treatments-xml/data/03/A8/00/03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5ce3343f" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking 2014" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1645784257244" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.272951</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698650" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419915" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698650" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,949,1395,1454]" box="[151,949,1395,1421]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,949,1395,1421]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,949,1395,1421]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,949,1395,1421]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,479,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Van" box="[486,949,1395,1421]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Meesters, E. H. &amp; Becking, L. E. (2014) Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curacao, Southern Caribbean. Zootaxa, 3878 (5), 401 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3878.5.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,949,1395,1454]" box="[151,310,1429,1454]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<figureCitation box="[151,270,1429,1454]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figures 62</figureCitation>
a–g
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[151,884,1498,1520]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,884,1498,1520]" box="[151,884,1498,1520]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest et al., 2014: 410" authorityName="Van Soest et al." authorityPageNumber="410" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,712,1498,1520]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis box="[151,432,1498,1520]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
Van Soest 
<emphasis box="[545,596,1498,1520]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 410
</taxonomicName>
, figs 6a–d, 7a–e.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726338" collectingDate="1970-08-24" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Suriname" elevation="117" latitude="7.1667" location="Material" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-53.5833" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,391,1562,1587]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7:8EDEE7DD7733FFC8FF14A5719082F9A9" box="[151,255,1562,1587]" country="Suriname" latitude="7.1667" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-53.5833" name="Material" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Material</location>
examined.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[404,488,1563,1586]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 9822, 
<collectingCountry box="[637,747,1562,1587]" name="Suriname" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, ‘Luymes’ 
<collectingCountry box="[887,974,1563,1587]" name="Guyana" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station 1, 
<geoCoordinate box="[1328,1436,1562,1587]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="5" value="7.1667">7.1667°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[151,279,1597,1622]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="5" value="-53.5833">53.5833°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity box="[360,489,1598,1622]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="117.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="104.0">
<elevation box="[360,489,1598,1622]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="117.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="104.0">104–130 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, bottom sandy calcarenite, 
<date box="[795,978,1598,1622]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1970-08-24">
<collectingDate box="[795,978,1598,1622]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1970-08-24">24 August 1970</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,1631,1656]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Description.</emphasis>
Two fragments of a flattened sponge (
<figureCitation box="[773,856,1631,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
a), overall size 11 x 7 
<date box="[1097,1132,1632,1656]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
x 
<quantity box="[1118,1132,1632,1656]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="cm" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</date>
cm. Surface smooth where not overgrown by a other sponges, but rough and hard in exposed places. Color in alcohol yellowish beige.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,309,1701,1726]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Ectosomal skeleton with a crust of acanthomicroxeas, carried by bundles of long oxeas and confusedly arranged plagiotriaenes. Choanosome with confused mass of spicules. The surface bears a crust of 
<taxonomicName box="[151,498,1770,1795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
<emphasis box="[151,311,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[354,498,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" box="[199,1075,1805,1830]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,304,1805,1830]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Spicules.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[319,404,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figs 62</figureCitation>
b–g) Oxeas, plagiotriaenes, amphiasters, acanthomicroxeas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Oxeas (
<figureCitation box="[287,379,1839,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figs 62</figureCitation>
b,b1) fusiform, curved, rather abruptly pointed, quite variable in length, 
<date box="[1216,1342,1839,1864]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1350" valueMax="1943">
1350– 
<emphasis box="[1286,1342,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">1943</emphasis>
</date>
–2450 
<date pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1934-10">x 34</date>
– 
<emphasis box="[193,242,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">55.2</emphasis>
–71 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Plagiotriaenes (
<figureCitation box="[383,477,1909,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
c), short-shafted, but usually the rhabd and the cladi are distinct, rhabdomes 294– 
<emphasis box="[207,249,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">397</emphasis>
–520 
<date box="[312,360,1944,1968]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1924-10">x 24</date>
– 
<emphasis box="[375,424,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">29.5</emphasis>
–36 µm, cladomes 288– 
<emphasis box="[693,735,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">334</emphasis>
–390 µm, cladi 126– 
<emphasis box="[968,1010,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">185</emphasis>
–234 
<date box="[1073,1121,1944,1968]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1923-10">x 23</date>
– 
<emphasis box="[1136,1185,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">26.2</emphasis>
–30 µm,
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" box="[199,1355,1978,2003]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Amphiasters (
<figureCitation box="[356,438,1978,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
d), with relatively robust and finely spined rays, overall diameter 16– 
<emphasis box="[1212,1261,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">18.2</emphasis>
–21 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[151,1436,1562,2038]" lastBlockId="101.[151,1436,151,211]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Acanthomicroxeas (
<figureCitation box="[429,521,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figs 62</figureCitation>
e–g), in two to three size categories, (1) larger (
<figureCitation box="[1098,1192,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figs 62</figureCitation>
e,e1) 210–256–282 
<date lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">x 5</date>
– 
<emphasis box="[179,214,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">6.0</emphasis>
–6.5 µm, (2) intermediate (
<figureCitation box="[533,620,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
f), rare (n=4) 76–172 
<date box="[878,944,152,176]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">x 2–3</date>
µm and (3) small (
<figureCitation box="[1180,1266,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[153,1438,246,1219]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 62. Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e 1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Fig. 
<quantity box="[1237,1266,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="g" value="62.0">62</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g) 34– 
<emphasis box="[1341,1369,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">43</emphasis>
– 
<date box="[1384,1436,151,176]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" value="1951-10">51 x</date>
2.5– 
<emphasis box="[200,235,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">3.1</emphasis>
–3.5 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273013/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" targetBox="[153,1438,246,1219]" targetPageId="101">
<paragraph blockId="101.[151,1435,1236,1320]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,288,1237,1259]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">FIGURE 62.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[294,970,1236,1258]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis box="[294,575,1236,1258]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014
</taxonomicName>
, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9822 (scale bar = 1 cm), b–g, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b1, details of b, c, plagiotriaene, d, amphiaster, e, large acanthomicroxea, e1, details of e, f, intermediate acanthomicroxea, g, small acanthomicroxea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection box="[199,1294,1359,1384]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="101.[151,1436,1359,1869]" box="[199,1294,1359,1384]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,498,1359,1384]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[505,592,1360,1384]" name="Guyana" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, 
<collectingCountry box="[672,764,1359,1384]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, sandy and rocky bottoms at 
<quantity box="[1090,1217,1359,1384]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMax="1.68" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="136.0" valueMax="168.0" valueMin="104.0">104–168 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="101.[151,1436,1359,1869]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,1394,1419]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Remarks.</emphasis>
The fragments reported here are closely similar in habit and spicules to the 
<typeStatus box="[1166,1218,1395,1419]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
. The plagiotriaenes are slightly smaller and there is a rare middle-sized acanthomicroxea (70–170 µm), which is not reported from the 
<typeStatus box="[151,203,1464,1488]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="101.[151,1436,1359,1869]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
The surface is encrusted by what appears to be a 
<taxonomicName box="[741,901,1498,1523]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[741,901,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather similar to what was recently described as 
<taxonomicName box="[151,322,1532,1557]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
<emphasis box="[151,322,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">P. strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because of the possession of the characteristic acanthomicroxeas with thin erect spines. See above for a description and discussion. Remarkably, instead of strongyles, the spicules are thickly fusiform oxeas arranged in a confused reticulation. These spicules are also shorter, 171–204 
<date box="[1020,1098,1602,1626]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" value="2014-10-09">x 9–14</date>
µm than the strongyles of the 
<typeStatus box="[151,199,1637,1661]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
(290–370 
<date box="[321,413,1637,1661]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" value="2010-10-18">x 10–18</date>
µm). It remains to be decided whether the present encrustation falls within the variation of 
<taxonomicName box="[151,322,1671,1696]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
<emphasis box="[151,322,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">P. strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="101.[151,1436,1359,1869]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Puerto Rican 
<taxonomicName authority="De Laubenfels, 1934" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1934" box="[350,793,1706,1731]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="enae">
<emphasis box="[350,536,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Characella enae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="De" box="[550,785,1706,1731]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto Rican Deep. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 91, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1934">De Laubenfels, 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName box="[839,959,1706,1731]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Neothenea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[839,959,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Neothenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 5), (
<typeStatus box="[1044,1094,1706,1730]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">type</typeStatus>
specimen 
<collectionCode box="[1212,1293,1706,1730]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USNM</collectionCode>
22321, slide re-examined), shows a general similarity to 
<taxonomicName box="[657,870,1740,1765]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis box="[657,870,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C. poecillastroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It has a flabellate shape, but its megascleres are consistently much longer and thicker than those of 
<taxonomicName box="[718,928,1775,1800]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis box="[718,928,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C. poecillastroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: oxeas up to 
<quantity box="[1075,1153,1776,1800]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
x 106 µm, plagiotriaenes and dichotriaenes (not found in 
<taxonomicName box="[507,717,1810,1835]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
<emphasis box="[507,717,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C. poecillastroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with cladi similarly up to 100 µm in thickness, amphiasters are 25–30 µm and acanthomicroxeas show less differentiation in size categories.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>