247 lines
30 KiB
XML
247 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<document id="2BD35EE0E73C561F3EA4138D2B556F95" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139948FFF303ABFE8AF6C9FA2B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Bos javanicus d'Alton 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="574" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="574" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A6C77069F161082EA4EC4F532BD126FD">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3E5D85D42C45035E65C495CDFA388DA0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FCB4179137EA424FED3E543E3CDBEE55">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1C0E3035285FA1503A3521D698E35582">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="607928509DC7F7D173DE5F781A7AC68B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="0397A01704C993A9D8E0DAB4D769AF78">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="67875F5FD3EA1D8C06578D05D330218C" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="1E83AD08C800EE03D0791175B2024F7F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="B0F6E95225FED1FE11C72D93F535A5B9">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="089D882ACB34659209ABD435E8965FEA">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="1C342E153CB0535AC4C2634611BE3E41">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F24DDAA88619048631D4B1B3A9167159" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="76FDF155D96E7EDF35258BBAE739F344" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="54F8C020FEBC23F02CAE141E04EAB53F" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139948FFF303ABFE8AF6C9FA2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581175" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581175" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139948FFF303ABFE8AF6C9FA2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139948FFF303ABFE8AF6C9FA2B" lastPageNumber="574" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303ABFE8AFF30FEBB" box="[189,221,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303ABFE8AFF30FEBB" blockId="3.[187,764,264,392]" box="[189,221,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<heading id="D0AB01699948FFF303ABFE8AFF30FEBB" box="[189,221,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809948FFF303ABFE8AFF30FEBB" box="[189,221,264,314]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="12.[94,124,3393,3418]" captionTargetBox="[11,2747,14,3636]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="On following pages: 8. Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis); 9. Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis); 10. Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffen; 11. Lake Chad Buffalo (Syncerus brachyceros); 12. Virunga Buffalo (Syncerus mathewsi); 13. Forest Buffalo (Syncerus nanus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512926/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303F8FE8AFE73FEBB" box="[238,414,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303F8FE8AFE73FEBB" blockId="3.[187,764,264,392]" box="[238,414,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<heading id="D0AB01699948FFF303F8FE8AFE73FEBB" box="[238,414,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9948FFF303F8FE8AFE73FEBB" box="[238,414,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Banteng</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF302C6FE8AFD3BFEBB" box="[464,726,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF302C6FE8AFD3BFEBB" blockId="3.[187,764,264,392]" box="[464,726,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<heading id="D0AB01699948FFF302C6FE8AFD3BFEBB" box="[464,726,264,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF302C6FE8AFD3BFEBB" ID-CoL="MLPY" authority="d'Alton, 1823" authorityName="d'Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[464,726,264,314]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF302C6FE8AFD3BFEBB" box="[464,726,264,314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Bos javanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303ABFEC9FD2BFE09" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303ABFEC9FD16FEE1" blockId="3.[187,764,264,392]" box="[189,763,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<heading id="D0AB01699948FFF303ABFEC9FD16FEE1" box="[189,763,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303ABFEC9FEE7FEE1" bold="true" box="[189,266,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">French:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30205FEC9FE89FEE1" box="[275,356,331,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9948FFF30205FEC9FE89FEE1" box="[275,356,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Banteng</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF3026CFEC9FE38FEE1" bold="true" box="[378,469,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">German:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF302C9FEC9FDDDFEE1" box="[479,560,331,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9948FFF302C9FEC9FDDDFEE1" box="[479,560,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Banteng</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF30153FEC9FD4DFEE1" bold="true" box="[581,672,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9948FFF301BCFEC9FD16FEE1" box="[682,763,331,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Banteng</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303AAFEF1FD2BFE09" blockId="3.[187,764,264,392]" box="[188,710,371,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<heading id="D0AB01699948FFF303AAFEF1FD2BFE09" box="[188,710,371,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303AAFEF1FE5FFE09" bold="true" box="[188,434,371,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9948FFF302ABFEF1FD2BFE09" box="[445,710,371,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF302ABFEF1FE33FE09" box="[445,478,371,392]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Bali</collectingRegion>
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Cattle (domestic form)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF30035FE35FA86FE55" box="[803,1387,439,468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30035FE35FA86FE55" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" box="[803,1387,439,468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF30035FE35FC53FE55" bold="true" box="[803,958,439,468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF300C5FE35FA8BFE55" ID-CoL="MLPY" authority="d'Alton, 1823" authorityName="d'Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[979,1382,439,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">Bos javanicus d’Alton, 1823</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF30032FE61FC10FE7D" box="[804,1021,483,508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30032FE61FC10FE7D" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" box="[804,1021,483,508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589948FFF30032FE61FC10FE7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198368" box="[804,1021,483,508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF30032FE61FC5DFE7D" box="[804,944,483,508]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF300ADFE61FC14FE7D" box="[955,1017,483,508]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Java</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF30032FD84FAD0FDA2" box="[804,1341,518,547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30032FD84FAD0FDA2" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" box="[804,1341,518,547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Three subspecies are recognized here.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF30032FDAFFEC4FBA5" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9948FFF30032FDAFFEC4FBA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512493/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" targetBox="[187,780,443,858]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30032FDAFFB5EFDCB" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" box="[804,1203,557,586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF30032FDAFFB5EFDCB" bold="true" box="[804,1203,557,586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30033FDD2FC44FD18" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30033FDD2FC44FD18" authority="d’Alton, 1823" authorityName="d’Alton" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="javanicus" subSpecies="javanicus">B.j.javanicusd’Alton,1823—Java,perhapsBali.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF30033FD25FB8DFCDC" blockId="3.[803,1389,439,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30033FD25FB8DFCDC" authority="Lydekker, 1898" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="javanicus" subSpecies="birmanicus">B.j.birmanicusLydekker,1898—AsianmainlandincludingMyanmar,SChina(SYunnan,currentpresenceuncertain),Laos,Vietnam,Thailand,Cambodia,andNPeninsularMalaysia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303A8FCEFFD76FC07" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" box="[190,667,877,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF303A8FCEFFDE7FC07" authority=": Lydekker, 1912" authorityName=": Lydekker" authorityYear="1912" box="[190,522,877,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="javanicus" subSpecies="low">B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912</taxonomicName>
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— Borneo.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303ABFC16FEC4FBA5" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF30627FC16FEEBFC55" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, New
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3024AFC39FE2EFC55" box="[348,451,955,980]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, and on various islands of
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF30020FC39FC2CFC55" box="[822,961,955,980]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF300C0FC39FBE3FC55" box="[982,1038,955,980]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Bali</collectingRegion>
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, Sangihe,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF307B7FC39FAFAFC55" box="[1185,1303,955,980]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303ABFBABFE6CF8B7" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303ABFBABFE6CF8B7" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303ABFBABFE51FBCB" bold="true" box="[189,444,1065,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 190-225 cm, tail 65-80 cm, shoulder height up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09948FFF303D6FBD2FECAFBF0" box="[192,295,1104,1137]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" unit="cm" value="160.0">160 cm</quantity>
|
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; weight 600-800 kg. The
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF301B2FBD2FCF7FBF0" box="[676,794,1104,1137]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
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|
subspecies from Borneo tends to have a smaller cranium with smaller horn span than the other two subspecies; the cranium of mainland
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30263FB1DFE06FB41" box="[373,491,1183,1216]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
is comparable to the taxon from Java, but the horns are larger in all dimensions. Bantengs are generally built lighter than other wild Asian cattle, with longer legs, a more elongated head, and less developed hump on the withers. Bantengs are sexually dimorphic, particularly in size and coloration. Males are larger than females, who are more slender and domestic cattle-like. Males are black in Java and apparently peninsular
|
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|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF30156FAE1FD2CFA05" box="[576,705,1379,1412]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, but they are orange-khaki with chestnut-brown hues elsewhere. Females and young are orange-khaki to chestnut with a dark dorsal line. Both sexes have distinctive white stockings on their lower legs, a white rump patch surrounding, but not including, the base of the tail, white muzzles, and small white spots above their eyes. The tail is long and tufted, reaching below the hocks. The horns of males are larger than those of females and curve outward and forward, with upward-turned tips; the length along the outer curve is 42-76 cm, the basal circumference is 26-43 cm, and the tip-to-tip length is 18-68 cm (considerable variation noted among subspecies/locations). Horns of mature males are connected by a cornified band across the intercornual ridge, particularly in the subspecies from Java. Smaller female horns grow upright from the base. Dental formula is I 0/3, C0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 (2) =32,
|
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|
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</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303A8F8B9FAB2F6DD" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="biology_ecology">
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303A8F8B9FAB2F6DD" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303A8F8B9FEC1F8DD" bold="true" box="[190,300,1851,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
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|
Bantengs can occur from sea level to
|
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|
|
<quantity id="4CA41BE09948FFF30051F8B9FC5DF8DD" box="[839,944,1851,1884]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
. Their current range, and habitat availability within it, has been greatly reduced in the past century, and the species may now be relegated to less than preferred habitats. Early accounts suggested that the long legs of the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF3028BF833FDF9F853" box="[413,532,1969,2002]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, relative to other wild Asian cattle, predisposed it to lowlands, but other accounts suggest that it may be somewhat of a habitat generalist. On the Asian mainland, early investigations suggested that Bantengs avoided evergreen forests, preferring open dry deciduous forests with grassy openings and bamboo stands. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF303F3F7D1FE84F7F1" box="[229,361,2131,2160]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">West Java</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, Bantengs seek cover in rainforests but tend to concentrate around open meadows where they feed. On Borneo, Bantengs use swamps and forests along rivers and lowland logged forests. Human activities such as cultivation and logging may force Bantengs to denser forests in upland areas, but in some places, they seem to tolerate humans. Availability of free water is important; Bantengs are said to drink daily when conditions permit it. Mineral licks also are visited regularly, and occasional drinking of seawater by some
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF302AFF6B9FDC2F6DD" box="[441,559,2363,2396]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
populations is thought to be a substitute for mineral licks.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303A8F6E0FBB1F5C9" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="food_feeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303A8F6E0FBB1F5C9" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303A8F6E0FE28F602" bold="true" box="[190,453,2402,2435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Bantengs are herbivorous, predominately grazers consuming a variety of grasses, sedges, and forbs, but they will eat considerable amounts of browse and fruits if preferred forage is not available (some consider Bantengs to be intermediate feeders). In WestJava during the dry season, Bantengs eat bamboo, palm, and various shrubs (e.g. Psychotria malayana) and saplings. Preference for the grass genera Imperata, Ischaemum, Axonopus, and Cynodon, among others, has been noted.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303A9F5CCFAB3F451" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="breeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303A9F5CCFAB3F451" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303A9F5CCFEA9F5EE" bold="true" box="[191,324,2638,2671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Generally, breeding and birthing seasons of Bantengs are variable depending on location. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF302DDF5F7FDA6F517" box="[459,587,2677,2710]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, mating occurs in May-June; in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3071AF5F7FB70F517" box="[1036,1181,2677,2710]" name="Cambodia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, mating occurs in March-April, with most births in December—January; in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF30704F522FB79F53C" box="[1042,1172,2720,2749]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, early accounts suggested that births occur throughout the year. Some male
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30702F546FB6EF564" box="[1044,1155,2756,2789]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,typically younger males, stay with female herds throughout the year, but others, particularly mature males, live alone or in bachelor groups until rut. Little is known about age offirst breeding of males or females. A captive-born female lived 27 years, but the reproductive life and overall longevity of females in the wild are no doubt shorter. Gestation is 285 days. Bantengs have one calf at a time; birth weights of domesticated
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30753F40AFB57F428" box="[1093,1210,2952,2985]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which likely weigh less than their wild counterparts, are 16-9 kg for males and 15-6 kg for females.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303A9F455FE8FF3EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="activity">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303A9F455FE8FF3EF" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303A9F455FE47F479" bold="true" box="[191,426,3031,3064]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Activity patterns are typical of ruminants involving alternating periods of foraging and ruminating/resting, typically 2-3 hours long. Bantengs may be active day and night and can become rather nocturnal when humans encroach into their range.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF303D7F3FAF58CFE04" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF303D7F3FAF58CFE04" blockId="3.[188,1394,877,3456]" lastBlockId="3.[1459,2665,277,1453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF303D7F3FAFC99F314" bold="true" box="[193,884,3192,3221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Bantengs are non-migratory but will move extensively for food, water, and mineral licks. No information exists on home range sizes. A female and her offspring constitute the nucleus of social groups. Typical group sizes are about 8-12 individuals, but groups of 20-100 have been observed in open areas. Typical groups are made up of adult females, their offspring, and juveniles, often accompanied by one or more young and adult males; such groups probably are not stable. Sometimes females occur alone or in female-only groups without offspring. Mature males also occur singly or in bachelor groups, which break up as rut approaches. Sexual segregation may be minimal in some areas perhaps because of limited resources and clumped water availability (e.g. Baluran National Park,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF30907FEEAF5B9FE04" box="[2577,2644,360,389]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Java</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF306A2FE0DF9F1FB3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF306A2FE0DF9F1FB3E" blockId="3.[1459,2665,277,1453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF306A2FE0DF8F5FE2D" bold="true" box="[1460,1816,399,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Bantengs only occur now in small and isolated populations. Wild
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30BC7FE31F6ABFE55" box="[2257,2374,435,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
only number about 5000-8000 individuals; no populations have more than 500 individuals and only 6-8 populations have more than 50 individuals—most are in decline. The species is extinct in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF306CEFDABF996FDCB" box="[1496,1659,553,586]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3059DFDABF901FDCB" box="[1675,1772,553,586]" name="Brunei" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Brunei</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3042FFDABF869FDCB" box="[1849,1924,553,586]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Most remaining wild populations of Bantengs occur in parks and reserves, providing a degree of protection and administrative control. Threats to conservation of wild Bantengs include habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation; poaching for subsistence and trade in trophies, meat, and animal parts (horns are prized); disease transmission with domestic cattle; loss of genetic integrity and hybridization with domestic cattle; and predation by Dholes (Cuon
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30AA7FD6FF5F8FC8F" box="[2481,2581,749,782]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alpinus">alpinus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), particularly in Java. Conservation efforts likely will have the greatest potential for success in Java and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3054DFCB9F906FCDD" box="[1627,1771,827,860]" name="Cambodia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
where numbers of Bantengs are the highest, followed by
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF3090AFCB9FA1FFC05" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and Borneo. The exotic population of Bantengs in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="499878E79948FFF30A3BFCE1F5D1FC05" box="[2349,2620,867,900]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959948FFF306A5FC08F9DDFC2A" box="[1459,1584,906,939]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
numbers about 6000 individuals and is genetically identical to wild Bantengs, despite the 20 or so founders being domesticated animals from Bali. This population may have conservation potential in the future. In 2003 following successful cloning of Gaur (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30507FB82F97EFBA0" authorityName="C.H. Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1553,1683,1024,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">B. gaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), two clones of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF3047EFB82F833FBA0" box="[1896,2014,1024,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were produced from a single cell of frozen ear tissue of a male that died at the San Diego Zoo in 1980; one of the clones survived to at least 2007 but had not reproduced. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869948FFF30B18FBCDF769FBF1" box="[2062,2180,1103,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banteng">Banteng</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
now has a permanent place in the history of such innovative and yet controversial approaches to recovery of endangered species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9948FFF306A0FB4FF6C9FA2B" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059948FFF306A0FB4FF6C9FA2B" blockId="3.[1459,2665,277,1453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B9286A179948FFF306A0FB4FF9A2FB67" bold="true" box="[1462,1615,1229,1254]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Alikodra (1987), Ashby & Santiapillai (1986, 1988), Bradshaw et al. (2006), Coolidge (1940), Copland (1974), Francis (2008), Halder (1973, 1976), Hoogerwerf (1970), Huffman (2004e), Lekagul & Mc-Neely (1988), Lydekker (1898, 1913), Nguyen (2009), Payne & Francis (2005), Pedrono et al. (2009), Planet ARK (2003), Pudyatmoko & Djuwantoko (2006), Pudyatmoko et al. (2007), Srikosamatara & Suteethorn (1994, 1995), Srikosamatara et al. (1992), Steinmetz (2004), Summardja & Kartawinata (1977), Timmins & Ou (2001), Timmins et al. (2003, 2008), Tun Yin (1967), Weigl (2005), Wharton (1957, 1968).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|