S. G."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="39 - 49"refId="ref8730"refString="Lucas, S. G.: Late Cenozoic fossil mammals from the Chapala rift basin, Jalisco, Mexico, in: Neogene mammals: New Mexico, USA, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Morgan, G. S., Spielmann, J. A., and Prothero, D. R., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 44, 39 - 49, 2008."type="journal article"year="2008">Lucas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB315EDFC1CFAB8CC32"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."box="[935,1307,1014,1037]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31371FBFCFBE3CC72"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountyid="62E06D9B902DFFB31210FBDCFAEDCC72"box="[1114,1358,1078,1101]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138">Sierra Madre del Sur</collectingCounty>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB3128CFBBCFC0ECCB3"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31379FB9FFB73CC93"author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. & Carbot-Chanona, G."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="217 - 222"refId="ref8897"refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009."type="journal article"year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31290FB7FFBA9CCF3"author="Carbot-Chanona, G. & Gomez-POrez, L. E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="83 - 89"refId="ref7769"refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014."type="journal article"year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31299FB3FFA08CCD3"author="Collins, S. V. & Reinhardt, E. G. & Rissolo, D. & Chatters, J. C. & Blank, A. N. & Erreguerena, P. L."box="[1235,1451,1237,1260]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="68 - 83"refId="ref7901"refString="Collins, S. V., Reinhardt, E. G., Rissolo, D., Chatters, J. C., Blank, A. N., and Erreguerena, P. L.: Reconstructing water level in Hoyo Negro, Quintana Roo, Mexico, implications for early Paleoamerican and faunal access, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 124, 68 - 83, 2015."type="journal article"year="2015">Collins et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31266FA5EFA12CDF4"author="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Johnson, E."box="[1068,1457,1460,1483]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="120 - 126"refId="ref6807"refString="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. and Johnson, E.: 1998, La Cueva de San Josecito, Nuevo Leon, MOxico: Una primera interpretacion paleoambiental, in: Avances en Investigacion, Publicacion Especial 1. Paleontologia de Vertebrados, edited by: Carranza-Castaaeeda, O. and Cordoba-MOndez, D. A., Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Pachuca, Hidalgo, MOxico, 120 - 126, 1998."type="book chapter"year="1998">Arroyo-Cabrales and Johnson, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003). By the same token, the species
Platform and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt morphotectonic provinces, respectively (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB312F5F99EFAF0CEB4"author="KurtOn, B."box="[1215,1363,1652,1675]"pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="173 - 178"refId="ref8439"refString="KurtOn, B.: Prariew und Sabelzahntiger aus dem Pleistozan des Valsequillo, Mexiko, Quarter, 18, 173 - 178, 1967."type="journal article"year="1967">KurtØn, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E6902DFFB31231F979FCCECEF5"author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & HernAEndez, E. & Gama-Castro, J. & Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. & Polaco, O. J. & Johnson, E."pageId="7"pageNumber="138"pagination="53 - 104"refId="ref8093"refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010."type="journal article"year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAF68E69022FFBC172EFBC6FDD8CC7C"author="Bravo-Cuevas, V. M. & Cabral-Perdomo M. A. & Ortiz-Caballero E. & Priego Vargas J."box="[356,635,1068,1091]"pageId="8"pageNumber="139"pagination="85 - 96"refId="ref7507"refString="Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., Cabral-Perdomo M. A., Ortiz-Caballero E., and Priego Vargas J.: La Megafauna del Pleistoceno, in: Los Fosiles del Estado de Hidalgo, edited by: GonzAElez-Rodriguez, K. A., Cuevas-Cardona, C., and Castillo-Ceron, J. M., Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, MOxico, 85 - 96, 2009."type="book chapter"year="2009">Bravo-Cuevas et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of felids. The map is regionalized in the morphotectonic provinces of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Abbreviations of the morphotectonic provinces as in Table 3. Squares indicate the early Pleistocene localities and circles the late Pleistocene localities. The felid record includes the following species: A:
Clearly, felids were more diverse and widespread in their geographic distribution across the Mexican territory during the late Pleistocene. There are several areas in northern, central, and southern
that testify to the presence of three to four species of felids, including Cuatro CiØnegas,
<collectingRegionid="49FADBF59022FFBC1636FB01FF7FCD3D"box="[124,220,1259,1282]"country="Mexico"name="Coahuila de Zaragoza"pageId="8"pageNumber="139">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
<locationid="8EE143CC9022FFBC140FFA60FF11CDFE"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9022FFBC140FFA60FF11CDFE"country="Mexico"municipality="Cueva de Loltoen"name="The San Josecito Cave"pageId="8"pageNumber="139"stateProvince="Coahuila de Zaragoza">The San Josecito Cave</location>
locality testifies to the presence of six species of felids. It is probable that the high diversity recorded there should be related to the nature of the site, which functioned as a shelter for maternity, resting, and/or feeding of several carnivore groups, including felids (Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003).
