1276 lines
263 KiB
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1276 lines
263 KiB
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<document id="3F983D0C5FA02D4B16828539DB96124D" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.00926.2021" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981042" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1713284710002" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gardner, James D." docDate="2022" docId="48028786C84BFFC3FCFAF900FD34A898" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.67.1.35-50.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 67 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00926.2021" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.2:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Batrachosauroididae Auffenberg 1958" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="B43BFFFEC84AFFC8FFD2FFF6FFD9AD59" masterDocTitle="A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1713379071242" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="AC26361C43E1676945FC5172B37F3D85">A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7CFBC01825837AF7C2B4498CA272C0B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6BE21945AF3A68B75140D027B05F0CDB">Gardner, James D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2327DCA6408DAAA10EBC62DC8888AD50">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C754F9BBBECB95758F01542C5DA6C8FF">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1D9B6938A7136495DA06774AEAB55F8C">
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<mods:date id="225AA9A4708D9254A3E0D2834267771F">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="0305DB9E27A8018103B329DE9A96236F" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="7E21EE3E7DBEFE56705DE54690490625">2022-03-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7A588CBB4E91F5830A7AF67EDA070906">67</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FE0532FD273999B093B1585162FF8EE7" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="91F1F815BEC0B942E1282572F2BA59E5">1</mods:number>
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<mods:location id="03D7B1C99D36CF9C396BF1432738A42A">
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<mods:url id="F1FF9AB2F171399F7F9C6663B4F07241">http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00926.2021</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="205C0D610F427461F1E10656058AD9CC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AE01BC370DF043AD16DCC50FB0C10631" type="DOI">10.4202/app.00926.2021</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EAABE2E07F69198F17E535377B231515" type="ISSN">1732-2421</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BB856C2D7C2143941B2D8F03AC9EAAE1" type="Zenodo-Dep">10981042</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="48028786C84BFFC3FCFAF900FD34A898" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48028786C84BFFC3FCFAF900FD34A898" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/48028786C84BFFC3FCFAF900FD34A898" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="88B1651BC84BFFC9FCFAF900FC56AA6E" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84BFFC9FCFAF900FC56AA6E" blockId="1.[808,1480,1782,1847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="9B5C81FCC84BFFC9FCFAF900FC56AA6E" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FCFAF900FBF6AA4A" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1958" box="[808,1071,1782,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Batrachosauroididae</taxonomicName>
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indet. (probable new genus and species)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88B1651BC84BFFC3FCFAF8B0FD34A898" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84BFFC9FCFAF8B0FC5FAA02" blockId="1.[808,902,1862,1884]" box="[808,902,1862,1884]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84BFFC9FCFAF8B0FC5BAA02" box="[808,898,1862,1884]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionStartId-1="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetBox-2="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId-0="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId-1="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId-2="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." captionText-1="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84BFFCAFCFAF89BFE8AAB85" blockId="1.[808,1481,1901,1960]" lastBlockId="2.[151,824,1665,1756]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FCFAF89BFC53AADE" box="[808,906,1901,1927]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Material</emphasis>
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.—
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<materialsCitation id="70C33CCDC84BFFCAFC79F89BFE89AB85" collectionCode="UCMP" country="United States of America" county="Niobrara County" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" location="upper Maastrichtian" municipality="Lance Formation" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="FARB 22965" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">
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AMNH
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<specimenCode id="900D9EEBC84BFFC9FBC2F89BFB72AAD1" box="[1040,1195,1901,1928]" collectionCode="FARB" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">FARB 22965</specimenCode>
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, incomplete left dentary from upper part of Lance Formation;
|
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<location id="C574604BC84BFFC9FB09F878FA1CAAFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48028786C84BFFC3FCFAF900FD34A898:C574604BC84BFFC9FB09F878FA1CAAFE" box="[1243,1477,1933,1960]" country="United States of America" county="Niobrara County" municipality="Lance Formation" name="upper Maastrichtian" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Wyoming">upper Maastrichtian</location>
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; Bushy Tailed Blowout locality (
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<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C848FFCAFDCAF974FDB2ABC5" box="[536,619,1666,1692]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
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locality V-5711),
|
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<typeStatus id="1F108832C848FFCAFF45F954FF10ABE5" box="[151,201,1698,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
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area of
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<collectingMunicipality id="2070ACEAC848FFCAFEE7F954FE26ABE2" box="[309,511,1697,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Lance Formation</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="29754E1CC848FFCAFDC2F957FD0FABE5" box="[528,726,1697,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Niobrara County</collectingCounty>
|
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, eastern
|
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<collectingRegion id="026FF872C848FFCAFF45F937FED3AB82" box="[151,266,1729,1755]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
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,
|
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<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C848FFCAFEC7F934FE89AB85" box="[277,336,1730,1756]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">USA</collectingCountry>
|
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</materialsCitation>
|
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.
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
|||
|
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<caption id="94D46618C848FFCAFF45F9F4FB05AB35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" startId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" targetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C848FFCAFF45F9F4FB05AB35" blockId="2.[151,1535,1538,1646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
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|
|
Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFB3CF9DEFB2FAB6F" attach="right" box="[1262,1270,1576,1590]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
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|
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), lingual-dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFA77F9DEFA74AB6F" attach="right" box="[1445,1453,1576,1590]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
|
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), lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFF7DF9B2FF6EAB0B" attach="left" box="[175,183,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), lingual-ventral (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFEBCF9B2FEAFAB0B" attach="left" box="[366,374,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
|
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), ventral and slightly lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFD4FF9B2FD7CAB0B" attach="left" box="[669,677,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">5</subScript>
|
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|
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), ventral (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFCC4F9B2FCC7AB0B" attach="right" box="[790,798,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">6</subScript>
|
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|
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), labial (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFC50F9B3FC53AB0A" attach="left" box="[898,906,1605,1619]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">7</subScript>
|
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|
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), and labial and slightly ventral (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFB1EF9B2FB0DAB0B" attach="right" box="[1228,1236,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">8</subScript>
|
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|
) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFF3EF996FF2DAB37" attach="left" box="[236,244,1632,1646]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">9</subScript>
|
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) and lingual-dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFE11F996FE0AAB37" attach="left" box="[451,467,1632,1646]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">10</subScript>
|
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) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details.
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
|||
|
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</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C848FFCAFF45F91BFBA1ABE7" blockId="2.[151,824,1772,1959]" lastBlockId="2.[862,1535,1665,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C848FFCAFF45F91BFEC4AA5F" box="[151,285,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Description</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.—AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C848FFCAFE4CF91AFE3EAA5F" box="[414,487,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C848FFCAFD93F91AFD7FAA5F" box="[577,678,1772,1798]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionStartId-1="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetBox-2="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId-0="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId-1="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId-2="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." captionText-1="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
) is a posteriorly incomplete left dentary that is broken through the posterior portion of its coronoid process and preserves 17 tooth positions. The dentary is relatively robust in construction and moderately elongate, measuring 10.0 mm in total preserved length (maximum horizontal distance between anterolabial corner of symphysis and posteriormost preserved end of coronoid process).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C848FFCBFC56F933FAF1AA5F" blockId="2.[862,1535,1665,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[808,1482,1189,1960]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
|||
|
|
In lingual or labial outline (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C848FFCAFB12F932FAFBAB86" box="[1216,1314,1732,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C848FFCAFAF0F927FAF5ABBB" box="[1314,1324,1745,1762]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFAF0F927FAF5ABBB" attach="left" box="[1314,1324,1745,1762]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">3</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFA9FF924FA8FABBB" attach="left" box="[1357,1366,1746,1762]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">7</subScript>
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, 2A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFA55F927FA49ABBB" attach="left" box="[1415,1424,1745,1762]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFA67F927FA66ABBB" attach="right" box="[1461,1471,1745,1762]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
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, 3A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFA3CF927FA2EABBB" attach="left" box="[1518,1527,1745,1762]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C848FFCAFCA1F905FCA5AA5D" attach="right" box="[883,892,1779,1796]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
|
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), AMNH
|
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|
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<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C848FFCAFC3DF910FBEEAA59" box="[1007,1079,1766,1792]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">FARB</collectionCode>
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|
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22965 resembles a horizontally elongate, irregular quadrilateral. The dentary is moderately deep, expanding from a maximum anterior depth of 1.5 mm (vertical distance between dorsal and ventral edges of symphysis) to a maximum posterior depth of 3.8 mm (vertical distance between apex of coronoid process and broken posteroventral corner of bone). Compared to the shallower anterior end, the posterior portion of the dentary is expanded both dorsally and ventrally. The anteriormost end of the bone is formed by the labial rim of the symphysis. That margin is blunt in labial or lingual outline, with its lower two-thirds straight and slightly tilted posteriorly, whereas its upper one-third is broadly convex and tilted more posteriorly. Proceeding posteriorly from the low and anteroposteriorly short bulge that represents the dorsal rim of the symphysis, the dorsal margin along much of the pars dentalis is shallowly sinuous in labial or lingual outline. A short stretch of the dorsal margin adjacent to the second tooth position is shallowly concave. Beginning adjacent to the third tooth position, the dorsal edge ascends posteriorly in a low and nearly straight line to the apex of a low rise located about one-third of the distance along the ramus or adjacent to the seventh tooth position. From that low apex, the dorsal edge continues posteriorly as a shallowly concave arc to a point about two-thirds of the distance along the ramus or adjacent to the thirteenth tooth position. From there, the dorsal margin continues posteriorly and curves upwards at a steeper angle of about 20° in a gently concave arc and terminates behind the tooth row in a pronounced coronoid process. The ventral edge of the dentary descends at a shallow angle posteriorly from the symphysis and is weakly sinuous in lingual and, especially, labial outline. As best seen in labial view (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C849FFCBFB78FB33FAD3A986" box="[1194,1290,1221,1247]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFAD8FB24FACAA9BB" attach="left" box="[1290,1299,1234,1250]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">7</subScript>
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, 2A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFA96FB24FA94A9BA" attach="left" box="[1348,1357,1234,1251]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
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, 3A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFAAFFB24FA5FA9BA" attach="left" box="[1405,1414,1234,1251]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
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), two ventral bulges are present behind the symphysis: the shallow and more anterior bulge is the ventral rim of the symphysis, whereas the larger, more posterior, and lingually displaced bulge is the ventral portion of the linguoventrally-directed, post-symphysial expansion (see below). Behind those bulges, the ventral edge of the dentary descends in a shallow, ventrally concave arc at about 10° below horizontal, before abruptly terminating where the posterior end of the dentary is broken. Extrapolating from the ventral profile along the preserved portion of the bone suggests that the missing, more posterior portion was even deeper when the dentary was intact. The posterior end of the specimen is broken in a jagged line that dorsally begins along the posterior base of the coronoid process and extends anteroventrally through the upper two-thirds of the bone, then continues ventrally through the lower one-third of the bone as a vertical break approximately in line with the posterior end of the tooth row.
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<caption id="94D46618C849FFCBFFB0FBB5FB2CA9C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" startId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" targetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
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|
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<paragraph id="C0143690C849FFCBFFB0FBB5FB2CA9C8" blockId="3.[98,1481,1091,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
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|
|
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFB6CFB9CFB1FA921" attach="left" box="[1214,1222,1130,1144]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
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|
|
), lingual and slightly dorsal A
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFFABFB70FF58A9CD" attach="left" box="[121,129,1158,1172]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">2</subScript>
|
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|
|
), lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFF23FB70FF20A9CD" attach="right" box="[241,249,1158,1172]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">3</subScript>
|
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|
|
), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFDEEFB70FD9DA9CD" attach="right" box="[572,580,1158,1172]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">4</subScript>
|
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|
) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFC1FFB73FC0CA9CA" attach="left" box="[973,981,1157,1171]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">5</subScript>
|
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|
|
) and lingual-dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFB76FB73FB75A9CA" attach="left" box="[1188,1196,1157,1171]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">6</subScript>
|
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|
|
) views.
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C849FFCCFC9CF8FBFDF6A824" blockId="3.[808,1482,1189,1960]" lastBlockId="4.[151,825,1117,1960]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
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|
|
In dorsal or ventral view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C849FFCBFB53F8FAFB34AA73" box="[1153,1261,1804,1834]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
|||
|
|
Figs. 1A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFB36F8EFFB34AA73" attach="left" box="[1252,1261,1817,1834]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFAC3F8EFFAC2AA73" attach="left" box="[1297,1307,1817,1834]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">6</subScript>
|
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|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C849FFCBFA9CF8EFFA8EAA73" attach="left" box="[1358,1367,1817,1834]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C849FFCBFCFAF8DAFCA9AA1F" box="[808,880,1836,1862]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is shallowly arcuate or convex labially and is shallowly bent at the level of the third tooth position. Posterior from the symphysis and relative to the sagittal plane (as demarcated by the symphysial surface), the long axis of the ramus initially extends labioposteriorly at about 60° for a short distance. At the level of the third tooth position, the orientation changes and the remainder of the ramus extends posteriorly at a shallower angle of about 30° relative to the sagittal plane. The dentary is moderately wide labiolingually, having a maximum width of 1.7 mm (measured horizontally and perpendicular to the long axis) at approximately the anteroposterior mid-point of the specimen or in line with the eleventh tooth position.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="94D46618C84EFFCCFF45FC69FEE9A918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" startId="4.[151,184,927,949]" targetBox="[156,824,162,904]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84EFFCCFF45FC69FEE9A918" blockId="4.[151,824,927,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
|||
|
|
Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFD55FC08FD56A955" attach="left" box="[647,655,1022,1036]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFD2FFC08FCDCA955" attach="left" box="[765,773,1022,1036]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), and dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFF3EFBECFF2DA971" attach="right" box="[236,244,1050,1064]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) views. Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84EFFCCFF6FFA75FA7AAE86" blockId="4.[151,825,1117,1960]" lastBlockId="4.[862,1535,158,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
|||
|
|
The lingual surface of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84EFFCCFDCEFA75FDBCA8C4" box="[540,613,1411,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFD6DFA75FCC6A8C4" box="[703,799,1411,1437]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFCF2FA66FF73A8E7" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFCF2FA66FCF3A8F8" attach="right" box="[800,810,1424,1441]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
|
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|
|
– A
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFF78FA47FF6DA89B" box="[170,180,1457,1474]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFF78FA47FF6DA89B" attach="left" box="[170,180,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFF0BFA47FF3BA89B" attach="left" box="[217,226,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">9</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFED4FA47FEC0A89B" attach="right" box="[262,281,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">10</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 2A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFE9EFA47FE8FA89B" attach="right" box="[332,342,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
|
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|
|
–A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFEA5FA47FE58A89B" attach="left" box="[375,385,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">6</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFE61FA47FE65A89B" attach="left" box="[435,444,1457,1474]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) is complex and exhibits several unusual features for a salamander, most notably (i) a pronounced post-symphysial expansion occupying about the anterior one-third of the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary, (ii) a prominent trough extending along the posterior two-thirds of the ramus and curving upwards along its anterior portion towards the marginal tooth row, (iii) approximately at the boundary between those first two features, an apparent gap in the marginal tooth row, and (iv) lack of an obvious Meckelian fossa or groove. Approximately in line with the gap in the tooth row and most obvious in dorsal view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFCD2F91CFF18AA70" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
|||
|
|
Figs. 1A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFF6AF8EEFF18AA70" attach="left" box="[184,193,1816,1833]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFF37F8EEFF37AA70" attach="left" box="[229,238,1816,1833]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">9</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFECDF8EEFEF1AA70" attach="left" box="[287,296,1816,1833]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), the lingual surface of the dentary is labially constricted or pinched and, at that point, is just 1.2 mm wide labiolingually (measured horizontally and perpendicular to the long axis of the ramus). Between this constricted zone and the symphysis, the subdental shelf and its shallow, underlying corpus dentalis are broadly expanded lingually and ventrally to form a prominent shelf that I informally call the “post-symphysial expansion”. This post-symphysial expansion has a maximum labiolingual width of 1.5 mm (measured horizontally and perpendicular to the long axis of the ramus at the level of the fourth tooth) and it extends ventrolingually at about 40° degrees below horizontal. The post-symphysial expansion is dorsoventrally deepest labially and shallowest lingually. Its dorsal surface is broadly convex labiolingually, essentially flat anteroposteriorly, and shallowly pitted, and its labialmost portion grades into the pars dentalis below the bases of the anteriormost six teeth. The anterolingual corner of the post-symphysial expansion extends slightly beyond the ventroposterior rim of the symphysis, as a short, blunt, and prong-like projection (best seen in dorsolingual view:
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB8AFD74FB61AFC4" box="[1112,1208,642,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB6AFD79FB1BAFF9" box="[1208,1218,655,672]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB6AFD79FB1BAFF9" attach="left" box="[1208,1218,655,672]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB37FD79FB21AFF9" attach="left" box="[1253,1272,655,672]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">10</subScript>
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, 2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFAFAFD79FAEBAFF9" attach="left" box="[1320,1330,655,672]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">6</subScript>
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). The lingual rim of the post-symphysial expansion is broadly convex ventrolingually in transverse view and, midway along its length, bears a small, knob-like structure (“flattened and shallowly concave knob” in
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFBE3FCF5FB4AAE47" box="[1073,1171,771,798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB41FCE6FB66AE47" box="[1171,1215,772,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB41FCE6FB44AE78" attach="left" box="[1171,1181,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</subScript>
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–A
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</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB6DFCE6FB10AE78" attach="left" box="[1215,1225,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">6</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB3FFCE6FAD9AE78" attach="left" box="[1261,1280,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">10</subScript>
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, 2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFAE1FCE6FAE4AE78" attach="left" box="[1331,1341,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">5</subScript>
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, 3A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFABDFCE6FAA1AE78" attach="left" box="[1391,1400,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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) consisting of a raised rim that is elliptical in outline, with its long axis extending anteroposteriorly. The surface enclosed by that raised rim is shallowly bowl-shaped and has a slightly roughened texture. The posterior rim of the post-symphysial expansion curves dorsally and labially, grading into the anterior end of the prominent trough described below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84EFFCDFC56FC13FE29AE26" blockId="4.[862,1535,158,1959]" lastBlockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Behind the post-symphysial expansion is a prominent bony ridge (
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFC3AFBF0FB93A979" box="[1000,1098,1030,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB98FBE5FBACA979" box="[1098,1141,1030,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB98FBE5FB8DA97D" attach="left" box="[1098,1108,1043,1060]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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–A
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFBA4FBE5FB59A97D" box="[1142,1152,1043,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFBA4FBE5FB59A97D" attach="right" box="[1142,1152,1043,1060]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB5DFBF0FB04A979" box="[1167,1245,1030,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB60FBE5FB65A97D" attach="right" box="[1202,1212,1043,1060]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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–A
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB0FFBE5FB3EA97D" box="[1245,1255,1043,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB0FFBE5FB3EA97D" attach="left" box="[1245,1255,1043,1060]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB24FBF0FACEA979" box="[1270,1303,1030,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFACAFBE5FAF8A97D" box="[1304,1313,1043,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFACAFBE5FAF8A97D" attach="right" box="[1304,1313,1043,1060]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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) that is moderately deep and wide, and extends anteroposteriorly along the ventral part of the lingual face of the ramus. This bony ridge is potentially homologous with the “corpus dentalis” of
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<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84EFFCCFCA9FB71FBBEA9F8" author="Vasilyan, D. & Bohme, M. & Chkhikvadze, V. M. & Semenov, Y. A. & Joyce, W. G." box="[891,1127,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="301 - 318" refId="ref16565" refString="Vasilyan, D., Bohme, M., Chkhikvadze, V. M., Semenov, Y. A., and Joyce, W. G. 2013. A new giant salamander (Urodela, Pancryptobrancha) from the Miocene of Eastern Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33: 301 - 318." type="journal article" year="2013">Vasilyan et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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, but for the purposes of this description I refer to it informally as the “bony ridge”. Regardless of its identity, this bony ridge is deepest anteriorly and becomes shallower posteriorly, before abruptly ending where the bone is broken. The lingual surface of the bony ridge is broadly convex in transverse view and tilted slightly ventrally, with its lower edge grading into the ventral surface of the ramus. The dorsal surface of the bony ridge is developed as a lingually broad shelf that is broadest midway along its preserved length and its surface is shallowly convex from side-to-side. Its dorsolingual edge is developed as a keel-like and low rim anteriorly, rendering the shelf more gutter-like along that portion, whereas posteriorly the dorsolingual edge becomes lower and blunter, rendering the shelf flatter along that portion. The junction between the labial portion of the shelf and adjacent lingual wall of the ramus is shallowest and nearly perpendicular along its central portion, but deepens to form a narrow trench more posteriorly and, especially, anteriorly. Dorsal from that junction, the lingual wall of the ramus rises dorsally and curves slightly lingually, with its dorsalmost portion developed as a labiolingually narrow flange (
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB8CF8DBFB30AA1E" box="[1118,1257,1837,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Figs. 1A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB6DF8CFFB10AA13" attach="right" box="[1215,1225,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</subScript>
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–A
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</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84EFFCCFB3BF8CFFB2AAA13" box="[1257,1267,1849,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFB3BF8CFFB2AAA13" attach="left" box="[1257,1267,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFAC5F8CFFAF9AA13" attach="right" box="[1303,1312,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">9</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFA90F8CFFA8CAA13" attach="left" box="[1346,1365,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">10</subScript>
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, 2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFA55F8CFFA48AA13" attach="left" box="[1415,1425,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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–A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFA61F8CFFA64AA13" attach="right" box="[1459,1469,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4</subScript>
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, 3A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFA3FF8CFFA2EAA13" attach="right" box="[1517,1527,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84EFFCCFCA0F8ACFCA2AA32" attach="left" box="[882,891,1882,1899]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</subScript>
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) that approximately parallels the posterior two-thirds of the tooth row. This narrow flange becomes shallower both anteriorly and posteriorly; the flange anteriorly terminates just behind the gap in the tooth row, whereas posteriorly it extends posterodorsally as a low rim along the lingual edge of the anterior face of the coronoid process. Collectively, the shelf-like dorsal surface of the bony ridge and adjacent lingual wall of the ramus form an elongate, lingually broad trough (
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFF6DFEB6FE94AC03" box="[191,333,320,350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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Figs. 1A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFEF0FEBBFEF5AC07" attach="left" box="[290,300,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">1</subScript>
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–A
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</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFE9FFEBBFE8EAC07" box="[333,343,333,350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFE9FFEBBFE8EAC07" attach="left" box="[333,343,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFEAFFEBBFE5FAC07" attach="left" box="[381,390,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">9</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFE7EFEBBFE66AC07" attach="right" box="[428,447,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">10</subScript>
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, 2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFE21FEBBFE24AC07" attach="left" box="[499,509,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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–A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFDCDFEBAFDF0AC04" attach="left" box="[543,553,332,349]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">6</subScript>
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, 3A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD8FFEBBFDBEAC07" attach="right" box="[605,615,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD5FFEBBFD4FAC07" attach="left" box="[653,662,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
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) that extends anterodorsally and slightly lingually in a shallow arc, to just past the constricted zone, at which point the trough terminates in a well-defined, scoop-shaped structure below, and lingual to, the gap in the tooth row. The anterior rim of this scoop, in turn, ventrally gives rise to the above-mentioned low ridge that curves ventrolingually and anteriorly, before grading into the posterior rim of the post-symphysial expansion. At its broken posterior end and adjacent to the trough, the dentary bears a pair of small, hook-like projections, one extending dorsally from the dorsolingual corner of the bony ridge and one extending lingually from the lingual wall of the ramus just above the dorsal surface of the bony ridge, that partially enclose a small, semi-circular opening (
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFF01FCF5FEE0AE47" box="[211,313,771,798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFEE8FCE6FEA0AE47" box="[314,377,772,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFEE8FCE6FE9DAE78" attach="right" box="[314,324,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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, 2A
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</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFEA8FCE6FE5DAE78" box="[378,388,784,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFEA8FCE6FE5DAE78" attach="right" box="[378,388,784,801]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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). These projections may be the broken rim of a foramen or canal. No obvious Meckelian fossa or groove is present below or immediately behind the tooth-bearing portion of the ramus.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84FFFCDFF55FC73FB4CA998" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" lastBlockId="5.[808,1481,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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As best seen in lingual and dorsal views (
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFDB7FC72FD28AEC6" box="[613,753,900,930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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Figs. 1A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD14FC67FD09AEFB" attach="right" box="[710,720,913,930]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">1</subScript>
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–A
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</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFD20FC67FD25AEFB" box="[754,764,913,930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD20FC67FD25AEFB" attach="right" box="[754,764,913,930]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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, A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFFA4FC44FFA6AE9A" attach="left" box="[118,127,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">9</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFF71FC44FF6FAE9A" attach="right" box="[163,182,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">10</subScript>
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, 2A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFF3BFC44FF2AAE9A" attach="right" box="[233,243,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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–A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFEC7FC44FEC6AE9A" attach="right" box="[277,287,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">6</subScript>
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, 3A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFE83FC44FE82AE9A" attach="right" box="[337,347,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFE52FC44FE50AE9A" attach="right" box="[384,393,946,963]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
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), the pars dentalis is moderately high and 17 tooth positions are preserved on AMNH
|
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<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84FFFCDFD68FC33FCDAAE86" box="[698,771,965,991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FARB</collectionCode>
|
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22965. Suspected damage to the dorsal surface of the bone at the junction between the coronoid process (see below) and posterior end of the tooth row raises the possibility that an additional tooth position may have been present there in life. The preserved tooth positions (numbered in
|
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|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFDBBFB90FD66A9D8" box="[617,703,1126,1153]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFD12FB85FD13A9DD" box="[704,714,1139,1156]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD12FB85FD13A9DD" attach="right" box="[704,714,1139,1156]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFD22FB85FD20A9DD" box="[752,761,1139,1156]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD22FB85FD20A9DD" attach="right" box="[752,761,1139,1156]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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) consist of ten relatively complete pedicels (i.e., preserving intact or nearly intact dorsal rims, at positions 1, 3–5, 9–14), six fragmentary pedicles (at positions 2, 6, 8, 15–17), and one empty slot preserved as a shallowly bowl-shaped divot at position 7). No tooth crowns or replacement teeth are preserved. As argued below (see “Remarks”) I interpret the teeth as having been pedicellate. Tooth pedicels vary in their position, attachment, and form. In general, the pedicles are marginal in position, moderately pleurodont in attachment i.e., attached along most of their height to the adjacent bony wall of the dentary), closely spaced, perforated at their base by a lingual replacement pit, and have smooth walls that are subcircular to mesiodistally compressed. The first six teeth along the post-symphysial expansion are separated from the remaining 11 tooth positions by a short gap, located about one-third of the distance along the tooth row and equivalent in length to the diameters of two or three pedicles. When examined visually using a binocular microscope (e.g.,
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFFB0F93AFF6DABBF" box="[98,180,1740,1766]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFF67F92FFF1EABB3" attach="right" box="[181,199,1753,1770]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">10</subScript>
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), this toothless interval does not seem to be an artefact, because the exposed lingual wall of the pars dentalis appears smooth and lacks any trace of tooth bases or slots. However, scanning electron micrographs (
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFD96F8DAFD42AA1E" box="[580,667,1836,1863]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFD49F8CFFD7CAA13" box="[667,677,1849,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD49F8CFFD7CAA13" attach="left" box="[667,677,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">5</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFD15F8CFFD08AA13" attach="left" box="[711,721,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">6</subScript>
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) indicate that same surface is slightly roughened, which leaves open the possibility that weakly attached teeth may have been present in life, but were detached post-mortem. The second to seventeenth teeth are clearly marginal, in that their pedicels are aligned with each other in a gently curved row that parallels the pars dentalis and each pedicel is labially attached to the lingual face of the pars dentalis. By contrast, when viewed from above, the first tooth pedicel (
|
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|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFCE2FEB6FC5CAC03" box="[816,901,320,346]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFC57FEBBFC57AC07" attach="left" box="[901,910,333,350]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">9</subScript>
|
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) is displaced or shifted slightly lingually, by about one-half the diameter of its pedicel, relative to the second tooth, and even more so relative to the arc described by the remainder of the tooth row. Also, the attachment of the first tooth differs in being approximately perpendicular to the others, with its pedicel attached mesially to the posterior face of the dorsal rim of the symphysis. Finally, the first tooth pedicel is slightly smaller and more noticeably compressed mesiodistally relative to the other pedicels. Based on the position, attachment, and form of its pedicel, the anteriormost tooth potentially may be a symphysial tooth. Tooth pedicels in front of the gap in AMNH
|
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<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84FFFCDFAE1FD55FAA5AFE4" box="[1331,1404,675,701]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FARB</collectionCode>
|
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22965 are completely exposed lingually, whereas those behind the gap are set into a deep gutter (
|
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|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFB53FD15FB33AE58" box="[1153,1258,739,769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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Figs. 1A
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFB33FD06FB33AE58" attach="left" box="[1249,1258,752,769]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">1</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFADCFD06FA91AFA4" box="[1294,1352,739,769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFADCFD06FAC1AE58" attach="left" box="[1294,1304,752,769]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
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, 2A
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFA9AFD06FA8BAE58" box="[1352,1362,752,769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFA9AFD06FA8BAE58" attach="left" box="[1352,1362,752,769]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">4</subScript>
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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|
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,
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFAB3FD15FA5BAFA4" box="[1377,1410,739,765]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3A</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFA51FD06FA54AE58" box="[1411,1421,752,769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFA51FD06FA54AE58" attach="right" box="[1411,1421,752,769]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</subScript>
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFA62FD06FA60AE58" box="[1456,1465,752,769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,927,949]" captionTargetBox="[156,824,162,904]" captionTargetId="figure-839@4.[153,823,161,905]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout,Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views.Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFA62FD06FA60AE58" attach="right" box="[1456,1465,752,769]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
|
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|
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</figureCitation>
|
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|
). The labial wall of that gutter is formed by the pars dentalis, whereas the lingual wall is formed by the flange of bone described in the preceding paragraph that extends dorsolingually from the lingual wall of the ramus above the bony ridge. Bases of the adjacent twelfth and thirteenth tooth pedicels bridge the dental gutter and attach along the inner surface of the lingual wall of the gutter (
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFB2EFC33FA8AAE86" box="[1276,1363,965,991]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFA81FC24FA85AEBA" attach="left" box="[1363,1372,978,995]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">9</subScript>
|
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|
|
), thereby roofing an anteroposteriorly short canal below. Pedicels at positions 1–6 and 12–14 have walls that are relatively thinner and more compressed mesiodistally, whereas the remaining pedicels are stouter and more subcircular in cross section. Pedicels along the post-symphysial expansion also are slightly recurved in lingual view, whereas those behind the gap are more nearly vertical.
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84FFFCEFC9CFB3EFE56ACC3" blockId="5.[808,1481,158,1960]" lastBlockId="6.[151,825,158,1963]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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AMNH
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84FFFCDFC7CFB3EFC2EA9BB" box="[942,1015,1224,1250]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FARB</collectionCode>
|
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|
|
22965 bears a pronounced coronoid process (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFCB4FB1EFC36A85B" box="[870,1007,1256,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
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|
|
Figs. 1A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFC16FB02FC17A85C" attach="left" box="[964,974,1268,1285]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">1</subScript>
|
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|
|
–A
|
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|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84FFFCDFC3DFB02FC20A85C" box="[1007,1017,1268,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFC3DFB02FC20A85C" attach="left" box="[1007,1017,1268,1285]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">4</subScript>
|
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|
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</figureCitation>
|
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, A
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFBCBFB03FBFBA85C" attach="left" box="[1049,1058,1269,1285]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">7</subScript>
|
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|
|
, 2A
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFB82FB02FB83A85C" attach="left" box="[1104,1114,1268,1285]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84FFFCDFBA9FB02FB5CA85C" attach="left" box="[1147,1157,1268,1285]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 3) that is triangular in labial or lingual view and relatively high (1.0 mm high, measured as vertical height between the apex of the process downwards to the level of the thirteenth tooth position or where the dorsal edge of the ramus begins to curve dorsally and grades into the coronoid process). The coronoid process also is relatively robust, measuring 0.8 mm in maximum labiolingual width just below its apex. The coronoid process has the same roughened labial texture described below for the remainder of the bone. By contrast, the lingual surface of the coronoid process is smooth and indented by a broad, shallow facet that is demarcated ventrally by a dorsally convex rim; this facet presumably was for overlapping contact with a postdentary bone, most likely the prearticular. The inclined, anterior face of the coronoid process is indented by an anteroventrally-posterodorsally elongate groove that is shallowly concave from side-to-side and is bordered both labially and lingually by a low and narrow, yet distinct, bony rim. The posterior two-thirds of this groove has a slightly roughened texture and, thus, appears to preserve its natural surface. More anteriorly, however, the groove has a slightly jagged and shiny texture, suggesting its original external surface has been broken away along this portion of the coronoid process and, perhaps, the posteriormost end of the tooth row. Along its preserved length, the declined, posterior face of the coronoid process is smooth and shallowly concave from side-to-side, but lacks the distinct labial and lingual rims seen along the anterior face. Posterior breakage means the full posterior extent and form of the coronoid process are unknown.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCEFF6FFE56FDF3A939" blockId="6.[151,825,158,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
The labial surface of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFDD0FE57FD93ACE2" box="[514,586,417,443]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFD70FE56FD26ACE2" box="[674,767,416,443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFD2CFE58FCDEACE7" attach="left" box="[766,775,430,446]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">7</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFCF5FE5BFCE8ACE7" attach="right" box="[807,817,429,446]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">8</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 2A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFF6AFE38FF18AC86" attach="left" box="[184,193,462,479]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFF3CFE38FF2EAC86" attach="left" box="[238,247,462,479]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) is broadly convex, almost flat, in transverse profile and has a weakly roughened texture created by scattered pits that are small, extremely shallow, and irregular in outline. A few hairline cracks or grooves extend anteroventrally-posterodorsally at a shallow angle across the labial surface. Foramina mentalia (= external foramina) are lacking. A low, yet distinct ridge extends anteroposteriorly along the ventrolabial margin of the anterior one-half of the ramus. This ridge is labially convex in transverse profile along its anterior and posterior portions, but more keel-like along its central portion. The dorsal margin of the ridge is paralleled by a narrow, shallow groove. More posteriorly, the ventral portion of the labial face of the dentary is indented by a broad, shallow, and posteriorly deepening, anteroposterior depression. Comparisons with extant salamanders (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFD4CFC73FCEAAEC6" author="Francis, E. T." box="[670,819,901,927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref13986" refString="Francis, E. T. 1934. The Anatomy of the Salamander. 381 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1934">Francis 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFF45FC50FE5EAEE6" author="Ozeti, N. & Wake, D. B." box="[151,391,933,961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref15347" refString="Ozeti, N. and Wake, D. B. 1969. The morphology and evolution of the tongue and associated structures in salamanders and newts (family Salamandridae). Copeia 1969: 91 - 123." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
|||
|
|
Özeti and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84CFFCEFEDAFC53FE9EAEE6" box="[264,327,933,959]" name="Wake Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
1969
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFE43FC53FD7FAE99" author="Larsen, J. H., Jr. & Guthrie, D. L." box="[401,678,933,960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="137 - 154" refId="ref14837" refString="Larsen, J. H., Jr. and Guthrie, D. L. 1975. The feeding system of terrestrial salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum Baird). Journal of Morphology 147: 137 - 154." type="journal article" year="1975">Larsen and Guthrie 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFD62FC53FEECAE86" author="Erdman, S. & Cundall, D." pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="175 - 204" refId="ref13397" refString="Erdman, S. and Cundall, D. 1984. The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: morphology and behavior. Journal of Morphology 181: 175 - 204." type="journal article" year="1984">Erdman and Cundall 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFE96FC33FDA1AE86" author="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L." box="[324,632,965,991]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref13160" refString="Duellman, W. E. and Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. 670 pp. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York." type="book" year="1986">Duellman and Trueb 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFD55FC30FEB1A959" author="Lorenz Elwood, J. R. & Cundall, D." pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref14877" refString="Lorenz Elwood, J. R. and Cundall, D. 1994. Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: Caudata). Journal of Morphology 220: 47 - 70." type="journal article" year="1994">Lorenz Elwood and Cundall 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFEA5FC13FDA9A959" author="Kleinteich, T. & Herzen, J. & Beckmann, F. & Matsui, M. & Haas, A." box="[375,624,997,1024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="230 - 246" refId="ref14785" refString="Kleinteich, T., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Matsui, M., and Haas, A. 2014. Anatomy, function, and evolution of jaw and hyobranchial muscles in cryptobranchoid salamander larvae. Journal of Morphology 275: 230 - 246." type="journal article" year="2014">Kleinteich et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
) suggest that the more anterior ridge and groove complex and the more posterior depression served as attachments for, respectively, intermandibularis and adductor muscles.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCEFF6FFB91FD5FA89A" blockId="6.[151,825,158,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
In ventral view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFEA0FB91FE1FA9D8" box="[370,454,1127,1153]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFE14FB85FE09A9DD" box="[454,464,1139,1156]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFE14FB85FE09A9DD" attach="left" box="[454,464,1139,1156]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">5</subScript>
|
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|
|
</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
, A
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFE3DFB85FE20A9DD" attach="left" box="[495,505,1139,1156]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">6</subScript>
|
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|
|
), the above-described knob-like structure on the ventrolingual portion of the post-symphysial expansion and the elongate ventrolabial ridge for attachment of intermandibularis muscles are evident along the anterior portion of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFE20FB1EFDE2A85B" box="[498,571,1256,1282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965. Otherwise, the ventral surface is relatively smooth and lacks foramina, pits, or a ventral keel. In transverse profile, the ventral surface of the post-symphysial expansion is shallowly concave across the anterior portion and flatter across the posterior portion. Behind that region, the preserved ventral surface of the ramus is broadly convex in transverse profile.
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCEFF6FFA3FFCCEABBF" blockId="6.[151,825,158,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
The symphysis of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFE20FA3CFDE2A8BD" box="[498,571,1482,1508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFD4BFA3FFD22A8BD" box="[665,763,1481,1508]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFD29FA20FCFEA8BD" box="[763,807,1482,1511]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFD29FA20FCDCA8BE" attach="left" box="[763,773,1494,1511]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–A
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFCF5FA20FCE8A8BE" box="[807,817,1494,1511]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFCF5FA20FCE8A8BE" attach="left" box="[807,817,1494,1511]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
|
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|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFF79FA01FF67AB51" attach="right" box="[171,190,1527,1544]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">10</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 2A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFF3DFA01FF20AB51" attach="left" box="[239,249,1527,1544]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFEC9FA01FEFCAB51" attach="left" box="[283,293,1527,1544]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">6</subScript>
|
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|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFE84FA01FE86AB51" attach="right" box="[342,351,1527,1544]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
|
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|
|
) is preserved intact. It is subtriangular in outline (best seen in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFE56F9FCFE0FAB7D" box="[388,470,1546,1572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFE05F9E1FE38AB71" box="[471,481,1559,1576]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFE05F9E1FE38AB71" attach="right" box="[471,481,1559,1576]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), being deepest anteriorly and with a broadly convex anterior margin, and tapering to a blunt point linguoventrally. Its articular face is relatively unelaborated and nearly flat. An outer rim of relatively smooth bone encloses a central portion that is subcircular in outline and has a roughened and shallowly convex surface, presumably for ligamentous contact with the opposite mandible.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCEFF6FF91AFB21AC80" blockId="6.[151,825,158,1963]" lastBlockId="6.[862,1535,158,474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
The posterior end behind and below the coronoid process is missing from AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFE6EF8FAFDDCAA7F" box="[444,517,1804,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965, meaning little can be said about the form and extent of the area for attachment of postdentary bones, aside from suggesting that it was deep and robust. In keeping with the robust build of the specimen, its broken posterior surface (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFD8FF87BFD67AAF1" box="[605,702,1933,1960]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFD6DF86CFD33AAF1" box="[703,746,1934,1963]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFD6DF86CFD10AAF2" attach="left" box="[703,713,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–A
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFD39F86CFD2CAAF2" attach="right" box="[747,757,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">6</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 2A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFCF5F86CFCE8AAF2" attach="left" box="[807,817,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFCA3FF5DFCA2ADE5" attach="left" box="[881,891,171,188]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, 3A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFC7EFF5DFC6CADE5" attach="right" box="[940,949,171,188]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) is relatively wide labiolingually, with a maximum width of 1.4 mm (measured horizontally across the broken dorsal edge of the bony ridge). As described above, what appear to be the broken remnants of the rim of a foramen are preserved adjacent to the broken posterior end of the bony ridge. The broken posterior surface exposes a divot in the central portion of the bony ridge—this appears to be a blind pit (i.e., having a solid interior surface and not penetrating anteriorly into the bone). Otherwise, the broken posterior surface of the dentary appears solid.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCEFC8CFE1CFA9AA9DC" blockId="6.[862,1535,490,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84CFFCEFC8CFE1CFC66AF5D" box="[862,959,490,516]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Remarks</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.—AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFB96FE1CFB55AF5D" box="[1092,1164,490,516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is a unique dentary that exhibits a puzzling mix of features, including the following: along its posterior two-thirds, the lingual surface bears a prominent bony trough that extends anteriorly and curves upwards towards the marginal tooth row, below the trough is a well-developed bony ridge that may be homologous with the corpus dentalis, above the trough is a tall and narrow bony flange lingually paralleling the posterior two-thirds of the tooth row, and no obvious Meckelian fossa or groove is present; more anteriorly, the lingual surface is developed into a ventrolingually projecting shelf (here called the “post-symphysial expansion”) whose ventrolingual face bears a flattened and shallowly concave knob; the labial surface lacks foramina mentalia and anteriorly bears a prominent ventrolabial ridge; the symphysis is subtriangular in outline and its face is flattened; a prominent and robust coronoid process is present and bears a grooved anterior face; teeth are highly pleurodont and evidently pedicellate, the anteriormost tooth potentially is a symphysial tooth, and there is an apparent gap in the tooth row. To my knowledge, this suite of features has never been reported in a single dentary.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84CFFCFFC56FB7AFA96AA7F" blockId="6.[862,1535,490,1960]" lastBlockId="7.[808,1481,1318,1960]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
|||
|
|
Some of the above-listed features may be anomalies or taphonomic artefacts. The bony trough along the lingual surface, the apparent gap in the tooth row, and lack of a Meckelian fossa or groove in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFAE1FB1AFAA5A85F" box="[1331,1404,1260,1286]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 are strikingly peculiar and, to my knowledge, without precedent among amphibians. None of those features or any other portion of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFBE2FABAFBA0A83F" box="[1072,1145,1356,1382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 shows gross distortions that imply trauma, unlike, for example, rare salamander dentaries from the Upper Cretaceous of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84CFFCEFB2CFA7AFAA4A8FF" box="[1278,1405,1420,1446]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFA5EFA7AFC0FA89E" author="Skutschas, P. & Kolchanov, V. & Boitsova, E. & Kuzmin, I." pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="159 - 169" refId="ref16147" refString="Skutschas, P., Kolchanov, V., Boitsova, E., and Kuzmin, I. 2018. Osseous anomalies of the cryptobranchid Eoscapherpeton asiaticum (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. Fossil Record 21: 159 - 169." type="journal article" year="2018">Skutschas et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 2) and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="026FF872C84CFFCEFBB2FA5AFB43A89F" box="[1120,1178,1452,1478]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84CFFCEFB75FA5BFB07A89E" box="[1191,1246,1453,1479]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">USA</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFB3CFA5AFA9CA89E" box="[1262,1349,1452,1479]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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) preserved with bony calluses resulting from healing of traumatic injuries. The observation that the dorsally curved anterior end of the trough coincides with the gap in the tooth row, suggests those two features may be linked. A potentially instructive skeleton in the
|
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<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFBD9F9BBFB9FAB3E" box="[1035,1094,1613,1639]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4q52-xvg6" name="Transvaal Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">TMP</collectionCode>
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collections of the extant, neotenic salamander
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<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84CFFCEFC15F99BFA23ABDE" authority="(Shaw and Nodder, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw and Nodder" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[967,1530,1645,1671]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
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<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84CFFCEFC15F99BFB0AABDE" box="[967,1235,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Ambystoma mexicanum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84CFFCEFB31F99BFA2AABDE" author="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P." box="[1251,1523,1645,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref16067" refString="Shaw, G. and Nodder, F. P. 1798. Vivarium Naturae or The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume 9. Pages not numbered. Nodder & Co., London." type="book" year="1798">Shaw and Nodder, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, has a normal left dentary bearing an unbroken tooth row and a pathological right dentary in which the anterior end of the lingually placed coronoid anomalously overlaps onto the tooth-bearing region of the dentary, thereby creating a gap in the dentary tooth row (
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFBADF8FBFB08AA7E" box="[1151,1233,1805,1831]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFB03F8ECFB02AA72" box="[1233,1243,1818,1835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFB03F8ECFB02AA72" attach="left" box="[1233,1243,1818,1835]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">1</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
|
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and B
|
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<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFAF7F8ECFA89AA71" box="[1317,1360,1806,1835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-572@3.[98,1481,161,1067]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981046/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
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|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFAF7F8ECFAF6AA72" attach="right" box="[1317,1327,1818,1835]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
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–B
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84CFFCEFA82F8ECFA83AA72" box="[1360,1370,1818,1835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84CFFCEFA82F8ECFA83AA72" attach="left" box="[1360,1370,1818,1835]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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, respectively). It is unclear whether a similar explanation might explain the gap in the tooth row for AMNH
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84CFFCEFB17F8BBFAD7AA3E" box="[1221,1294,1869,1895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FARB</collectionCode>
|
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22965 or whether the adjacent, anterior end of the bony trough may have squeezed out the teeth. As noted in the preceding descriptive section, faint hints of a roughened lingual wall for the portion of the pars dentalis along the gap raise the possibility that teeth may have been loosely attached there, but were lost post-mortem. The identity and function of the lingual trough in AMNH
|
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|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84DFFCFFFB0FA5EFF72A89B" box="[98,171,1448,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">FARB</collectionCode>
|
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22965 are unclear. The position of the trough is consistent with it being associated with the Meckelian fossa or groove, despite the discrepancies that (i) the anterior end of the trough opens dorsally, rather than extending anteriorly into the interior of the ramus or opening lingually and (ii) the trough projects lingually outwards from the ramus and for much of its preserved length runs along the dorsal surface of what might be the corpus dentalis (here called the bony ridge”), rather than being a labiolingually shallow fossa or groove within the subdental portion of the ramus see “Meckelian fossa” labelled in
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84DFFCFFE26F91DFDE1AA5F" box="[500,568,1771,1798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
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). What appear to be the broken remnants of a foramen at the posterior end of the bony trough suggest that a non-osseus structure (e.g., artery, vein, nerve, or cartilage) passed through that opening and extended along the floor of the trough. Alternatively or, perhaps, additionally, the trough may have either articulated with or been lingually covered by one or more mandibular bones. Conceivably the peculiar lingual trough and gap in the tooth row might be the result of a postdentary bone— the prearticular is a strong candidate, considering its proximity to the affected area—having abnormally overgrown the dentary, thereby both distorting the Meckelian fossa or groove and interrupting the tooth row. That scenario also would explain the striking absence of an obvious (i.e., normal) Meckelian fossa or groove, which in salamanders is developed within the lingual surface of the dentary, below and immediately behind the tooth-bearing portion of the ramus, as a labiolingually shallow depression that is deepest posteriorly and shallows anteriorly (see
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84DFFCFFB22F95DFA88AB9C" box="[1264,1361,1707,1733]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs. 4B</figureCitation>
|
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|
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,
|
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|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C84DFFCFFA8CF95DFAB7AB9F" box="[1374,1390,1707,1734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">5</figureCitation>
|
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). Given the likelihood that the bony trough, gap in the tooth row, and lack of a Meckelian fossa or groove are anomalies, those are best set aside as potentially informative features.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<caption id="94D46618C84DFFCFFFB0FBEBFED7A84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" startId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" targetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="C0143690C84DFFCFFFB0FBEBFED7A84A" blockId="7.[98,1482,1053,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
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Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles.
|
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<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84DFFCFFDB8FBEBFDA3A96B" bold="true" box="[618,634,1053,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
|
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.?
|
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<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84DFFCFFD43FBEBFC39A96A" authority="Auffenberg, 1961" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[657,992,1053,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
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<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84DFFCFFD43FBEBFCE1A96B" box="[657,824,1053,1074]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84DFFCFFCEFFBEBFC39A96A" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[829,992,1053,1075]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="456 - 465" refId="ref12368" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1961. A new genus of fossil salamander from North America. American Midland Naturalist 66: 456 - 465." type="journal article" year="1961">Auffenberg, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFB85FBB5FB86A908" attach="left" box="[1111,1119,1091,1105]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">1</subScript>
|
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|
|
), lingual and slightly dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFAAEFBB5FA5DA908" attach="right" box="[1404,1412,1091,1105]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">2</subScript>
|
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), labial A
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFFABFBA9FF58A934" attach="left" box="[121,129,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3</subScript>
|
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), ventral (A
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFF21FBA9FF22A934" attach="left" box="[243,251,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">4</subScript>
|
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), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A
|
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|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFD5DFBA9FD4EA934" attach="left" box="[655,663,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">5</subScript>
|
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) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84DFFCFFD67FB87FD1DA9DF" bold="true" box="[693,708,1137,1158]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
|
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.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84DFFCFFD1DFB87FB4CA9DE" authority="(Shaw and Nodder, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw and Nodder" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[719,1173,1137,1159]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
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|
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<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84DFFCFFD1DFB87FC7CA9DF" box="[719,933,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Ambystoma mexicanum</emphasis>
|
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(
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84DFFCFFC63FB87FB57A9DE" author="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P." box="[945,1166,1137,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref16067" refString="Shaw, G. and Nodder, F. P. 1798. Vivarium Naturae or The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume 9. Pages not numbered. Nodder & Co., London." type="book" year="1798">Shaw and Nodder, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
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)
|
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|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
, entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFE64FB45FE67A998" attach="left" box="[438,446,1203,1217]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">1</subScript>
|
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|
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), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFC4AFB45FC79A998" attach="left" box="[920,928,1203,1217]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">2</subScript>
|
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|
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), lingual-dorsal (B
|
|||
|
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<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFB9EFB45FB8DA998" attach="left" box="[1100,1108,1203,1217]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3</subScript>
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), and dorsal (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFB32FB45FB31A998" attach="left" box="[1248,1256,1203,1217]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFE3BFB39FE28A984" attach="left" box="[489,497,1231,1245]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFEAEFB1DFE5DA9A0" attach="left" box="[380,388,1259,1273]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C84DFFCFFE4CFB1DFE7FA9A0" attach="left" box="[414,422,1259,1273]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C84DFFC1FC9CF8DBFE14AF05" blockId="7.[808,1481,1318,1960]" lastBlockId="9.[98,771,158,1960]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
|||
|
|
As noted in the preceding descriptive section, the peculiar anteriormost tooth in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C84DFFCFFB02F8BBFAC0AA3E" box="[1232,1305,1869,1895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is reminiscent of a symphysial tooth. I qualify that identification, because unequivocal symphysial teeth that characterize many non-lissamphibian amphibians (e.g., the Permian amphibamid
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FEC2F913FD6CABA6" authority="Bolt, 1969" authorityName="Bolt" authorityYear="1969" box="[272,693,1765,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphibamidae" genus="Doleserpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FEC2F913FDF3ABA6" box="[272,554,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Doleserpeton annectens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FDE4F913FD6CABA6" author="Bolt, J. R." box="[566,693,1765,1791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="888 - 891" refId="ref12393" refString="Bolt, J. R. 1969. Lissamphibian origins: possible protolissamphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma. Science 166: 888 - 891." type="journal article" year="1969">Bolt, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FD17F913FE9AAA78" author="Sigurdsen, T. & Bolt, J. R." pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="1360 - 1377" refId="ref16101" refString="Sigurdsen, T. and Bolt, J. R. 2010. The Lower Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1360 - 1377." type="journal article" year="2010">Sigurdsen and Bolt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6A) and the enigmatic African Late Cretaceous salamander
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FE17F8DEFE67AA3D" authority="Evans, Milner, and Werner, 1996" authorityName="Evans, Milner, and Werner" authorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Kababisha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sudanensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FE17F8DEFD0EAA1B" box="[453,727,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Kababisha sudanensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FD39F8DFFE67AA3D" author="Evans, S. E. & Milner, A. R. & Werner, C." pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="77 - 95" refId="ref13844" refString="Evans, S. E., Milner, A. R., and Werner, C. 1996. Sirenid salamanders and a gymnophionan amphibian from the Cretaceous of the Sudan. Palaeontology 39: 77 - 95." type="journal article" year="1996">Evans, Milner, and Werner, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Evans et al. 1996: text-figs. 3A, 4A, B), as well as the similarly-placed splenial teeth of many caecilians (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FE9FF87BFDDDAAFE" author="Nussbaum, R. A." box="[333,516,1933,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref15218" refString="Nussbaum, R. A. 1977. Rhinatrematidae: a new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 682: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1977">Nussbaum 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 2;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FD89F87BFD3CAAFE" author="Taylor, E. H." box="[603,741,1933,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="261 - 282" refId="ref16341" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1977. The comparative anatomy of caecilian mandibles and their teeth. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51: 261 - 282." type="journal article" year="1977">Taylor 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), differ in being completely separated lingually from the marginal tooth row and occur within a discrete pocket or groove. By contrast, the anteriormost tooth in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C842FFC0FAB7F8F1FA77AA78" box="[1381,1454,1799,1825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is only partially shifted lingually relative to the succeeding teeth (i.e., about one-half the diameter of its pedicel, relative to the second tooth) and it is not placed within a discrete depression. Considering its intermediate position, the anteriormost tooth in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FE0EFF68FDFCADE1" box="[476,549,158,184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 seems better regarded as a marginal first tooth that has been anomalously displaced lingually. That displacement conceivably could have happened if the anterior portion of the tooth row was compressed by the anomalous overgrowth of the prearticular, which left insufficient space for the first tooth to develop in its normal position. Interestingly, in the pathological axolotl dentary with a somewhat similarly interrupted tooth row depicted in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C843FFC1FF38FE56FE99ACE2" box="[234,320,416,443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, its anteriormost teeth retain their normal marginal positions. The remaining features in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FFB0FE17FF72ACA2" box="[98,171,481,507]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 are seen to varying degrees in other amphibian dentaries, meaning they appear to be normal structures and, thus, are potentially informative for assessing the taxonomic affinities of this unique dentary.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="94D46618C842FFC0FF45FAD3FDABABFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" startId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" targetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C842FFC0FF45FAD3FDABABFE" blockId="8.[151,1536,1317,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
|||
|
|
Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the North American Western Interior.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FF45FAB7FF1AA80E" bold="true" box="[151,195,1345,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">A–C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FF1DFAB7FDC5A80E" authority="Auffenberg, 1961" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[207,540,1345,1367]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FF1DFAB7FEACA80F" box="[207,373,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FEABFAB7FDC5A80E" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[377,540,1345,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="456 - 465" refId="ref12368" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1961. A new genus of fossil salamander from North America. American Midland Naturalist 66: 456 - 465." type="journal article" year="1961">Auffenberg, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FDF7FAB7FDECA80F" bold="true" box="[549,565,1345,1366]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FED8FA91FECBA82C" attach="left" box="[266,274,1383,1397]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FD9EFA91FD8DA82C" attach="left" box="[588,596,1383,1397]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) views.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FD73FAABFD69A82B" bold="true" box="[673,688,1373,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FD40FA75FD43A8C8" attach="left" box="[658,666,1411,1425]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) and detail of anterior end (B
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FC76FA75FC75A8C8" attach="left" box="[932,940,1411,1425]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FD04FA63FD3FA8F2" bold="true" box="[726,742,1429,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FC80FA4DFC83A890" attach="left" box="[850,858,1467,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) and detail of anterior end (C
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FBA5FA4DFBA6A890" attach="left" box="[1143,1151,1467,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FB46FA47FB7DA89F" bold="true" box="[1172,1188,1457,1478]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FB60FA47FB18A89F" bold="true" box="[1202,1217,1457,1478]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FB1DFA47FA25A89E" authority="Estes, 1964" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[1231,1532,1457,1479]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FB1DFA47FA5FA89F" box="[1231,1414,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C842FFC0FA5CFA47FA25A89E" author="Estes, R." box="[1422,1532,1457,1479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FF45FA3BFF7EA8BB" bold="true" box="[151,167,1485,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FAADFA3BFA57A8BB" bold="true" box="[1407,1422,1485,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">E</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FB6DFA05FB1EAB58" attach="left" box="[1215,1223,1523,1537]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) and ventral (E
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C842FFC0FA86FA05FA85AB58" attach="left" box="[1364,1372,1523,1537]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
) views. The three
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FF45F9F3FF00AB43" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,217,1541,1562]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FF45F9F3FF00AB43" box="[151,217,1541,1562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FE27F9D7FD8AAB6F" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[501,595,1569,1590]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FE27F9D7FD8AAB6F" box="[501,595,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FF1CF9CBFEC8AB0B" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[206,273,1597,1618]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FF1CF9CBFEC8AB0B" box="[206,273,1597,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FA6EF9CBFA26AB0B" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[1468,1535,1597,1618]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FA6EF9CBFA26AB0B" box="[1468,1535,1597,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C842FFC0FA0AF9AFFF11ABD3" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C842FFC0FA0AF9AFFF11ABD3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C843FFC1FF55FD94FDCDA998" blockId="9.[98,771,158,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
|||
|
|
AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FF3BFD94FEEBAF25" box="[233,306,610,636]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 originally was tentatively identified in the AMNH records as a dentary belonging to the albanerpetontid lissamphibian
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FE75FD55FF40AF84" authority="Estes, 1981" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1981" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nexuosum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FE75FD55FD60AFE4" box="[423,697,675,701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Albanerpeton nexuosum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FD6DFD55FF40AF84" author="Estes, R." pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. That identification is understandable, considering that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FFB0FD12FF2CAFA4" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1981" box="[98,245,740,766]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nexuosum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FFB0FD12FF2CAFA4" box="[98,245,740,766]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">A. nexuosum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is common within the Lance Formation (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FFB0FCF2FF39AE44" author="Estes, R." box="[98,224,771,798]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
[as jaws then referred to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FDCEFCF2FF3CAE67" authority="Estes, 1964" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FDCEFCF2FCDBAE44" box="[540,770,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FFB0FCD2FF3CAE67" author="Estes, R." box="[98,229,803,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
];
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FF25FCD2FE7DAE67" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[247,420,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="349 - 388" refId="ref14009" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2000 a. Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America. Geodiversitas 22: 349 - 388." type="journal article" year="2000">Gardner 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FE7CFCD2FD15AE67" author="Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr." box="[430,716,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="459 - 515" refId="ref14276" refString="Gardner, J. D. and DeMar, D. G., Jr. 2013. Mesozoic and Paleocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. In: J. D. Gardner and R. L. Nydam (eds.), Mesozoic and Cenozoic Lissamphibian and Squamate Assemblages of Laurasia. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 93: 459 - 515." type="journal article" year="2013">Gardner and DeMar 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and that AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FF21FCB2FEE5AE07" box="[243,316,836,862]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 superficially resembles dentaries of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FF51FC93FEC0AE27" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1981" box="[131,281,869,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nexuosum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FF51FC93FEC0AE27" box="[131,281,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">A. nexuosum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(cf.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FE8BFC93FE01AE26" author="Estes, R." box="[345,472,869,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 3H;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FD9EFC92FD26AE26" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[588,767,868,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="349 - 388" refId="ref14009" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2000 a. Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America. Geodiversitas 22: 349 - 388." type="journal article" year="2000">Gardner 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 2) in size and robustness, in having moderate sized and highly pleurodont teeth, and in bearing a prominent ventrolabial ridge. However, AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FE6FFC30FDDFAEB9" box="[445,518,966,992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 differs from all known albanerpetontid dentaries in lacking the stout and lingually projecting symphysial prongs that are autapomorphic for albanerpetontids, in lacking foramina mentalia labially and a distinctly gutter-like subdental shelf anteriorly, and in having teeth that are pedicellate, rather than being nonpedicellate as in albanerpetontids (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FD83FB7EFF42A998" author="Fox, R. C. & Naylor, B. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="118 - 128" refId="ref13949" refString="Fox, R. C. and Naylor, B. G. 1982. A reconsideration of the relationships of the fossil amphibian Albanerpeton. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19: 118 - 128." type="journal article" year="1982">Fox and Naylor 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FF74FB51FE9AA998" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[166,323,1191,1217]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="309 - 352" refId="ref14079" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2001. Monophyly and the affinities of albanerpetontid amphibians (Temnospondyli; Lissamphibia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 309 - 352." type="journal article" year="2001">Gardner 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FE9CFB5EFDD1A998" author="Daza, J. D. & Stanley, E. L. & Bolet, A. & Bauer, A. M. & Arias, J. S. & Cernansky, A. & Bevitt, J. J. & Wagner, P. & Evans, S. E." box="[334,520,1191,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="687 - 691" refId="ref12909" refString="Daza, J. D., Stanley, E. L., Bolet, A., Bauer, A. M., Arias, J. S., Cernansky, A., Bevitt, J. J., Wagner, P., and Evans, S. E. 2020. Enigmatic amphibians in mid-Cretaceous amber were chameleon-like ballistic feeders. Science 370: 687 - 691." type="journal article" year="2020">Daza et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C843FFC1FF55FB31FB94AE47" blockId="9.[98,771,158,1960]" lastBlockId="9.[808,1482,158,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
|||
|
|
The inferred presence of pedicellate teeth in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FFB0FB1EFF72A85B" box="[98,171,1256,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is based on the observations that (i) many of its preserved tooth pedicels are similar in height, with their dorsal rims approximately in line with the dorsal edge of the pars dentalis, and (ii) where those dorsal rims are largely or completely intact, they are in an essentially horizontal plane and have a relatively smooth dorsal surface. That combination of features is indicative of teeth that exhibit some degree of pedicely (i.e., a poorly mineralized or fibrous zone of weakness between the shaft and crown: e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FF44F9FDFE12AB7D" author="Parsons, T. & Williams, E." box="[150,459,1546,1573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref15482" refString="Parsons, T. and Williams, E. 1962. The teeth of Amphibia and their relation to amphibian phylogeny. Journal of Morphology 110: 375 - 389." type="journal article" year="1962">Parsons and Williams 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FE04F9FCFD27AB7D" author="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L." box="[470,766,1546,1572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref13160" refString="Duellman, W. E. and Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. 670 pp. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York." type="book" year="1986">Duellman and Trueb 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FFB0F9DDFE80AB1C" author="Davit-Beal, T. & Chisaka, H. & Delgado, S. & Sire, J. - Y." box="[98,345,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="49 - 81" refId="ref12860" refString="Davit-Beal, T., Chisaka, H., Delgado, S., and Sire, J. - Y. 2007. Amphibian teeth: current knowledge, unanswered questions, and some directions for future research. Biological Reviews 82: 49 - 81." type="journal article" year="2007">Davit-Béal et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
; Schoch 2014) and is routinely seen in extant and fossil amphibian jaws that have lost some or all of their crowns post-mortem, but retain their pedicels (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FFB0F97AFE2EABFF" author="Evans, S. E. & Sigogneau-Russell, D." box="[98,503,1675,1702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref13808" refString="Evans, S. E. and Sigogneau-Russell, D. 2001. A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa. Palaeontology 44: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="2001">Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: text-fig. 1A, D;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FD6CF97AFE94AB9F" author="Evans, S. E. & McGowan, G. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="103 - 119" refId="ref13729" refString="Evans, S. E. and McGowan, G. J. 2002. Lissamphibian remains from the Purbeck Limestone Group, southern England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 68: 103 - 119." type="journal article" year="2002">Evans and McGowan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: pl. 1: 5–7;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FE03F95AFDA6AB9F" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[465,639,1708,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="769 - 782" refId="ref14143" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2003 b. The fossil salamander Proamphiuma cretacea Estes (Caudata; Amphiumidae) and relationships within the Amphiumidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 769 - 782." type="journal article" year="2003">Gardner 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6D–F;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FFB0F93AFE5EABBF" author="Sigurdsen, T. & Bolt, J. R." box="[98,391,1740,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1360 - 1377" refId="ref16101" refString="Sigurdsen, T. and Bolt, J. R. 2010. The Lower Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1360 - 1377." type="journal article" year="2010">Sigurdsen and Bolt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6A). By contrast, breakage of nonpedicellate teeth can occur at any point along the basal-apical length of a given tooth, and those broken surfaces typically are irregular or jagged (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C843FFC1FDBDF8DBFD33AA11" box="[623,746,1837,1864]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5D, E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C843FFC1FD38F8CFFD2AAA13" box="[746,755,1849,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C843FFC1FD38F8CFFD2AAA13" attach="left" box="[746,755,1849,1866]" fontSize="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Teeth having some amount of pedicely are considered derived within gnathostomes and are characteristic for many lissamphibians and some amphibamids (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FDA4F878FC01ADE1" author="Parsons, T. & Williams, E." box="[630,984,158,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref15482" refString="Parsons, T. and Williams, E. 1962. The teeth of Amphibia and their relation to amphibian phylogeny. Journal of Morphology 110: 375 - 389." type="journal article" year="1962">Parsons and Williams 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FC39FF68FBBDADE1" author="Bolt, J. R." box="[1003,1124,158,184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="888 - 891" refId="ref12393" refString="Bolt, J. R. 1969. Lissamphibian origins: possible protolissamphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma. Science 166: 888 - 891." type="journal article" year="1969">Bolt 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FBA4FF68FAD5ADE1" author="Milner, A. R." box="[1142,1292,158,184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="8 - 27" refId="ref15045" refString="Milner, A. R. 1993. The Paleozoic relatives of lissamphibians. Herpetological Monographs 7: 8 - 27." type="journal article" year="1993">Milner 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FACDFF68FC41AD80" author="Sigurdsen, T. & Bolt, J. R." pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1360 - 1377" refId="ref16101" refString="Sigurdsen, T. and Bolt, J. R. 2010. The Lower Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1360 - 1377." type="journal article" year="2010">Sigurdsen and Bolt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
; Schoch 2014;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FB91FF48FA87AD80" author="Schoch, R. R. & Milner, A. R." box="[1091,1374,190,217]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 150" refId="ref15919" refString="Schoch, R. R. and Milner, A. R. 2014. Temnospondyli I. In: H. - D. Sues (ed.), Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 3 A 2, 1 - 150. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen." type="journal article" year="2014">Schoch and Milner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FCFAFF29FCA8ADA0" box="[808,881,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 shows some resemblance to dentaries of amphibamids, such as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FBD6FF09FACCAC40" authorityName="Bolt" authorityYear="1969" box="[1028,1301,255,281]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphibamidae" genus="Doleserpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FBD6FF09FACCAC40" box="[1028,1301,255,281]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Doleserpeton annectens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FA85FF09FA1DAC40" author="Bolt, J. R." box="[1367,1476,255,281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="194 - 222" refId="ref12420" refString="Bolt, J. R. 1991. Lissamphibian origins. In: H. - P. Schultze and L. Trueb (eds.), Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus, 194 - 222. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca." type="book chapter" year="1991">Bolt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAFEE9FB88AC60" author="Sigurdsen, T. & Bolt, J. R." box="[808,1105,287,313]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1360 - 1377" refId="ref16101" refString="Sigurdsen, T. and Bolt, J. R. 2010. The Lower Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1360 - 1377." type="journal article" year="2010">Sigurdsen and Bolt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6A), in having pedicellate teeth, a symphysial-like (but probably anomalous) tooth, and expansion of the subdental shelf and corpus dentalis behind the symphysis, yet AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FB6DFE76FAD1ACC3" box="[1215,1288,384,410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 differs in having relatively larger and far fewer marginal teeth (as few as 17 vs. at least
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="07539B75C843FFC1FC26FE37FBE9AC82" box="[1012,1072,449,475]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="60.0">60 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FBE8FE34FB16AC82" authorityName="Bolt" authorityYear="1969" box="[1082,1231,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphibamidae" genus="Doleserpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FBE8FE34FB16AC82" box="[1082,1231,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">D. annectens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), in lacking the multiple and more lingually placed symphysial teeth within a distinct depression or pocket and often arranged in a row in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FCFAFDD4FC64AF62" authorityName="Bolt" authorityYear="1969" box="[808,957,546,571]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphibamidae" genus="Doleserpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectens">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FCFAFDD4FC64AF62" box="[808,957,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">D. annectens</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, in being relatively more robust, and in lacking denticles and pits along the lingual surface below the pars dentalis. A further argument against regarding AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FCFAFD75FCA8AFC4" box="[808,881,643,669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 as an amphibamid is that some 200 million years, according to the time scale of
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FB17FD55FA5AAFE7" author="Ogg, J. G. & Ogg, G. M. & Gradstein, F. M." box="[1221,1411,675,702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref15255" refString="Ogg, J. G., Ogg, G. M., and Gradstein, F. M. 2016. A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016. 234 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam." type="book" year="2016">Ogg et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, separate the geologically youngest amphibamids (early Permian: see review by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FC14FD15FB0EAFA4" author="Schoch, R. R. & Milner, A. R." box="[966,1239,739,765]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 150" refId="ref15919" refString="Schoch, R. R. and Milner, A. R. 2014. Temnospondyli I. In: H. - D. Sues (ed.), Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 3 A 2, 1 - 150. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen." type="journal article" year="2014">Schoch and Milner 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) from AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FA52FD12FA10AFA7" box="[1408,1481,740,766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 (latest Cretaceous).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C843FFC2FC9CFCD2FD3AAF04" blockId="9.[808,1482,158,1960]" lastBlockId="10.[151,824,158,1961]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
|||
|
|
Compared to non-albanerpetontid lissamphibians, AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FCFAFCB2FCA8AE07" box="[808,881,836,862]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 differs from dentaries of anurans (frogs) and resembles pseudodentaries of gymnophionans (caecilians) and dentaries of most caudates (salamanders) in having a relatively robust and complex ramus that bears teeth. The dentary of anurans is substantially different in being a slender, simple, and splint-like bone (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FB34FC10FAB3A959" author="Ecker, A." box="[1254,1386,998,1024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref13346" refString="Ecker, A. 1889. The Anatomy of the Frog. Translated, with Numerous Annotations and Additions by G. Haslam. 449 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford. [Reprint edition. 1971. A. Asher & Co N. V., Amsterdam.]" type="book" year="1889">Ecker 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 21;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAFBF0FC6AA979" author="Trueb, L." box="[808,947,1030,1056]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="255 - 343" refId="ref16483" refString="Trueb, L. 1993. Patterns of structural diversity among the Lissamphibia. In: J. Hanken and B. K. Hall (eds.), The Skull, Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity, 255 - 343. University of Chicago Press, Chicago." type="book chapter" year="1993">Trueb 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6.16D, E) that primitively is toothless, with the sole exception of the extant
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FB1AFBD0FC0CA938" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Gastrotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guentheri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FB1AFBD0FA11A919" box="[1224,1480,1062,1088]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Gastrotheca guentheri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAFBB0FC0CA938" author="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J." box="[808,981,1094,1121]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref13885" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus Ambyglossae. 106 pp. Braumuller et Seidel, Wien." type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which appears to have re-evolved dentary teeth (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCA6FB91FBDBA9D8" author="Wiens, J. J." box="[884,1026,1127,1153]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1283 - 1296" refId="ref16785" refString="Wiens, J. J. 2011. Re-evolution of mandibular teeth in frogs after more than 200 million years, and re-evaluating Dollo's law. Evolution 65: 1283 - 1296." type="journal article" year="2011">Wiens 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FBC1FB91FB3AA9D8" author="Paluh, D. J. & Riddell, K. & Early, C. M. & Hantak, M. M. & Jongsma, G. F. M. & Keeffe, R. M. & Silva, F. M. & Nielsen, S. V. & Vallejo-Pareja, M. C. & Stanley, E. L. & Blackburn, D. C." box="[1043,1251,1127,1153]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="66926" refId="ref15386" refString="Paluh, D. J., Riddell, K., Early, C. M., Hantak, M. M., Jongsma, G. F. M., Keeffe, R. M., Silva, F. M., Nielsen, S. V., Vallejo-Pareja, M. C., Stanley, E. L., and Blackburn, D. C. 2021. Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution. eLife 10: e 66926." type="journal article" year="2021">Paluh et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The bony, single, and sometimes tusk-like odontoid developed near the anterior end of the mandible in some neobatrachian anurans (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCB5FB3EFC36A9BB" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[871,1007,1224,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref14916" refString="Lynch, J. D. 1971. Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 53: 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1971">Lynch 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig 15) is not a true tooth. Compared to AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FC58FB1EFC0AA85B" box="[906,979,1256,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965, pseudodentaries of gymnophionans differ in having numerous foramina mentalia and, except for the Early Jurassic stem caecilian
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FB15FADEFB96A83A" authority="Jenkins and Walsh, 1993" authorityName="Jenkins and Walsh" authorityYear="1993" class="Amphibia" family="Eocaeciliaidae" genus="Eocaecilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micropodia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FB15FADEFA10A81B" box="[1223,1481,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Eocaecilia micropodia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAFABFFB96A83A" author="Jenkins, F. A., Jr. & Walsh, D. M." box="[808,1103,1353,1379]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="246 - 250" refId="ref14654" refString="Jenkins, F. A., Jr., and Walsh, D. M. 1993. An Early Jurassic caecilian with limbs. Nature 365: 246 - 250." type="journal article" year="1993">Jenkins and Walsh, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, the labial surface is roughened with ridges and grooves and a prominent coronoid process is absent; additionally, many caecilian taxa (including
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C843FFC1FA50FA7CFC57A89A" authorityName="Jenkins and Walsh" authorityYear="1993" class="Amphibia" family="Eocaeciliaidae" genus="Eocaecilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micropodia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FA50FA7CFC57A89A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">E. micropodia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and the Early Cretaceous
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C843FFC1FB1CFA5FFC8EA8BD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Rubricaecilia monbaroni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FC8DFA3CFB2DA8BD" author="Evans, S. E. & Sigogneau-Russell, D." box="[863,1268,1482,1508]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref13808" refString="Evans, S. E. and Sigogneau-Russell, D. 2001. A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa. Palaeontology 44: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="2001">Evans and Sigogneau-Russell, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) have one or more splenial teeth located within a distinct depression lingual to, and often paralleling, the anterior portion of the marginal tooth row (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FBF6F9DDFB07AB1C" author="Nussbaum, R. A." box="[1060,1246,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref15218" refString="Nussbaum, R. A. 1977. Rhinatrematidae: a new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 682: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1977">Nussbaum 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 2;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FAE9F9DDFA1DAB1C" author="Taylor, E. H." box="[1339,1476,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="261 - 282" refId="ref16341" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1977. The comparative anatomy of caecilian mandibles and their teeth. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51: 261 - 282." type="journal article" year="1977">Taylor 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAF9BDFC75AB3C" author="Trueb, L." box="[808,940,1611,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="255 - 343" refId="ref16483" refString="Trueb, L. 1993. Patterns of structural diversity among the Lissamphibia. In: J. Hanken and B. K. Hall (eds.), The Skull, Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity, 255 - 343. University of Chicago Press, Chicago." type="book chapter" year="1993">Trueb 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FC6AF9BAFA91AB3C" author="Evans, S. E. & Sigogneau-Russell, D." box="[952,1352,1611,1638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref13808" refString="Evans, S. E. and Sigogneau-Russell, D. 2001. A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa. Palaeontology 44: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="2001">Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: text-fig. 1;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAF99DFC22ABDC" author="Jenkins, F. A., Jr. & Walsh, D. M. & Carroll, R. L." box="[808,1019,1643,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="285 - 366" refId="ref14687" refString="Jenkins, F. A., Jr., Walsh, D. M., and Carroll, R. L. 2007. Anatomy of Eocaecilia micropodia, a limbed caecilian from the Early Jurassic. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 158: 285 - 366." type="journal article" year="2007">Jenkins et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: figs. 24–27). AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C843FFC1FB24F99DFAE6ABDC" box="[1270,1343,1643,1669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 compares most favourably to caudate dentaries in lacking the above-listed features typical of amphibamids, caecilians, and anurans and in exhibiting a combination of features considered distinctive for salamanders (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FB29F91BFA1DAA5F" author="Estes, R. & Berberian, P. & Meszoely, C. A. M." box="[1275,1476,1772,1799]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref13654" refString="Estes, R., Berberian, P., and Meszoely, C. A. M. 1969. Lower vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, McCone County, Montana. Breviora 337: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FCFAF8FBFC63AA7E" author="Naylor, B. G." box="[808,954,1805,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref15124" refString="Naylor, B. G. 1979. The Cretaceous salamander Prodesmodon (Amphibia: Caudata). Herpetologica 35: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1979">Naylor 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C843FFC1FC19F8FBFB1EAA7E" author="Fox, R. C. & Naylor, B. G." box="[971,1223,1805,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="118 - 128" refId="ref13949" refString="Fox, R. C. and Naylor, B. G. 1982. A reconsideration of the relationships of the fossil amphibian Albanerpeton. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19: 118 - 128." type="journal article" year="1982">Fox and Naylor 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), including: lack of a well defined Meckelian groove; poorly developed subdental shelf; symphysial surface dorsoventrally expanded and flattened; moderate sized and inverted U-shaped replacement pits in lingual bases of teeth; no foramina mentalia (present in some salamanders); and deep and, potentially, elongate region behind the tooth row (see
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C840FFC2FDD5FF48FDBBAD80" box="[519,610,190,217]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-394@7.[99,1479,160,1027]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury.B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981050/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Figs. 4B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C840FFC2FDB0FF3DFDB2AD85" box="[610,619,203,220]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1538,1560]" captionTargetBox="[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-168@2.[154,1532,161,1517]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981044/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="5C2F34D5C840FFC2FDB0FF3DFDB2AD85" attach="left" box="[610,619,203,220]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C840FFC2FDABFF48FD50AD80" box="[633,649,190,217]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The relatively smooth labial surface lacking ornament or a roughened texture and the presence of teeth in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FDBCFF09FD6EAC40" box="[622,695,255,281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 also are typical for salamanders, although extant sirenids are unique among salamanders in having edentulous dentaries and upper jaws (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FE57FE96FE26AC23" author="Estes, R." box="[389,511,352,378]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDD8FE96FCEDAC23" author="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L." box="[522,820,352,378]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refId="ref13160" refString="Duellman, W. E. and Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. 670 pp. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York." type="book" year="1986">Duellman and Trueb 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF45FE76FE9EACC3" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[151,327,384,410]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1089 - 1122" refId="ref14112" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2003 a. Revision of Habrosaurus Gilmore (Caudata; Sirenidae) and relationships among sirenid salamanders. Palaeontology 46: 1089 - 1122." type="journal article" year="2003">Gardner 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: text-fig. 2F, 3D, H). Expansion of the anterior portion of the corpus dentalis behind the symphysis (= “post-symphysial expansion” here) is seen to varying degrees in some salamander dentaries (e.g., extant
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FD6CFE17FEE5AF42" authority="Garden" authorityName="Garden" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="means">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FD6CFE17FF39AF42" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Amphiuma means</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Garden
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEB4FDF7FE29AF42" author="Smith, J. E." box="[358,496,513,539]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refId="ref16235" refString="Smith, J. E. 1821. A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and Other Naturalists from the Original Manuscripts. Volume 1. 630 pp. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London. [Taxonomic authority for Amphiuma means is a letter, reprinted on pp. 594 - 599, from A. Garden to J. Ellis, dated May 15, 1773.]" type="book" year="1821">Smith, 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FDE2FDF7FEF2AF65" authority="Cuvier, 1827" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1827" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FDE2FDF7FCE1AF42" box="[560,824,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Amphiuma tridactylum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF45FDD4FEF2AF65" author="Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D." box="[151,299,546,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref12812" refString="Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. 1827. Sur le genre de reptiles batraciens, nomme Amphiuma, et sur une nouvelle espece de ce genre (Amphiuma tridactylum). Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 14: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1827">Cuvier, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEEBFDD4FE31AF65" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[313,488,546,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="769 - 782" refId="ref14143" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2003 b. The fossil salamander Proamphiuma cretacea Estes (Caudata; Amphiumidae) and relationships within the Amphiumidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 769 - 782." type="journal article" year="2003">Gardner 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 6D and F, respectively), although not as extreme as in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FD9AFDB4FD48AF05" box="[584,657,578,604]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C840FFC2FF6FFD94FB7DAC85" blockId="10.[151,824,158,1961]" lastBlockId="10.[862,1535,159,1961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
|||
|
|
The flattened and shallowly concave knob on the ventrolingual surface of the post-symphysial expansion in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FF45FD55FF39AFE4" box="[151,224,675,701]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 has not, to my knowledge, previously been reported for salamander dentaries. Among comparative specimens available to me, I have identified similar structures only in referred, fossil dentaries belonging to two batrachosauroidid species:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FE40FCD2FCEAAE67" authority="Auffenberg, 1961" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[402,819,804,830]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FE40FCD2FDBDAE67" box="[402,612,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDBEFCD2FCEAAE67" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[620,819,804,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="456 - 465" refId="ref12368" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1961. A new genus of fossil salamander from North America. American Midland Naturalist 66: 456 - 465." type="journal article" year="1961">Auffenberg, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, dentaries bear a shallow pit (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C840FFC2FE30FCB2FD85AE06" box="[482,604,836,863]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5A–C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), with a roughened and shallowly concave interior surface enclosed by a slightly raised rim, located on the ventrolingual surface of the corpus dentalis behind the symphysis (i.e., approximately equivalent to the position of the flattened and shallowly concave knob on AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FE10FC10FDD2A959" box="[450,523,998,1024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FD49FC13FF0DA979" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FD49FC13FF0DA979" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentaries bear a convex and smooth knob (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C840FFC2FD01FBF0FCF2A978" box="[723,811,1030,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), located at approximately the same anteroposterior position as the knob on AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FE77FBB1FE37A938" box="[421,494,1095,1121]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 and the pit in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FD0DFBB1FCE8A939" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[735,817,1094,1121]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FD0DFBB1FCE8A939" box="[735,817,1094,1121]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but positioned slightly more ventrolabially relative to both on the underside of the ramus. Although differing in details, overall similarities in the form and position of the post-symphysial knob/pit structures in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FD5CFB3EFD01A9BB" box="[654,728,1224,1250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FF45FB1EFF33A85B" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,234,1256,1282]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FF45FB1EFF33A85B" box="[151,234,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FEF8FB1FFE79A85B" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[298,416,1257,1282]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FEF8FB1FFE79A85B" box="[298,416,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
suggest those are homologous. The presence of a similar feature in other batrachosauroidids is uncertain. Dentaries are unknown (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDBFFADEFCD8A81A" author="Naylor, B. G." box="[621,769,1320,1347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15149" refString="Naylor, B. G. 1981. A new salamander of the family Batrachosauroididae from the late Miocene of North America, with notes on other batrachosauroidids. PaleoBios 39: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1981">Naylor 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FF45FABFFE2BA83A" authorityName="Naylor" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,498,1353,1379]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Peratosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="problematica">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FF45FABFFE2BA83A" box="[151,498,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Peratosauroides problematica</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Naylor in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDAEFABFFCD9A83A" author="Estes, R." box="[636,768,1353,1379]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), the sole dentary described for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FE1EFA9CFEB5A8FA" authority="Denton and O'Neill, 1998" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neocesariensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FE1EFA9CFD05A8DA" box="[460,732,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Parrisia neocesariensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD37FA9CFEB5A8FA" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. & O'Neill, R. C." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref13114" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr. and O'Neill, R. C. 1998. Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 484 - 494." type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and O’Neill, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, lacks its symphysial end (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD7CFA7FFEF2A89D" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. & O'Neill, R. C." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref13114" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr. and O'Neill, R. C. 1998. Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 484 - 494." type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and O’Neill 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), and descriptions of dentaries for both species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FF67FA3CFE54A8BD" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" box="[181,397,1482,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FF67FA3CFE54A8BD" box="[181,397,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FE4EFA3CFD46A8BD" author="Taylor, E. H. & Hesse, C. J." box="[412,671,1482,1508]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref16371" refString="Taylor, E. H. and Hesse, C. J. 1943. A new salamander from the Upper Miocene beds of San Jacinto County, Texas. American Journal of Science 241: 185 - 193." type="journal article" year="1943">Taylor and Hesse 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD79FA3CFCEDA8BD" author="Estes, R." box="[683,820,1482,1508]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref13483" refString="Estes, R. 1969 a. The Batrachosauroididae and Scapherpetontidae, Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic salamanders. Copeia 1969: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes 1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF45FA1CFF14AB5D" author="Estes, R." box="[151,205,1514,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF0BFA1CFECBAB5D" author="Estes, R." box="[217,274,1514,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="541 - 562" refId="ref13597" refString="Estes, R. 1988. Lower vertebrates from the Golden Valley Formation, Early Eocene of North Dakota. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31: 541 - 562." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FECFFA1CFD86AB5D" author="Hinderstein, B. & Boyce, J." box="[285,607,1514,1541]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="369 - 372" refId="ref14546" refString="Hinderstein, B. and Boyce, J. 1977. The Miocene salamander Batrachosauroides dissimulans (Amphibia, Urodela) from East Texas. Journal of Herpetology 11: 369 - 372." type="journal article" year="1977">Hinderstein and Boyce 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and the three species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FF39F9FCFE56AB7D" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[235,399,1546,1572]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FF39F9FCFE56AB7D" box="[235,399,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FE72F9FDFDFDAB7C" author="Herre, W." box="[416,548,1546,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref14505" refString="Herre, W. 1935. Die Schwanzlurche der mitteleocanen (oberlutetischen) Braunkohle des Geiseltales und die Phylogenie der Urodelen unter Einschluss der fossilen Formen. Zoologica - Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie 87: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1935">Herre 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDE3F9FDFD36AB7D" author="Estes, R. & Hecht, M. & Hoffstetter R." box="[561,751,1546,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref13697" refString="Estes, R., Hecht, M., and Hoffstetter R. 1967. Paleocene amphibians from Cernay, France. American Museum Novitates 2295: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1967">Estes et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD2EF9FDFF17AB1C" author="Estes, R." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF0FF9DDFDFDAB1C" author="Vasilyan, D. & Yanenko, V." box="[221,548,1579,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="2733" refId="ref16537" refString="Vasilyan, D. and Yanenko, V. 2020. The last Palaeoproteus (Urodela: Batrachosauroididae) of Europe. Scientific Reports 10: 2733." type="journal article" year="2020">Vasilyan and Yanenko 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) make no mention of a comparable structure. Considering that previous descriptions for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FED6F99AFE83ABDC" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[260,346,1643,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FED6F99AFE83ABDC" box="[260,346,1643,1670]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FE4BF99AFDCBABDC" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[409,530,1644,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FE4BF99AFDCBABDC" box="[409,530,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
dentaries made no mention of the symphysial knob/pit structure (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD67F97AFCEDABFC" author="Estes, R." box="[693,820,1675,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF45F95AFF04AB9F" author="Estes, R." box="[151,221,1708,1734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref13483" refString="Estes, R. 1969 a. The Batrachosauroididae and Scapherpetontidae, Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic salamanders. Copeia 1969: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1969">1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
,
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF38F95AFEF8AB9E" author="Estes, R." box="[234,289,1708,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="365 - 385" refId="ref13530" refString="Estes, R. 1975. Lower vertebrates from the Fort Union Formation, late Paleocene, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. Herpetologica 31: 365 - 385." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
,
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEFCF95AFEBCAB9F" author="Estes, R." box="[302,357,1708,1734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEA0F95AFDE8AB9F" author="Estes, R. & Berberian, P. & Meszoely, C. A. M." box="[370,561,1708,1734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref13654" refString="Estes, R., Berberian, P., and Meszoely, C. A. M. 1969. Lower vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, McCone County, Montana. Breviora 337: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FDEDF95AFD14AB9F" author="Naylor, B. G." box="[575,717,1708,1734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref15124" refString="Naylor, B. G. 1979. The Cretaceous salamander Prodesmodon (Amphibia: Caudata). Herpetologica 35: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1979">Naylor 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
;
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD08F95AFF17ABBF" author="Sullivan, R. M." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="293 - 301" refId="ref16311" refString="Sullivan, R. M. 1991. Paleocene Caudata and Squamata from Gidley and Silberling Quarries, Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1991">Sullivan 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FF0BF93AFE22ABBF" author="Tokaryk, T. T. & Bryant, H. N." box="[217,507,1740,1767]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref16411" refString="Tokaryk, T. T. and Bryant, H. N. 2004. The fauna from the Tyrannosaurus rex excavation, Frenchman Formation (Late Maastrichtian), Saskatchewan. In: Summary of Investigations 2004, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Saskatchewan Industry Resources, Miscellaneous Report 2004 - 4.1, CD-ROM, Paper A- 18: 1 - 12. Government of Saskatchewan, Regina." type="journal article" year="2004">Tokaryk and Bryant 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
), more detailed examination of dentaries referable to other batrachosauroidids is needed to better assess the distribution of that feature within the family. The position and form of the symphysial knob/pit structure and comparisons with dissections of extant salamanders (e.g.,
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEEDF89BFE0DAAD1" author="Francis, E. T." box="[319,468,1901,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refId="ref13986" refString="Francis, E. T. 1934. The Anatomy of the Salamander. 381 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1934">Francis 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FE30F899FD04AADE" author="Ozeti, N. & Wake, D. B." box="[482,733,1901,1930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref15347" refString="Ozeti, N. and Wake, D. B. 1969. The morphology and evolution of the tongue and associated structures in salamanders and newts (family Salamandridae). Copeia 1969: 91 - 123." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
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Özeti and
|
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|
|
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C840FFC2FD89F89BFD42AADE" box="[603,667,1901,1927]" name="Wake Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
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1969
|
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|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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|
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<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD38F898FE85AAF0" author="Larsen, J. H., Jr. & Guthrie, D. L." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="137 - 154" refId="ref14837" refString="Larsen, J. H., Jr. and Guthrie, D. L. 1975. The feeding system of terrestrial salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum Baird). Journal of Morphology 147: 137 - 154." type="journal article" year="1975">Larsen and Guthrie 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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|
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<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FEB4F878FD57AAF1" author="Erdman, S. & Cundall, D." box="[358,654,1934,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="175 - 204" refId="ref13397" refString="Erdman, S. and Cundall, D. 1984. The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: morphology and behavior. Journal of Morphology 181: 175 - 204." type="journal article" year="1984">Erdman and Cundall 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
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;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FD4BF878FC3AADE0" author="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L." box="[665,995,159,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refId="ref13160" refString="Duellman, W. E. and Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. 670 pp. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York." type="book" year="1986">Duellman and Trueb 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
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;
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FC23FF69FAA2ADE0" author="Lorenz Elwood, J. R. & Cundall, D." box="[1009,1403,159,185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref14877" refString="Lorenz Elwood, J. R. and Cundall, D. 1994. Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: Caudata). Journal of Morphology 220: 47 - 70." type="journal article" year="1994">Lorenz Elwood and Cundall 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
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;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FA5BFF69FC02AD80" author="Kleinteich, T. & Herzen, J. & Beckmann, F. & Matsui, M. & Haas, A." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="230 - 246" refId="ref14785" refString="Kleinteich, T., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Matsui, M., and Haas, A. 2014. Anatomy, function, and evolution of jaw and hyobranchial muscles in cryptobranchoid salamander larvae. Journal of Morphology 275: 230 - 246." type="journal article" year="2014">Kleinteich et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
), suggest that bony structure may have served for attachment of the geniohyoideus or genioglossus muscles, which are hyobranchial levators that serve to pull the hyobranchial apparatus and tongue forward, actions that in aquatic feeding salamanders appear to help expel water out of the mouth after prey capture. Such a function is in keeping with the interpretation that batrachosauroidids were neotenic and aquatic salamanders (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FAF8FE54FA6FACE2" author="Estes, R." box="[1322,1462,417,444]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref13483" refString="Estes, R. 1969 a. The Batrachosauroididae and Scapherpetontidae, Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic salamanders. Copeia 1969: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes 1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FA11FE57FA23ACE2" author="Estes, R." box="[1475,1530,417,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
;
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FC8CFE37FC37AC82" author="Milner, A. R." box="[862,1006,449,475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1412 - 1444" refId="ref15067" refString="Milner, A. R. 2000. Mesozoic and Tertiary Caudata and Albanerpetontidae. In: H. Heatwole and R. L. Carroll (eds.), Amphibian Biology. Volume 4. Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians, 1412 - 1444. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton." type="book chapter" year="2000">Milner 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FC28FE37FB41AC85" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1018,1176,449,476]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refId="ref14580" refString="Holman, J. A. 2006. Fossil Salamanders of North America. 232 pp. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2006">Holman 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
).
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C840FFC2FC56FE17FBB2AB3C" blockId="10.[862,1535,159,1961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
|||
|
|
Compared to named batrachosauroidids known by dentaries (i.e., all except for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB40FDF4FA37AF45" authorityName="Naylor" authorityYear="1981" box="[1170,1518,514,540]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Peratosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="problematica">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB40FDF4FA37AF45" box="[1170,1518,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Peratosauroides problematica</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FC16FDD4FBD4AF65" box="[964,1037,546,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 shares four additional similarities with at least half of the recognized species, as follows: (i) anteroposterior depression present along posterior labial surface (relatively shallow depression shared with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFD55FBE9AFE4" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[862,1072,675,701]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFD55FBE9AFE4" box="[862,1072,675,701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB92FD55FBD3AF87" authority="Vasilyn and Yanenko, 2020" authorityName="Vasilyn and Yanenko" authorityYear="2020" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miocenicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB92FD55FAB4AFE4" box="[1088,1389,675,701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus miocenicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Vasilyn and Yanenko, 2020
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBC4FD32FAFBAF84" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" box="[1046,1314,708,733]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neocesariensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBC4FD32FAFBAF84" box="[1046,1314,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Parrisia neocesariensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FAB3FD35FC42AFA7" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FAB3FD35FC42AFA7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
vs. relatively deeper depression in both species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFCF2FBE1AE47" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" box="[862,1080,772,798]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFCF2FBE1AE47" box="[862,1080,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB72FCF2FB67AE67" authority="Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter, 1967" authorityName="Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1967" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB72FCF2FA74AE47" box="[1184,1453,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus gallicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FA69FCF3FB67AE67" author="Estes, R. & Hecht, M. & Hoffstetter R." pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref13697" refString="Estes, R., Hecht, M., and Hoffstetter R. 1967. Paleocene amphibians from Cernay, France. American Museum Novitates 2295: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1967">Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FAD9FCD2FC31AE06" authority="Herre, 1935" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klatti">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FAD9FCD2FA26AE67" box="[1291,1535,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus klatti</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FC8CFCB3FC31AE06" author="Herre, W." box="[862,1000,836,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref14505" refString="Herre, W. 1935. Die Schwanzlurche der mitteleocanen (oberlutetischen) Braunkohle des Geiseltales und die Phylogenie der Urodelen unter Einschluss der fossilen Formen. Zoologica - Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie 87: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1935">Herre, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
); (ii) coronoid process present (well developed process shared with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB9FFC93FB78AE26" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[1101,1185,869,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB9FFC93FB78AE26" box="[1101,1185,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB60FC93FA98AE26" authorityName="Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1967" box="[1202,1345,869,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB60FC93FA98AE26" box="[1202,1345,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. gallicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FA81FC93FA1CAE26" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[1363,1477,869,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klatti">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FA81FC93FA1CAE26" box="[1363,1477,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. klatti</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFC70FC0BAEC6" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[862,978,902,927]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFC70FC0BAEC6" box="[862,978,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
vs. process relatively lower and anteroposteriorly shorter in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC1DFC53FA59AEE6" authority="Taylor" authorityName="Taylor" box="[975,1408,933,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dissimulans">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC1DFC53FAEAAEE6" box="[975,1331,933,959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides dissimulans</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Taylor
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="026FF872C840FFC2FA67FC50FA22AE99" box="[1461,1531,934,960]" country="Germany" name="Hessen" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Hesse</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, 1945, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC0EFC30FB4CAEB9" authorityName="Vasilyn and Yanenko" authorityYear="2020" box="[988,1173,966,992]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miocenicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC0EFC30FB4CAEB9" box="[988,1173,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. miocenicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; condition unknown for other batrachosauroidids); (iii) pedicellate or subpedicellate teeth (shared with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC22FBF1FB9BA979" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[1008,1090,1030,1057]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC22FBF1FB9BA979" box="[1008,1090,1030,1057]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB9DFBF1FAF4A979" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" box="[1103,1325,1031,1056]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neocesariensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB9DFBF1FAF4A979" box="[1103,1325,1031,1056]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Par. neocesariensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FAE9FBF0FA1EA979" authorityName="Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1967" box="[1339,1479,1030,1056]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FAE9FBF0FA1EA979" box="[1339,1479,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. gallicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFBD1FC16A918" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[862,975,1063,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klatti">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFBD1FC16A918" box="[862,975,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. klatti</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
vs. nonpedicellate teeth in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FADBFBD1FA67A919" authorityName="Vasilyn and Yanenko" authorityYear="2020" box="[1289,1470,1063,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miocenicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FADBFBD1FA67A919" box="[1289,1470,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. miocenicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FA1CFBD1FC42A938" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FA1CFBD1FC42A938" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and both species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBADFBB1FA8CA938" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" box="[1151,1365,1095,1121]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBADFBB1FA8CA938" box="[1151,1365,1095,1121]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
); and (iv) lacks pronounced ventral projection of the symphysis (shared with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFB7EFC6DA9F8" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[862,948,1159,1186]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFB7EFC6DA9F8" box="[862,948,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC15FB7EFB99A9F8" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[967,1088,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC15FB7EFB99A9F8" box="[967,1088,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and all species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FAFDFB71FA0AA9F8" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[1327,1491,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FAFDFB71FA0AA9F8" box="[1327,1491,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
vs. projection present in both species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FACCFB5EFA2FA99B" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" box="[1310,1526,1192,1218]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FACCFB5EFA2FA99B" box="[1310,1526,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; condition unknown for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBB4FB3FFA9BA9BB" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" box="[1126,1346,1225,1250]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neocesariensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBB4FB3FFA9BA9BB" box="[1126,1346,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Par. neocesariensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FA64FB3EFA26A9BB" box="[1462,1535,1224,1250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 further resembles
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBADFB1FFB0DA85B" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[1151,1236,1256,1283]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBADFB1FFB0DA85B" box="[1151,1236,1256,1283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB36FB1FFA1CA85B" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" box="[1252,1477,1257,1282]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neocesariensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB36FB1FFA1CA85B" box="[1252,1477,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Par. neocesariensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC8CFAFFFC0DA87B" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[862,980,1289,1314]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC8CFAFFFC0DA87B" box="[862,980,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in lacking foramina mentalia (vs. one or two foramina present in both species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB07FADFFA74A81A" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" box="[1237,1453,1321,1347]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB07FADFFA74A81A" box="[1237,1453,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and all three species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBC7FABFFB60A83A" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[1045,1209,1353,1379]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBC7FABFFB60A83A" box="[1045,1209,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, except for some individuals of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC52FA9FFC2CA8DA" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[896,1013,1385,1411]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klatti">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FC52FA9FFC2CA8DA" box="[896,1013,1385,1411]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pal. klatti</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). The above suite of features, coupled with the observation that AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FB7DFA7CFB21A8FD" box="[1199,1272,1418,1444]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 shows no compelling resemblances to dentaries belonging to other salamander families (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBF0FA3CFB11A8BD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1058,1224,1482,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphiumidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB00FA3CFA99A8BD" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1234,1344,1482,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proteidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, Scapherpetidae, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FC46FA1DFBD8AB5F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[916,1025,1515,1542]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sirenidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) known from the latest Cretaceous of the North American Western Interior (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FAE0F9FDFA6DAB7C" author="Estes, R." box="[1330,1460,1547,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FA11F9FDFA23AB7C" author="Estes, R." box="[1475,1530,1547,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C840FFC2FC8CF9DDFBD0AB1C" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[862,1033,1579,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1089 - 1122" refId="ref14112" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2003 a. Revision of Habrosaurus Gilmore (Caudata; Sirenidae) and relationships among sirenid salamanders. Palaeontology 46: 1089 - 1122." type="journal article" year="2003">Gardner 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, b), support assigning AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FAB8F9DDFA6AAB1C" box="[1386,1459,1579,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FCA9F9BDFBBEAB3C" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1958" box="[891,1127,1611,1637]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Batrachosauroididae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C840FFC3FC56F99AFD1DADA0" blockId="10.[862,1535,159,1961]" lastBlockId="11.[98,771,158,1473]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
|||
|
|
AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FC30F99AFBF2ABDF" box="[994,1067,1644,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 differs from all other batrachosauroidids in having a lingual bony flange paralleling the posterior two-thirds of its tooth row and a prominent post-symphysial expansion. AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C840FFC2FB42F93BFB00ABBE" box="[1168,1241,1741,1767]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 may also be unique among batrachosauroidids in having the anterior face of its prominent and robust coronoid process excavated by an anteroposterior groove that is bracketed labially and lingually by a narrow ridge vs. same surface is narrow and keel like in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FCACF898FB88AAD1" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[894,1105,1902,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FCACF898FB88AAD1" box="[894,1105,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FB5FF898FAA8AAD1" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[1165,1393,1902,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FB5FF898FAA8AAD1" box="[1165,1393,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, whereas in a referred dentary of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C840FFC2FBB0F878FAB2AAF1" authorityName="Estes, Hecht, and Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1967" box="[1122,1387,1934,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C840FFC2FBB0F878FAB2AAF1" box="[1122,1387,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Palaeoproteus gallicus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
depicted by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C841FFC3FFB0FF69FEF1ADE1" author="Estes, R. & Hecht, M. & Hoffstetter R." box="[98,296,158,185]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref13697" refString="Estes, R., Hecht, M., and Hoffstetter R. 1967. Paleocene amphibians from Cernay, France. American Museum Novitates 2295: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1967">Estes et al. (1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 3) that surface is similarly wide, but smooth and somewhat bulbous or inflated; the form of the same surface in other batrachosauroidids is uncertain.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C841FFC3FF55FF09FE4AA947" blockId="11.[98,771,158,1473]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Compared to the two named batrachosauroidids in the Lance Formation (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="58902A15C841FFC3FEB7FEE9FE72AC63" box="[357,427,287,314]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1317,1339]" captionTargetBox="[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-131@8.[153,1533,160,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the NorthAmerican Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber’s Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth.All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981052/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FDF5FEE9FDA9AC60" box="[551,624,287,313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 more closely resembles dentaries of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FE14FEC9FD40AC00" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[454,665,319,345]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FE14FEC9FD40AC00" box="[454,665,319,345]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Opisthotriton kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in being relatively elongate and shallow (vs. relatively shorter anteroposteriorly and deeper in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FE63FE76FD4AACC0" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[433,659,384,410]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FE63FE76FD4AACC0" box="[433,659,384,410]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Prodesmodon copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), in bearing a ventrolabial ridge anteriorly (less prominent in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FD35FE56FF4BAC83" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FD35FE56FF4BAC83" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, see
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C841FFC3FF18FE37FE9FAC83" author="Estes, R." box="[202,326,448,475]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 39d, and unknown for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FDACFE37FD2BAC83" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[638,754,449,474]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FDACFE37FD2BAC83" box="[638,754,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), in having its symphysial surface subtriangular in outline deepest anteriorly and narrowing ventroposteriorly in both vs. narrower and more rectangular in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FDDCFDD7FD5AAF63" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[526,643,545,570]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FDDCFDD7FD5AAF63" box="[526,643,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), and teeth pedicellate or subpedicellate (vs. consistently nonpedicellate in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FF7DFD94FEFCAF22" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[175,293,610,635]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FF7DFD94FEFCAF22" box="[175,293,610,635]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). By contrast, AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FDFFFD97FDAFAF22" box="[557,630,609,635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 more closely resembles dentaries of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FE6DFD74FDEFAFC2" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[447,566,642,667]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FE6DFD74FDEFAFC2" box="[447,566,642,667]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in having a similarly tall coronoid process (vs. relatively lower in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FD4DFD54FD2AAFE2" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[671,755,673,700]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FD4DFD54FD2AAFE2" box="[671,755,673,700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). Compared to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FF2FFD34FE89AF85" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[253,336,706,732]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FF2FFD34FE89AF85" box="[253,336,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FE5AFD34FD6FAF85" authority=", AMNH FARB" authorityName="AMNH FARB" box="[392,694,706,732]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FE5AFD34FE27AF82" box="[392,510,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, AMNH FARB
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
22965 exhibits two intermediate conditions involving teeth. First, its tooth count is 17 (perhaps a few more if an additional tooth was present at the end of the tooth row and if the gap in the tooth row was infilled with teeth) vs. tooth counts of about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="07539B75C841FFC3FF78FC94FF3FAE24" box="[170,230,866,893]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FF23FC95FE9FAE24" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[241,326,867,893]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FF23FC95FE9FAE24" box="[241,326,867,893]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="07539B75C841FFC3FE56FC95FE3EAE24" box="[388,487,867,893]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FE20FC95FDB3AE25" box="[498,618,867,892]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FE20FC95FDB3AE25" box="[498,618,867,892]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Second, the anteriormost six tooth pedicels in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FDB5FC75FD69AEC4" box="[615,688,899,925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 are slightly recurved, similar to teeth along the entire tooth row in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FF67FC32FEF5AE84" box="[181,300,964,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="copei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FF67FC32FEF5AE84" box="[181,300,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pro. copei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, yet the more posterior tooth pedicels in AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FF14FC12FED6AEA7" box="[198,271,996,1022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 are straighter, like those along the entire tooth row in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C841FFC3FEE8FBF2FE52A947" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" box="[314,395,1028,1054]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C841FFC3FEE8FBF2FE52A947" box="[314,395,1028,1054]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. kayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="C0143690C841FFC3FF55FBD2FD34A898" blockId="11.[98,771,158,1473]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
|||
|
|
Based on the suite of features listed above, AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FFB0FBB2FF72A907" box="[98,171,1092,1118]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 is sufficiently unique that it almost certainly represents a new genus and species of batrachosauroidid. At this time, I defer formally naming that new taxon because only one incomplete dentary is available and certain of its features (i.e., bony lingual trough, apparent gap in the tooth row, no obvious Meckelian fossa or groove, and symphysial-like first tooth) are so peculiar that those likely are anomalies and, potentially, may have unduly compromised the structure of AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FEAAFAB0FE18A839" box="[376,449,1350,1376]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965. Additional dentaries or complementary upper jaws are needed to corroborate the features described above for AMNH
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="A6BAAE55C841FFC3FDC5FA70FDB9A8F9" box="[535,608,1414,1440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FARB</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
22965 and to confirm that it pertains to a new batrachosauroidid taxon.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|