treatments-xml/data/B2/49/4E/B2494E1BFFB4B258F760FA83FC0FA647.xml

<document id="6D679101533FB0476DE5F775BD61BDB2" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5392175" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5392175" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630316196429" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole &amp; Vacelet, Jean" docDate="2000" docId="B2494E1BFFB4B258F760FA83FC0FA647" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2000.22.2.203-263.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 22 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sycon Risso 1826" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="220" masterDocId="4E703663FFBBB249F449FFCCFFE4A50A" masterDocTitle="A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)" masterLastPageNumber="263" masterPageNumber="203" pageNumber="218" updateTime="1699223765294" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="384C564515C2470C98674FDC140127C1">A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="002B91CAC8EAA59DA636622FEB811907">Borojevic, Radovan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="616CB1BB92E77AA158890D249545745F">Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68021, 21941 - 970 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) radovan @ iq. ufrj. br</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2B91EA8B00CAD6D3BC34FBF4A6AEB49B">Boury-Esnault, Nicole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E44590D3DF77357E229E61F770C17194">Vacelet, Jean</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F16A598A3D1C76C99B90B7B8C5C7E841">Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille (CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, UMR 6540 DIMAR), Station marine d’Endoume, F- 13007 Marseille (France) esnault @ com. univ-mrs. fr jvacelet @ com. univ-mrs. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="B2494E1BFFB4B258F760FA83FC0FA647" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5468336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5468336" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B2494E1BFFB4B258F760FA83FC0FA647" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B2494E1BFFB4B258F760FA83FC0FA647" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">
<subSubSection id="72FAAC86FFB4B246F760FA83FBD1A063" box="[809,1077,1358,1385]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFB4B246F760FA83FBD1A063" blockId="15.[809,1077,1358,1385]" box="[809,1077,1358,1385]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">
<heading id="61174861FFB4B246F760FA83FBD1A063" box="[809,1077,1358,1385]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" reason="2">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFB4B246F73FFA82FBD1A063" authority="Risso, 1826" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[886,1077,1358,1385]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFB4B246F73FFA82FC54A062" box="[886,944,1358,1384]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">Sycon</emphasis>
Risso, 1826
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72FAAC86FFB4B246F6ECFA4FFBAAA0BF" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFB4B246F6ECFA4FFBAAA0BF" blockId="15.[677,1210,1411,1704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">
<collectionCode id="5CF167C8FFB4B246F6ECFA4FFCC7A093" box="[677,803,1411,1434]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">
<typeStatus id="E55B41AFFFB4B246F6ECFA4FFD31A092" box="[677,725,1411,1434]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">TYPE</typeStatus>
SPECIES
</collectionCode>
. — 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFB4B246F706FA4FFB88A096" authority="Risso, 1826" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[847,1132,1411,1436]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="humboldtii">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFB4B246F706FA4FFC17A096" box="[847,1011,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">Sycon humboldtii</emphasis>
Risso, 1826
</taxonomicName>
by subsequent designation (Dendy &amp; Row 1913).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72FAAC86FFB4B246F6ECFA08FC53A3A2" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFB4B246F6ECFA08FC53A3A2" blockId="15.[677,1210,1411,1704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="218">
DIAGNOSIS. — 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFB4B246F775FA09FC7BA0D7" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[828,927,1477,1501]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="15" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Sycettidae</taxonomicName>
with radial tubes partially or fully coalescent; distal cones are decorated by tufts of diactines. The inhalant canals are generally welldefined between the radial tubes and are often closed at the distal end by a membrane that is perforated by an ostium, devoid of a skeleton. There is no continuous cortex covering the distal ends of the radial tubes. Skeleton of the atrium and of the tubes composed of triactines and/or tetractines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="6E9FAF85FFABB259F43BF9B7FC74A3AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392203" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5392203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392203/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="219" startId="16.[114,125,1659,1676]" targetBox="[130,1197,308,1616]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFABB259F43BF9B7FC74A3AB" blockId="16.[114,1210,1659,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">
FIG. 17. — The organization of the aquiferous system in 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFABB259F608F9B7FD1BA386" authority="(SEM)" baseAuthorityName="SEM" box="[577,767,1659,1676]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="16" pageNumber="219" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sycandra">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F608F9B7FD21A386" box="[577,709,1659,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">Sycon sycandra</emphasis>
(SEM)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F74FF9B7FCF7A386" bold="true" box="[774,787,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
, tubes (
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F71FF9B7FCB9A386" bold="true" box="[854,861,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">t</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F725F9B7FC9DA386" bold="true" box="[876,889,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
, distal chones (
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F7B2F9B7FBE2A386" bold="true" box="[1019,1030,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">d</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F05FF9B7FBC0A386" bold="true" box="[1046,1060,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">C</emphasis>
, detail of tubes (
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F0E7F9B7FB51A386" bold="true" box="[1198,1205,1659,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">t</emphasis>
) and inhalant openings (
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F57AF95CFEDCA3AB" bold="true" box="[307,312,1680,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">i</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F501F95CFEB2A3AB" bold="true" box="[328,342,1680,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">D</emphasis>
, apopyles (
<emphasis id="0894231FFFABB259F5FCF95CFE24A3AB" bold="true" box="[437,448,1680,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="219">a</emphasis>
). Scale bars: A, 160 µm; B, 65 µm; C, 13 µm; D, 43 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="72FAAC86FFAAB258F438FF01FC0FA647" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFAAB258F438FF01FEE6A5EF" blockId="17.[113,647,205,1704]" box="[113,258,205,231]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFAAB258F438FF21FEBDA647" blockId="17.[113,647,205,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F4A4FF20FEC3A40C" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[237,295,236,262]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F4A4FF20FEC3A40C" box="[237,295,236,262]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is cosmopolitan, and it is often considered to be a perfect example of the calcareous sponges (
<figureCitation id="A2DBE388FFAAB258F54CFEE6FEBEA44E" box="[261,346,298,324]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[113,124,1120,1137]" captionTargetBox="[115,662,197,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[102,677,191,1095]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 16. — Diagram of a transverse section through the wall of Sycon natalense Borojevic, 1967. Abbreviations: a, atrium; as, atrial skeleton composed of tangential triactines and tetractines; ss, subatrial spicules; ar, articulate choanosomal skeleton; dc, distal cone, with a short tuft of diactines (from Borojevic 1967b). Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392201" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392201/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Figs 16</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="A2DBE388FFAAB258F521FEE6FE63A44E" box="[360,391,298,324]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[114,125,1659,1676]" captionTargetBox="[130,1197,308,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-4@16.[130,1197,308,1616]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 17. — The organization of the aquiferous system in Sycon sycandra (SEM); A, tubes (t); B, distal chones (d); C, detail of tubes (t) and inhalant openings (i); D, apopyles (a). Scale bars: A, 160 µm; B, 65 µm; C, 13 µm; D, 43 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392203/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">17</figureCitation>
). Many representatives have a simple radially organized body with a single osculum, occasionally with a short peduncle. Species that grow larger may be arborescent, with a peduncle and ramified body, each branch representing a complete syconoid organization. The radial tubes are generally simple, but in large specimens they can also be ramified. In this case, the branches remain parallel, and each branch ends by a peculiar terminal cone. In some species (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F543FD90FD65A77D" authority="Bowerbank, 1845" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1845" box="[266,641,604,631]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F543FD90FE45A77D" box="[266,417,604,631]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon elegans</emphasis>
Bowerbank, 1845
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F438FDB6FDE7A79F" authority="Blainville, 1837" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1837" box="[113,515,634,661]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gelatinosum">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F438FDB6FED8A79F" box="[113,316,634,661]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon gelatinosum</emphasis>
Blainville, 1837
</taxonomicName>
), the distal cones have dense tufts of diactines, which terminate all at the same level, giving the external surface a smooth, tabulate appearance. This organization should not be misinterpreted as a cortex, which is always characterized by tangential triactine spicules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFAAB258F438FC9EFEC2A0B9" blockId="17.[113,647,205,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">
A group of small representatives of the genus arise from solid or tubular creeping stolons. The stolons can produce terminal hollow spherical buds (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F4B9FC61FD9DA6C2" authority="Lendenfeld, 1885" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1885" box="[240,633,941,968]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sycandra">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F4B9FC61FE7DA6C2" box="[240,409,941,968]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon sycandra</emphasis>
Lendenfeld, 1885
</taxonomicName>
), which detach, and form propagules with a peculiar skeleton. They are usually hispid due to the presence of long diactines, which act as flotation devices and promote their subsequent anchorage, attachment to the substrate, and formation of the young sponge. These propagules can live for a long time in the water column, and are quite frequently collected in the mesopsammon. However, they cannot be identified as 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F658FB0DFDAFA1D1" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[529,587,1217,1243]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F658FB0DFDAFA1D1" box="[529,587,1217,1243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until they attach to the solid substrate and grow into the typical adult sponge. Alternatively, spherical propagules can be formed from the distal parts of the radial tubes through the constriction and subsequent detachment of the region just under the distal cones (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F57CFAB5FEFEA0B9" authority="Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976" authorityName="Borojevic &amp; Peixinho" authorityYear="1976" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="frustulosum">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F57CFAB5FE10A09E" box="[309,500,1401,1428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon frustulosum</emphasis>
Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFAAB258F438FA7AFCA6A44E" blockId="17.[113,647,205,1704]" lastBlockId="17.[677,1210,205,845]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">
Most species of 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F56EFA7AFE86A0DA" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[295,354,1462,1488]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F56EFA7AFE86A0DA" box="[295,354,1462,1488]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are attached to hard substrates, but occasionally they can live on a soft bottom [e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F555FA38FD99A305" authority="(Haeckel, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[284,637,1524,1551]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F555FA38FE47A305" box="[284,419,1524,1551]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">S. villosum</emphasis>
(Haeckel, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F438F9DEFE52A327" authority="(Schmidt, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[113,438,1554,1581]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F438F9DEFF0BA327" box="[113,239,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">S. raphanus</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
]. In this case, they are anchored by long and ornate spicules, which are not found on the specimens that are attached to hard substrates. Since all the other morphological characteristics are identical, and similar sponges can grow in close proximity on different substrata, we interpret the presence of these spicules to be a secondary adaptation to the 
<typeStatus id="E55B41AFFFAAB258F0C2FEC6FB5DA42E" box="[1163,1209,266,292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">type</typeStatus>
of substratum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A5FFF0DFFAAB258F6ECFE84FC0FA647" blockId="17.[677,1210,205,845]" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F6ECFE84FD3BA468" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[677,735,328,354]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F6ECFE84FD3BA468" box="[677,735,328,354]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common genus which has been extensively studied. Following Laubenfels (1936), Burton (1963) revived the name 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F057FE4AFD04A4B5" authority="Grant, 1821" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1821" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Scypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F057FE4AFB83A4AA" box="[1054,1127,390,416]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Scypha</emphasis>
Grant, 1821
</taxonomicName>
which was described in the Flora of the British Plants, and which has recently been used by non-taxonomists. Since 1899, no taxonomist except Laubenfels and Burton has used this name and more than 25 works, and 10 authors have used the generic name 
<taxonomicName id="FDE0848EFFAAB258F7D2FDF1FC31A75D" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[923,981,573,599]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0894231FFFAAB258F7D2FDF1FC31A75D" box="[923,981,573,599]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="220">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since 1950. We wish to maintain the commonly used younger synonym to avoid confusion. As the rule 23.9.1.2 of reversal of precedence cannot be applied strictly, we refer the case to the Commission with an appropriate recommendation for a ruling under the plenary power (Art. 81). The use of the junior name is to be maintained while the case is under consideration (Art. 82).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>