<documentID-CLB-Dataset="23714"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071"ID-GBIF-Dataset="60fd3ce1-a287-4731-b0c8-e2d83dcced95"ID-PMC="PMC7066267"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-140-125"ID-Pensoft-UUID="60272EC138C25DB7BACD87DA6781CE80"ID-PubMed="32194318"ModsDocID="1314-2003-140-125"checkinTime="1583404222142"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., de Bem Bianchetti, Luciano & Stehmann, Joao Renato"docDate="2020"docId="FA39E70E6A275F9D8504CB0DF8AD4DF2"docLanguage="en"docName="PhytoKeys 140: 125-138"docOrigin="PhytoKeys 140"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071"docTitle="Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti 2020, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docVersion="6"id="60272EC138C25DB7BACD87DA6781CE80"lastPageNumber="125"masterDocId="60272EC138C25DB7BACD87DA6781CE80"masterDocTitle="Capsicum carassense (Solanaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest"masterLastPageNumber="138"masterPageNumber="125"pageNumber="125"updateTime="1732867205823"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<taxonomicNameid="911E2AA3EB2CB4B57E3D7EDBB30BD184"ID-CoL="QT59"LSID="FA39E70E-6A27-5F9D-8504-CB0DF8AD4DF2"authority="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense"status="sp. nov.">Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti</taxonomicName>
<figureCitationid="A58543A9D93B38092CB998F0F6AE3AEF"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti A flowering branch B-D leaf morphology E eglandular trichome of the stem F glandular trichome of the calyx G, H flower buds in different stages of development I flower in anthesis (note the geniculate pedicel) J opened corolla K fruit L fruiting calyx A-K from Bianchetti et al. 1364. Drawn by L. Bianchetti."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/385142"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="25E4817747F338ABAF147B6ED1B1F16F"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti A habit, showing the typical lanceolate leaves B inflorescence with geniculate pedicels C flower, in frontal view D globose-depressed fruit A-C from Stehmann 6347 D from Agra 7268. Photos by J. R. Stehmann. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 1 cm (B); 5 mm (C-D)."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/385143"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="57B6694AE05593C7F18C8E18F80B9DE0"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Map showing the distribution of Capsicum carassense (triangle) and C. mirabile (square) in south-eastern Brazil. Colour map was reproduced and adapted from Google Earth Pro. Abbreviations. MG, Minas Gerais; ES, Espirito Santo; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP, Sao Paulo."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/385144"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">, 3</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="77041C09A00014B6AF68F3992195CF29"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
Mart., but differs in its moderate to dense pubescence, narrowly elliptical to lanceolate leaf blade with acute to obtuse apices, longer calyx appendages (up to 5 mm) and larger corollas (up to 20 mm in diameter).
<emphasisid="1B01EF99A8A53EC037CA1E1F90412AB8"italics="true"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">J.R. Stehmann, L.L. Giacomin, G.E. Barboza & S. Knapp 6347</emphasis>
Shrubs (0.8-) 1-2 (-3) m tall, with the main stem somewhat thick and sparsely branched, the branches dichotomous and spreading horizontally. Stems hollow, angled with ridges; young stems green, striate, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uncinate and antrorse uniseriate 3-5 (-6)-celled eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.7 mm long, yellowish-brown when dried, the nodes green or purple; bark of older stems brown, pubescent, striate; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate or the leaves solitary in the bifurcation of the branches; the leaves of a geminate pair anisophyllous in size. Leaves simple, membranaceous to chartaceous, discolourous, dark green above, paler beneath; adaxial surface moderately pubescent with simple trichomes like those of the stem, especially on the veins; abaxial surface moderately pubescent like the adaxial surface, but with less frequent glandular trichomes with a unicellular stalk and a multicellular head; major leaves with blades 6-16 cm long, 0.9-2.5 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate; the major veins 4-6 on each side of midvein, the midvein prominent and the secondary veins obscure, the base attenuate, the margins entire and moderately pubescent, the apex acute to obtuse; petioles 0.2-0.6 cm long, moderately pubescent; the minor leaves 2.9-3.9 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm wide, narrowly elliptic; the major veins 2-3 (-4) on each side of midvein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, moderately pubescent, the apex obtuse; petioles 0.2-0.4 cm long, moderately pubescent. Inflorescence with the flowers in fascicles of 2-4; pedicels (1.2-) 1.5-2 (-2.2) cm long, slightly angled, erect to oblique, green, geniculate at anthesis, moderately pubescent. Buds ellipsoid, cream with greenish-yellow pigmentation. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx 1.2-1.6 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, cup-shaped, thin, light green to cream, the margin truncate, pubescent with abundant antrorse curved 3-5-celled eglandular trichomes and sparse short glandular trichomes with a dark elongate, multicellular head and short unicellular stalk (see Fig.
<figureCitationid="4C960250F97C8DBEF5EFF9C02D96DC74"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti A flowering branch B-D leaf morphology E eglandular trichome of the stem F glandular trichome of the calyx G, H flower buds in different stages of development I flower in anthesis (note the geniculate pedicel) J opened corolla K fruit L fruiting calyx A-K from Bianchetti et al. 1364. Drawn by L. Bianchetti."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/385142"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">1E, F</figureCitation>
), the calyx appendages 5, (2.5-) 3-4 (-5) mm long, green, thick, erect, cylindrical, inserted very close to the margin, with the same indument as the calyx tube. Corolla (8-) 10-12 mm long, 13-20 mm in diameter, stellate, thick, with abundant interpetalar tissue, white near the lobe margins and greenish-yellow in the middle and base without, white with 5 purple spots covering the base of the lobes and the throat with a cream centre within, lobed 1/2 or less to the base, the tube 4.5-5 mm long; pubescent in the throat and the base of the lobes with long glandular trichomes with a globose peltate unicellular head and a 2-3-celled stalk inside, the lobes 4.5-6.5 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, broadly triangular to triangular, the tips cucullate, the margins densely pubescent. Stamens subequal; filaments 2.7-3.1 (-4.1) mm long, white, glabrous, inserted on the corolla ca. 1 mm from the base, with inconspicuous auricles; anthers 1.5-1.9 mm long, elliptic, the thecae blue, the pollen whitish-cream. Ovary 1.3-1.5 mm long, ca. 1.2 mm diam., light green, subglobose to ovoid, glabrous; nectary ca. 0.3 mm high, conspicuous; style 4.3-5 (-7) mm long, white, clavate, glabrous; stigma ca. 0.2 mm long, ca. 0.7 mm wide, cream, discoid. Fruit a globose-depressed berry 6-7 mm in diameter, green when immature, yellowish-green when mature, glabrous, pungent, the pericarp hyaline with very long giant cells, the endocarp alveolate; stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 1.8-2.5 cm long, pendent and slightly curved, slightly angled and widened at the apex; fruiting calyx ca. 4 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, yellowish-green, the appendages spreading, green, fleshy and cylindrical. Seeds 7-13 per fruit, 3.5-4 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, ellipsoidal to reniform, brownish-black to black, the seed coat deeply reticulate, with small spine-like projections. Chromosome number not known.
<taxonomicNameid="52DA2B6D74D468D9ACB9BCF52DE5D0A4"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<taxonomicNameid="E8B4E431DCCFD8C27A86DECB88BEE765"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<taxonomicNameid="FE68E75053BAE4DC1C167FA44E474874"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<figureCitationid="AF5F7F33AEAFE07E07249EA4805CA616"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Map showing the distribution of Capsicum carassense (triangle) and C. mirabile (square) in south-eastern Brazil. Colour map was reproduced and adapted from Google Earth Pro. Abbreviations. MG, Minas Gerais; ES, Espirito Santo; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP, Sao Paulo."figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/385144"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">3</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="6118CC39427D58BD836148977FF30AB3"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
(square) in south-eastern Brazil. Colour map was reproduced and adapted from Google Earth Pro. Abbreviations. MG, Minas Gerais; ES, Espirito Santo; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP,
inhabits the understorey of the semi-deciduous montane Atlantic Forest, in a shaded and moist environment. Information about pollination and dispersal is not yet known.
<paragraphid="F1A0A5FFF92CCA0392CEC9E92A3A89D1"pageId="0"pageNumber="125">In flower from October to January, also in May; fruiting in December, February and April.</paragraph>
<bibRefCitationid="012644C755E69FDEC6634CBEDC93EC99"author="IUCN"journalOrPublisher="- G, Ruggell"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"refId="B14"refString="IUCN, 2019. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Retrieved from"url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf"year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
very restricted geographic distribution (EOO <483.4 km2, AOO <32 km2), as well as the increasingly degraded habitat quality, especially associated with the extensive iron mining activities in the region (see below).
<taxonomicNameid="1CA6A754D8B3E2120C25FF3BC5EADA67"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<bibRefCitationid="400A5559DC5428F21AF95B61598FC9F5"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061996000200011"author="Bianchetti, LB"journalOrPublisher="Rodriguesia"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"refId="B10"refString="Bianchetti, LB, 1996. Aspectos morfologicos, ecologicos e biogeograficos de dez taxons de Capsicum (Solanaceae) ocorrentes no Brasil. MS Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061996000200011"title="Aspectos morfologicos, ecologicos e biogeograficos de dez taxons de Capsicum (Solanaceae) ocorrentes no Brasil. MS Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil."url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061996000200011"year="1996">Bianchetti 1996</bibRefCitation>
, Barboza per. obs.). Both species share similar traits, such as habit, geniculate pedicels at anthesis, number of calyx appendages, the shape and colour of the corolla, colour and pungency of the fruits and blackish seeds. They can be easily distinguished by the indumentum, shape of the major leaf and its length/width ratio, length of the calyx appendages, corolla size and ecology and distribution (see Table
<tableCitationid="75D5067D1E5A8FAB2E26CCDF1772A76F"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="T1"captionText="Table 1. Differences between C. carassense and C. mirabile. Abbreviations. BA: Bahia, ES: Espirito Santo, RJ: Rio de Janeiro, SP: Sao Paulo, MG: Minas Gerais."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/30C80D982768D9EA2EBEFA2496A08200"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"tableUuid="30C80D982768D9EA2EBEFA2496A08200">1</tableCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="7BC2DD74654BA53375B9FB44882093EB"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<tdid="07A3E2613F80792DF94841D9CFFB9EF5"colspan="1"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"rowspan="1">Narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse</td>
<tdid="54397911AF89BABAA2369802BF72A14F"colspan="1"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"rowspan="1">Elliptical to ovate, rarely narrowly elliptical, apex acuminate to long acuminate</td>
<tdid="1768ED44CD4E5E89DBA8295AAA12C35C"colspan="1"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"rowspan="1">Widely distributed in eastern and southern Brazil (BA, ES, RJ, SP, MG); mostly in dense ombrophilous montane forests</td>
<taxonomicNameid="2A61181F76C9898E432B06D3F4C37B00"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
<taxonomicNameid="CD85D50951D8DC6FD845AD2FD57E2E07"lsidName="C. mirabile subsp. var. var. grandiflorum"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"rank="variety"species="mirabile"subSpecies="var."variety="grandiflorum">C. mirabile var. grandiflorum</taxonomicName>
) but Sendtner also stated that this variety had "floribus majoribus" and "planta glaberrima". The diameter of the corolla measured in three flowers in the F neg. 2871 of the destroyed varietal holotype (Sellow 209, Herb. Reg. Berolinense) is not more than 1 cm (https://collections-botany.fieldmuseum.org/project/6454), thus these two traits, size of the corolla and lack of pubescence fit with the concept of
<taxonomicNameid="1B9B072DC970C19BAE3756B2D2284A9B"authorityName="Barboza & Bianchetti"authorityYear="2020"class="Magnoliopsida"family="Solanaceae"genus="Capsicum"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Plantae"lsidName="Capsicum carassense"order="Solanales"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="carassense">
differ in geographic distribution, with the former inhabiting mostly the understorey of the semi-deciduous montane forests of the southernmost areas of the
<bibRefCitationid="C82BE8837C808EEAAF2C44B92429BB64"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364405775097905"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"pagination="863 - 871"refId="B4"refString="Barboza, GE, Bianchetti, LB, 2005. Three new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) and a key to the wild species from Brazil. Systematic Botany 30 (4): 863 - 871, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364405775097905"title="Three new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) and a key to the wild species from Brazil."url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364405775097905"volume="30"year="2005">Barboza and Bianchetti 2005</bibRefCitation>
), growing mostly along the dense ombrophilous montane forest of south-eastern Brazil, an area characterised by high rainfall and humidity and the absence of a pronounced dry season (
<bibRefCitationid="5D85C82E121938A6273C31E219A00D7F"author="Silva Magnago, LF"journalOrPublisher="Flora Brasiliensis"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"refId="B26"refString="Silva Magnago, LF, Moreira, de Assis A, Queiroz Boudet Fernandes, H, 2007. Floresta Ombrofila Densa Submontana, Montana e Alto-montana. In: Simonelli M, Nicoletti de Fraga C (Orgs) Especies da Flora Ameacadas de Extincao no Estado do Espirito Santo. Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata Atlantica, Vitoria, 45-50."title="Floresta Ombrofila Densa Submontana, Montana e Alto-montana. In: Simonelli M, Nicoletti de Fraga C (Orgs) Especies da Flora Ameacadas de Extincao no Estado do Espirito Santo. Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata Atlantica, Vitoria, 45 - 50."year="2007">Silva Magnago et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
Sendtn., were recorded. There is no information about edaphic preferences for these species, nor possible events of hybridisation in this contact area.
All collections of the new species come from the Iron Quadrangle in Minas Gerais, except one historical Martius specimen at M [M!, photo n° 6522 at F!], collected in the Serra de
<bibRefCitationid="0887D3BCB22FA61FFD7B89B0F5E0C3A3"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730"author="Barboza, GE"journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"pagination="23 - 38"refId="B3"refString="Barboza, GE, 2011. Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 2 (0): 23 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730"title="Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730"volume="2"year="2011">Barboza (2011)</bibRefCitation>
The relationships amongst the species belonging to the Atlantic Forest clade appear to be fully resolved and an apparent phase of rapid speciation has been suggested for this lineage (
<taxonomicNameid="125214183455A71B2E374AA000789F46"lsidName="C. villosum subsp. var. var. muticum"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"rank="variety"species="villosum"subSpecies="var."variety="muticum">C. villosum var. muticum</taxonomicName>
The new species deserves conservation attention, because few populations are known and most of them are distributed in the Iron Quadrangle and associated with remnants of native forests. This area was assessed as priority for conservation in the state of Minas Gerais (
<bibRefCitationid="1A486CF24BFA1F49FCD45A19CA8D5464"author="Drummond, GM"journalOrPublisher="Fundacao Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"refId="B12"refString="Drummond, GM, Martins, CS, Machado, ABM, Sebaio, FA, Antonini, Y, 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um atlas para sua conservacao. Fundacao Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte"title="Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um atlas para sua conservacao."year="2005">Drummond et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="006D89DA9BF5567E265EBC3B2F049ABF"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000401"author="Salles, DM"journalOrPublisher="Environmental Conservation"pageId="0"pageNumber="125"pagination="1 - 7"refId="B23"refString="Salles, DM, Carmo, FF, Jacobi, CM, 2018. Habitat loss challenges the conservation of endemic plants in mining-targeted Brazilian mountains. Environmental Conservation 46: 1 - 7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000401"title="Habitat loss challenges the conservation of endemic plants in mining-targeted Brazilian mountains."url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000401"volume="46"year="2018">Salles et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The impacts on native vegetation, especially forests, are high because of the activities associated with iron and bauxite mining as the building of dams and urban expansion, all increase deforestation pressures at regional-scale (
