treatments-xml/data/03/EF/7A/03EF7A1BFFECFF94028DFCD2FB834D43.xml

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<mods:title id="9C91C9BA1FB1891D3060B3A3682BCB1B">Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7D417CD9EA582314CA2FB3BD83B15CA4">Vea, Isabelle M.</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="B932171FFFECFF88028DFCD2FCD74DA3" box="[421,779,892,919]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFECFF88028DFCD2FCD84DA2" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[421,772,892,919]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pseudoweitschatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="audebertis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFECFF88028DFCD2FCD84DA2" bold="true" box="[421,772,892,919]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudoweitschatus audebertis</emphasis>
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,
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<heading id="D0B17C61FFECFF88017BFC09FD314DF4" box="[595,749,935,961]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="7">
<figureCitation id="137DD788FFECFF88017BFC09FD0D4DF4" box="[595,721,935,961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="16.[120,206,1675,1696]" captionTargetBox="[120,1224,224,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-44@16.[120,1224,224,1649]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of (A) Dorsal view of Pseudoweitschatus audebertis, n. sp., holotype AMNH Bu-1416. (B) Ventral view of Kozarius perpetuus, n. sp., holotype AMNH Bu-1163. (C) Ventral view of K. achronus, n. sp., holotype AMNH Bu-233a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5367925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5367925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 1A</figureCitation>
, 
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFECFF880380FC61FB484DDC" blockId="15.[120,1225,975,1786]" box="[168,1172,975,1001]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B2EC150FFECFF880380FC61FB534DDC" box="[168,1167,975,1001]" country="Myanmar" location="Tanai Village" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54FD75AFFFECFF880380FC61FF3E4DDC" box="[168,226,975,1001]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">TYPE</typeStatus>
LOCALITY: 
<collectingCountry id="F3518B9DFFECFF880244FC61FE3D4DDC" box="[364,481,975,1001]" name="Myanmar" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="498205EFFFECFF8802C4FC61FD9E4DDC" box="[492,578,975,1001]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kachin</collectingRegion>
: near 
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. Albian-Cenomanian boundary
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B2EC150FFECFF880380FC5BFB1A4AFC" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Leeward Capitol Corp" country="Myanmar" location="American Museum of Natural History." municipality="Tanai Village" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="holotype">
TYPE: 
<typeStatus id="54FD75AFFFECFF8803D8FC5AFE874A3B" box="[240,347,1012,1038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED5753C8FFECFF88024AFC5AFE604A3B" box="[354,444,1012,1038]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">AMNH</collectionCode>
Bu-1416 alate male, in a 10 × 8 × 
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rectangular, bright orange, transparent polished amber piece; specimen in good condition, but thoracic structures significantly shriveled, so the original shapes are uncertain, wings completely spread with one wing lying on a crack, dorsal tubular secretions directed upward; accessible views: ventral (but thoracic structures obscured) and dorsal. 
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, 
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, 
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, on Ledo Road, 
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NW Myitkyna
</locationDeviation>
), 
<collectorName id="26B3AEDBFFECFF8803D6FB01FE234AFC" box="[254,511,1199,1225]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Leeward Capitol Corp</collectorName>
coll., deposited in the 
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35C9886FFECFF880380FB7AFEE54B6B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFECFF880380FB7AFEE54B6B" blockId="15.[120,1225,975,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ETYMOLOGY: The epithet is in reference to Vincent Audebert, the first author’s high school biology teacher, who inspired her to pursue studies in evolutionary biology. This is a general tribute to scientific educators and their importance in teaching with a passion that creates future scientists.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C9886FFECFF880380FAC4FE114BB1" box="[168,461,1386,1412]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFECFF880380FAC4FE114BB1" blockId="15.[120,1225,975,1786]" box="[168,461,1386,1412]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">DIAGNOSIS: As for genus.</paragraph>
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DESCRIPTION: Body large and robust, 
<quantity id="4CBE66E8FFECFF88014CFA21FD104B9F" box="[612,716,1423,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1.76">1.76 mm</quantity>
long, largest width at mesothorax, 465 μm. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFECFF880350FA1AFF624BFB" bold="true" box="[120,190,1460,1486]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Head:</emphasis>
Transversely rectangular, dorsoventrally flattened, 405 μm wide, 215 μm long. Each ocular sclerite with a pair of large compound eyes protruding laterally, eye length ca. 125 μm, each eye with about 100 ommatidia. Ocelli hardly observable but present dorsad to compound eyes (fig. 2A). Dorsal midcranial ridge well developed and extending to a strongly sclerotized postoccipital ridge (fig. 2A), setae present at least on margin of dorsum of head. Ventral surface of head with ridges forming a five-armed star comprising the midcranial ridge starting anteriorly and fusing with two preocular ridges and two preoral ridges (fig. 2B). 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFECFF88018FF93AFCD1489B" bold="true" box="[679,781,1684,1710]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Antenna</emphasis>
(fig. 2C): 10-segmented and long, total length 
<quantity id="4CBE66E8FFECFF8803EEF914FEB648E1" box="[198,362,1722,1748]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.315" metricValueMax="1.33" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1.315" valueMax="1.33" valueMin="1.3">1.30–1.33 mm</quantity>
; lengths of segments (in μm): scape 75–80; pedicel 70–75; flagellar segments III to X all filiform, most segments irregularly binodose, apical segment the shortest; III 125; IV
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF3FF970350F925FDEE48E9" blockId="16.[120,1225,1673,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF9702F3F927FE314894" bold="true" box="[475,493,1673,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
) Dorsal view of 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF9701B6F927FC174894" box="[670,971,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF3FF9701B6F927FC1B4894" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[670,967,1673,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pseudoweitschatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="audebertis" status="sp. nov.">Pseudoweitschatus audebertis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF3FF9700FBF927FBD04895" box="[979,1036,1673,1696]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype AMNH Bu-1416. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF9703CDF908FF29488B" bold="true" box="[229,245,1702,1726]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
) Ventral view of 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF970285F909FDA9488B" box="[429,629,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF3FF970285F909FDAD488B" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[429,625,1703,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perpetuus" status="sp. nov.">Kozarius perpetuus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF3FF970156F909FD6B488B" box="[638,695,1703,1726]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype AMNH Bu-1163. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF9700C1F908FC26488B" bold="true" box="[1001,1018,1702,1726]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
) Ventral view of 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF3FF97079AF909FF0548E9" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF3FF97079AF909FF0948E9" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="achronus" status="sp. nov.">K. achronus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF3FF9703F7F96AFECB48EE" box="[223,279,1732,1755]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype AMNH Bu-233a.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF2FF960350FA5EFC554816" blockId="17.[120,1225,1517,1571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FIGURE 2. Details of 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF96027EFA40FD5E4833" box="[342,642,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF2FF96027EFA40FDA24833" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[342,638,1518,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pseudoweitschatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="audebertis" status="sp. nov.">Pseudoweitschatus audebertis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF2FF9601A1FA40FD634830" box="[649,703,1518,1541]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF9601E6FA43FD3C4830" bold="true" box="[718,736,1517,1541]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
) Dorsal view of head. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF9600F8FA40FC3C4833" bold="true" box="[976,992,1518,1542]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
) Ventral view of head. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF9603A9F9A5FF4E4816" bold="true" box="[129,146,1547,1571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
) Antenna. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF960227F9A5FEFE4816" bold="true" box="[271,290,1547,1571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
) Leg. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF960244F9A5FEA74816" bold="true" box="[364,379,1547,1571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</emphasis>
) Hamulohaltere. (
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF96011FF9A5FD954816" bold="true" box="[567,585,1547,1571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">G</emphasis>
) Ventral view of penial sheath.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF2FF950350F998FC304A63" blockId="17.[120,1225,1590,1804]" lastBlockId="18.[120,1226,225,1111]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
180–185; V 180–190; VI 140–160; VII 135–150; VIII 135; IX 130–135; X 120. All flagellar segments covered with long setae (110–150 μm), some of them forming whorls of 4 or 9 setae, with few shorter setae (ca. 50 μm) mainly between whorls. Apical segment with 4 or 5 shorter setae curved apically (ca.100 μm) and 4–5 small bristles (ca. 40 μm), and a basiconic sensillum. Capitate setae absent. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF2FF960350F962FF0848D3" bold="true" box="[120,212,1740,1766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Thorax:</emphasis>
Head and thorax separated by a slight neck constriction. Prothorax well developed but membranous. Ridges on prothorax not observable. Structures of mesothorax shrunken but still dif- ferentiable. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF9503D0FF4FFE8F4ECE" box="[248,339,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dorsally</emphasis>
: prescutum oval (ca. 170 μm wide and 100 μm long), bulging anteriorly, without prescutal setae; scutum without membranous area, scutellum suboval (ca. 165 μm wide, 140 μm long), but anteriorly almost forming a right angle (unclear whether this is due to shriveling of the thoracic structures), scutellum with strongly sclerotized ridges. Ventral thoracic structures obscured. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF950350FED8FF184FA5" bold="true" box="[120,196,374,400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Wings</emphasis>
(fig. 1A): Forewing oval, broad at base, almost parallel sided, with apex tapered, 
<quantity id="4CBE66E8FFF1FF950749FED9FB154FA4" box="[1121,1225,375,402]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.55">1.55 mm</quantity>
long and 740 μm widest; subcostal ridge extending from base of wing to more than 3/4 wing length, apically forming a distinct club-shaped pterostigma. Cubital ridge starting at 270 μm from wing base and fading before reaching pterostigma level; posterior flexing patch beginning halfway between wing base and cubital ridge; anterior flexing patch less obvious but appearing at same location as cubital ridge but separating progressively. Alar setae absent, sensoria present as a row along subcostal ridge, microtrichia absent. Alar fold present. Hamulohalteres (fig. 2E) large and elongate, leaf shaped, ca. 210 μm long, 50 μm wide; each with four hamuli attached on anterodistal margin. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF950701FDD2FB834CA3" bold="true" box="[1065,1119,636,662]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Legs</emphasis>
(fig. 2D): Slender, all of subequal length, cuticular reticulations absent; coxa ca. 85 μm long; trochanter and femur, 40 μm wide, 305 μm long on proleg, with hairlike setae; tibia: 342 long μm, 22 μm wide, with short spinelike setae, tibial spurs not differentiated; tarsus 2-segmented (second segment short and triangular), 120 μm long, 20 μm wide, setae of same size as tarsal width, tarsal digitules undifferentiated; claw 20 μm, thin and almost uncurved, with two spinose claw digitules, denticle absent. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF950756FC99FF6F4D43" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Cylindrical, ca. 
<quantity id="4CBE66E8FFF1FF950245FCF2FE0E4D42" box="[365,466,860,887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.01">1.01 mm</quantity>
long (810 μm without penial sheath), 325 μm widest. Tergites and sternites well developed and segmentation easy to delineate, without small caudal extensions on last abdominal segments. Abdominal setae present, short and strong but distribution not clear. Tergite VI and VII each with, one row of 6–9 tubular ducts, extruding wax filaments. 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF9500FEFC62FB4A4DD3" bold="true" box="[982,1174,972,998]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Genital segment</emphasis>
(fig. 2G): Penial sheath originating posteroventrally to anus, triangular, 275 μm long, 80 μm wide at base, narrowing from about 1/2 length of penial sheath, with short setae present anteriorly. Aedeagus slender and pointed at the apex. Eversible endophallus probably present inside.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF1FF95013FFB39FCF54A84" blockId="18.[535,809,1175,1201]" box="[535,809,1175,1201]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF95013FFB39FD7D4A84" bold="true" box="[535,673,1175,1201]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF95013FFB39FD404A84" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[535,668,1175,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Kozariidae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF1FF950181FB39FCF54A84" box="[681,809,1175,1201]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="family">new family</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C9886FFF1FF950380FB6CFC124AE9" box="[168,974,1217,1244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF1FF950380FB6CFC124AE9" blockId="18.[120,1225,1217,1804]" box="[168,974,1217,1244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54FD75AFFFF1FF950380FB6CFF3E4AE9" box="[168,226,1218,1244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">TYPE</typeStatus>
GENUS: 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF95026FFB6CFE774AEE" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[327,427,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF95026FFB6CFE774AEE" box="[327,427,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kozarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF1FF950291FB6CFDD54AE9" box="[441,521,1218,1244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, by present designation and monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C9886FFF1FF950380FB49FD9F4842" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF1FF950380FB49FB6F4864" blockId="18.[120,1225,1217,1804]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
DIAGNOSIS: 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF95021BFB49FE704B34" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[307,428,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kozariidae</taxonomicName>
differs from other fossil families by the combination of the following characters: body minute, head large, compound eyes bulging, with less than 100 ommatidia; antenna with filiform segments, capitate and fleshy setae on apical segment; prescutum vertically elongate (vs. oval or horizontally elongate in other families), without prescutal setae, scutellum rhombus or subrhombus shaped; wings hyaline, without microtrichia or pterostigma, with a subcostal ridge extending to 3/4 wing length, cubital ridge and posterior flexing patch present; hamulohalteres present, long and narrow (leaf shaped in several archaeococcoid families, but similar to, e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF9507AEFA69FF104832" baseAuthorityName="Vea and Grimaldi" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ortheziidae</taxonomicName>
); legs slender, tarsus 1-segmented, shorter than tibia; claw thin and elongate, almost uncurved, claw digitules slightly clavate, claw denticle absent; abdomen with tubular ducts on tergites VI and VII. Genital segment with exceptionally elongate and apically curved penial sheath.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF1FF950380F9F2FD9F4842" blockId="18.[120,1225,1217,1804]" box="[168,579,1628,1655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
GENUS INCLUDED: 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF9502ABF9F3FE324843" box="[387,494,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF9502ABF9F3FE364843" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[387,490,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Kozarius</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF1FF9502DDF9F3FD9F4842" box="[501,579,1629,1655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C9886FFF1FF940380F92CFB834D43" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF9CB0DFFF1FF940380F92CFB834D43" blockId="18.[120,1225,1217,1804]" lastBlockId="19.[120,1225,225,887]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
COMMENTS: 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF950214F92CFE6448A9" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[316,440,1666,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kozariidae</taxonomicName>
is unique among families based on the shape of the prescutum, particularly in its being elongate vertically. Most of the other families have an oval to round prescutum, and if elongate it is always horizontal (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF9501B7F962FCE048D2" authorityName="Pergrande" authorityYear="1898" box="[671,828,1740,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Xylococcidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xylococcidae</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF950066F963FC6E48D3" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[846,946,1741,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF950066F963FC6E48D3" box="[846,946,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kozarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows some similarities with 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF95039EF95CFDD64939" authority="Cockerell, 1909" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[182,522,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF95039EF95CFE9A493E" box="[182,326,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Matsucoccus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7B6FCFFF1FF950278F95CFDD64939" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[336,522,1778,1804]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref35708" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. 1909. The coccoid genus Ceroputo. Entomologica 42: 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1909">Cockerell, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The head structure overall resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF1FF950719F95CFB1D493E" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1073,1217,1778,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF1FF950719F95CFB1D493E" box="[1073,1217,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Matsucoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially the general shape, the apical flagellar segment bearing capitate setae and curved bristles, and the protruding compound eyes. The short mesopostnotum is also reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94077CFEA9FF404F73" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF94077CFEA9FF404F73" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Matsucoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, there are other obvious features that differ significantly from 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94072AFE83FB4E4F73" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1026,1170,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF94072AFE83FB4E4F73" box="[1026,1170,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Matsucoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the presence of tubular ducts on segments VI and VII (vs. only present on segment VII in 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94077CFEFCFF404FA4" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF94077CFEFCFF404FA4" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Matsucoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the long penial sheath, the significantly smaller body size, the proportions of the abdomen, and the presence of setae and a strong median ridge on the basisternum (vs. basisternal median ridge present or absent, and setae absent). Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94002AFE6FFC714FEE" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1927" box="[770,941,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
is one of the most morphologically homogeneous families (one extant and one fossil genus), the males of which are easily recognized by their wing membrane structure bearing parallel pennate ridges. This distinctive wing ornamentation is even preserved as an impression in sedimentary rock, representing the oldest definitive coccoid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7B6FCFFF0FF9402E1FDF9FD824C44" author="Koteja, J." box="[457,606,599,625]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="863 - 866" refId="ref37467" refString="Koteja, J. 1999. Eomatsucoccus andrewi sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccinea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England. Cretaceous Research 20: 863 - 866." type="journal article" year="1999">Koteja, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF940159FDF9FCC04C44" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1927" box="[625,796,599,625]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
are common in Eocene Baltic amber (Koteja, 2000). Interestingly, this “herring bone” wing membrane pattern is strongly conserved, showing little variation among Recent and fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94018EFD0FFC884C8E" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1927" box="[678,852,673,699]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF940076FD0CFC1E4C8E" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[862,962,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF940076FD0CFC1E4C8E" box="[862,962,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kozarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not bear pennate ridges on the forewings (very reduced venation). Therefore, it can be excluded from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94075EFD69FF034D33" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis retrieved the family as monophyletic and was included in an extinct lineage comprised of 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF9401ABFCBFFCE24D1E" authorityName="Koteja &amp; Azar" authorityYear="2008" box="[643,830,785,811]" class="Insecta" family="Lebanococcidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lebanococcidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF940063FCBFFC6B4D1E" box="[843,951,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF940063FCBFFC6F4D1E" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[843,947,785,811]" class="Insecta" genus="Alacrena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Alacrena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF0FF9400E9FCBCFBCE4D19" box="[961,1042,786,812]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF94077DFCBFFB744D1E" box="[1109,1192,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94077DFCBFFB784D1E" authority="Vea &amp; Grimaldi, 2015" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[1109,1188,785,811]" class="Insecta" genus="Xiphos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Xiphos</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A201AA64FFF0FF94079AFCBCFF764D64" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, both considered incertae sedis, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF94018AFC99FC884D64" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="2004" box="[674,852,823,849]" class="Insecta" family="Burmacoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Burmacoccidae</taxonomicName>
in Burmese amber. Despite the rough similarity to 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF940270FCF2FDD94D43" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1927" box="[344,517,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C46B08EFFF0FF940138FCF3FDA84D43" authorityName="Vea &amp; Grimaldi" authorityYear="2015" box="[528,628,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Kozariidae" genus="Kozarius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932171FFFF0FF940138FCF3FDA84D43" box="[528,628,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kozarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not seem to be related to this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>