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<mods:title id="744D8FCEC4C5F0137D118C422E4C903A">Discovery of Griphophanes Grootaert &amp; Meuffels and Nepalomyia Hollis in the Afrotropical Region with a key to Afrotropical genera of Peloropeodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="A43F3686FF9FFFCF56B3FD841F44FDCA" blockId="1.[151,603,557,583]" box="[151,603,557,583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF56B3FD841F44FDCA" ID-CoL="9G2JM" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" box="[151,603,557,583]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF56B3FD841F44FDCA" bold="true" box="[151,603,557,583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF56B3FD841C5BFDCA" bold="true" box="[151,324,557,583]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphophanes</emphasis>
Grootaert &amp; Meuffels
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EC9A650DFF9FFFCF56B3FDDC1E65FD61" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A43F3686FF9FFFCF56B3FDDC1E65FD61" blockId="1.[151,1436,629,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF56B3FDDC1FB7FD01" ID-CoL="9G2JM" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1998: 191" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityPageNumber="191" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,680,629,652]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF56B3FDDC1C30FD01" box="[151,303,629,652]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphophanes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="25211097FF9FFFCF571DFDDC1FB7FD01" author="Grootaert" box="[313,680,629,652]" page="191" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF571DFDDC1F6DFD01" author="Grootaert" box="[313,626,629,652]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1998) New data on Griphophanes nom. nov. from South Thailand (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 68, 191." type="journal article" year="1998">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 191
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(nom. nov. for
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF557EFDDC1803FD01" ID-CoL="4R5H" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityYear="1997" box="[858,1308,629,652]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Griphomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF557EFDDC1EC4FD01" box="[858,987,629,652]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphomyia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF55C1FDDC1803FD01" author="Grootaert" box="[997,1308,629,652]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1997) Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127 (2), 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, nec
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF537DFDDC1DE1FD21" author="Hardy" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1987) The Trypetini, Aciurini and Ceratitini of Indonesia, New Guinea and adjacent islands of the Bismarcks and Solomons (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Entomography, 5, 247 - 373." type="journal article" year="1987">Hardy 1987</bibRefCitation>
) (subf.
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF576BFD3C1CE5FD21" ID-CoL="87CLD" box="[335,506,661,684]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peloropeodinae">Peloropeodinae</taxonomicName>
).
<typeStatus id="7B3B8824FF9FFFCF5428FD3C1F5EFD21" box="[524,577,661,684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5486FD3C19F2FD21" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityYear="1997" box="[674,1261,661,684]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Griphomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravicaudata">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5486FD3C1EA7FD21" box="[674,952,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphomyia gravicaudata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF559BFD3C19F2FD21" author="Grootaert" box="[959,1261,661,684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1997) Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127 (2), 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF56B3FD1C1F94FD41" ID-CoL="4R5H" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997: 108" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityPageNumber="108" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,651,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Griphomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF56B3FD1C1C07FD41" box="[151,280,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphomyia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="25211097FF9FFFCF5705FD1C1F94FD41" author="Grootaert" box="[289,651,693,716]" page="108" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF5705FD1C1F49FD41" author="Grootaert" box="[289,598,693,716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1997) Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127 (2), 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 108
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in subf.
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF54DCFD1C1EBFFD41" ID-CoL="87CLD" box="[760,928,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peloropeodinae">Peloropeodinae</taxonomicName>
) (nec
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF55C2FD1C1974FD41" author="Hardy" box="[998,1131,693,716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1987) The Trypetini, Aciurini and Ceratitini of Indonesia, New Guinea and adjacent islands of the Bismarcks and Solomons (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Entomography, 5, 247 - 373." type="journal article" year="1987">Hardy 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<typeStatus id="7B3B8824FF9FFFCF52A4FD1C19AAFD41" box="[1152,1205,693,716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF533FFD1C1F99FD61" authority="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997" authorityName="Grootaert &amp; Meuffels" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Griphomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravicaudata">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF533FFD1C1C4AFD61" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphomyia gravicaudata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF5778FD7C1F99FD61" author="Grootaert" box="[348,646,725,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1997) Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127 (2), 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(original designation).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EC9A650DFF9FFFCF56B3FCB31ED2FACF" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A43F3686FF9FFFCF56B3FCB31ED2FACF" blockId="1.[151,1437,794,1346]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF56B3FCB31C0FFCB9" bold="true" box="[151,272,794,820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF573CFCB31F6FFCB9" author="Grootaert" box="[280,624,794,820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (1997) Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127 (2), 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels (1997)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished their new genus from other
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5242FCB31802FCB9" box="[1126,1309,794,820]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peloropeodinae">Peloropeodinae</taxonomicName>
mainly by the presence of a distinct anal vein which runs parallel to the hind margin of the wing and a stalked hypopygium which lies free under the abdomen. Indeed, species of the
<typeStatus id="7B3B8824FF9FFFCF55C7FCCC1909FCF2" box="[995,1046,869,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF524EFCCC1868FCF2" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" box="[1130,1399,869,895]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Peloropeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF524EFCCC1815FCF3" box="[1130,1290,869,894]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Peloropeodes</emphasis>
Wheeler
</taxonomicName>
, as well as of
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5734FC231CE9FC29" authority="Mik" authorityName="Mik" box="[272,502,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Micromorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5734FC231CA2FC2E" box="[272,445,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Micromorphus</emphasis>
Mik
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF540BFC231E31FC29" authority="Grichanov" authorityName="Grichanov" box="[559,814,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Meuffelsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF540BFC231FB4FC2E" box="[559,683,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Meuffelsia</emphasis>
Grichanov
</taxonomicName>
have sessile hypopygium with very short segment 7. Nevertheless, some species of
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5424FC191FBFFC44" box="[512,672,944,969]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Peloropeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5424FC191FBFFC44" box="[512,672,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Peloropeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF54FEFC191E98FC44" box="[730,903,944,969]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Micromorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF54FEFC191E98FC44" box="[730,903,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Micromorphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have weakly developed wing anal lobe (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF56B3FC7C1C40FC62" author="Grichanov" box="[151,351,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grichanov, I. Ya. (2000) New Afrotropical Sympycninae and redescription of European Peloropeodes acuticornis (Oldenberg) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). An International Journal of Dipterological Research, 11 (2), 77 - 102." type="journal article" year="2000">Grichanov 2000</bibRefCitation>
) and one of the species of
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5488FC7C1E44FC63" box="[684,859,981,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5488FC7C1E44FC63" box="[684,859,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described here has normal anal lobe. The
<typeStatus id="7B3B8824FF9FFFCF534CFC7C1882FC62" box="[1384,1437,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
species was described with 5 dorsocentrals and uniseriate acrostichals, while both new Afrotropical species bear an additional small 6th dorsocentral seta anteriorly and biseriate acrostichals. It is worth noting that the Nearctic species of
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF575FFBE11F04FBEC" box="[379,539,1096,1121]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Peloropeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF575FFBE11F04FBEC" box="[379,539,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Peloropeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have uniseriate acrostichals (
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF5555FBE1191AFBEF" author="Bickel" box="[881,1029,1096,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bickel, D. J. (2009) Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies). In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. &amp; Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 671 - 694." type="book" year="2009">Bickel 2009</bibRefCitation>
), while Palearctic and Afrotropical species of the genus have biseriate acrostichals.
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF54EEFBC71E6DFB0A" box="[714,882,1134,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF54EEFBC71E6DFB0A" box="[714,882,1134,1159]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably the only peloropeodine that lacks a carina at the inside of male abdominal segment eight (
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF5511FB3B1EE3FB21" author="Lim" box="[821,1020,1170,1196]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Lim, G. S., Hwang, W., Kutty, S. N., Meier, R. &amp; Grootaert, P. (2010) Mitochondrial and nuclear markers support the monophyly of Dolichopodidae and suggest a rapid origin of the subfamilies (Diptera: Empidoidea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2010">
Lim
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5557FB3A1EB5FB21" box="[883,938,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). The
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF526EFB3A1808FB21" box="[1098,1303,1171,1196]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garambaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF526EFB3A1808FB21" box="[1098,1303,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">G. garambaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DC757EFFF9FFFCF5304FB3B1860FB21" box="[1312,1407,1170,1196]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is remarkable in having highly elongate hypopygial peduncle that developed independently in the subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF56B3FB741CFDFB7A" authority="(Bickel 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Bickel" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[151,482,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Medeterinae">
Medeterinae (
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF571AFB741CC6FB7A" author="Bickel" box="[318,473,1245,1271]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bickel, D. J. (1986) Atlatlia, a new genus of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Australia. Entomologica scandinavica 17, 165 - 171." type="journal article" year="1986">Bickel 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF57CBFB741E69FB7A" authority="(Grichanov 1998a)" baseAuthorityName="Grichanov" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[495,886,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diaphorinae">
Diaphorinae (
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF54B1FB741E72FB7A" author="Grichanov" box="[661,877,1245,1271]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grichanov, I. Ya. (1998 a) Two new species of Urodolichus Lamb (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Madagascar. An International Journal of Dipterological Research, 9 (1), 23 - 26." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Grichanov 1998a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF55A7FB74195BFB7A" box="[899,1092,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichopodinae">Dolichopodinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="C0114B77FF9FFFCF52B7FB741DCBFA91" author="Grootaert" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grootaert, P. &amp; Meuffels, H. J. G. (2001) Three new Southeast Asian Dolichopodinae from the Hercostomus complex, with long stalked hypopygia, and with the description of a new genus (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Studia dipterologica, 8, 207 - 216." type="journal article" year="2001">Grootaert &amp; Meuffels 2001</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF573CFAAB1CC9FA91" box="[280,470,1282,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peloropeodinae">Peloropeodinae</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, the genus
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF5529FAAA1EA7FA91" box="[781,952,1283,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Griphophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF5529FAAA1EA7FA91" box="[781,952,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Griphophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="63804D05FF9FFFCF52F8FAAA1860FA91" box="[1244,1407,1283,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Peloropeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96F4EA94FF9FFFCF52F8FAAA1860FA91" box="[1244,1407,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Peloropeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at present by only male secondary sexual characters (see the key below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>