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<mods:title id="93C850396FD3B60BC6765A2F27962C0A">The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D8A46D53A1DDBC3D5B00DF2EBCCB801A">Friis, Else Marie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2802B5CAADC779F9B1D7256783E7F3D5">Crane, Peter R.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F1685BF3BC237CD9CB5BFE5521F90" authority="E. M. FRIIS, K. R. PEDERSEN et P. R. CRANE, 2004" authorityName="E. M. FRIIS, K. R. PEDERSEN et P. R. CRANE" authorityYear="2004" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Mayoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portugallica">
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<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CD9CB5BFE6E31FF0" bold="true" box="[196,411,905,929]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa portugallica</emphasis>
E.M.FRIIS, K.R.PEDERSEN et P.R.CRANE, 2004
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<figureCitation id="13047183BF3BC237CCDAB5FFE6861FB3" box="[386,510,970,994]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="54.[147,228,733,754]" captionTargetBox="[148,1462,151,714]" captionTargetId="figure-647@54.[337,806,148,715]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Text-fig. 34. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Mayoa portugallica from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains showing the distinctive perpendicular orientation of two broad bands of striae that converge at the ends of the grains. Specimen, TV44-S136663. Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 3 Μm (d)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5386316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5386316/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Text-fig. 34</figureCitation>
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D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F1685BF3BC237CF75B5CFE5871840" authorityName="E. M. FRIIS, K. R. PEDERSEN et P. R. CRANE" authorityYear="2004" box="[557,767,1017,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Mayoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portugallica">
<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CF75B5CFE5871840" box="[557,767,1017,1041]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa portugallica</emphasis>
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was established based on a large group of pollen found in a poorly preserved floral fragment (
<figureCitation id="13047183BF3BC237CF5FB20CE5EC1803" box="[519,660,1081,1106]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="54.[147,228,733,754]" captionTargetBox="[148,1462,151,714]" captionTargetId="figure-647@54.[337,806,148,715]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Text-fig. 34. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Mayoa portugallica from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains showing the distinctive perpendicular orientation of two broad bands of striae that converge at the ends of the grains. Specimen, TV44-S136663. Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 3 Μm (d)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5386316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5386316/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Text-fig. 34a</figureCitation>
) that was studied using SEM and TEM (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE10F7BF3BC237CC91B26FE5021823" author="Friis, E. M. &amp; Pedersen, K. R. &amp; Crane, P. R." box="[457,634,1114,1138]" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" pagination="16" refId="ref76933" refString="Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R., Crane, P. R. (2004): Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101: 16 565 - 16 570. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0407174101" type="journal article" year="2004">Friis et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The pollen grains are inaperturate and distinctly striate (polyplicate) with two sets of ribs and grooves that are almost perpendicular to each other (
<figureCitation id="13047183BF3BC237CDA5B28FE6DF1883" box="[253,423,1210,1234]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="54.[147,228,733,754]" captionTargetBox="[148,1462,151,714]" captionTargetId="figure-647@54.[337,806,148,715]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Text-fig. 34. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Mayoa portugallica from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains showing the distinctive perpendicular orientation of two broad bands of striae that converge at the ends of the grains. Specimen, TV44-S136663. Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 3 Μm (d)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5386316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5386316/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Text-fig. 34b–d</figureCitation>
).
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A f f i n i t y a n d o t h e r o c c u r r e n c e s. Based on the unusual crossed arrangement of the ribs and grooves, and the structure of the pollen wall, the relationships of 
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<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CFEDB31EE5871913" box="[693,767,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa</emphasis>
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were interpreted to be with extant 
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Araceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE10F7BF3BC237CF12B37FE58B1933" author="Friis, E. M. &amp; Pedersen, K. R. &amp; Crane, P. R." box="[586,755,1354,1378]" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" pagination="16" refId="ref76933" refString="Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R., Crane, P. R. (2004): Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101: 16 565 - 16 570. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0407174101" type="journal article" year="2004">Friis et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
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, potentially within the family and close to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F1685BF3BC237CF3DB35FE7B819F0" authority="SCOTT" authorityName="SCOTT" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Spathiphyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CF3DB35FE58719D3" box="[613,767,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Spathiphyllum</emphasis>
SCOTT
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and 
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<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CC58B3BFE6F519F3" box="[256,397,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Holochlamys</emphasis>
ENGL.
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of the 
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. To our knowledge this assignment has not been challenged and the presence of fossil aroids in the Early Cretaceous is now well established (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE10F7BF3BC237CC65B3DEE6951A52" author="Friis, E. M. &amp; Pedersen, K. R. &amp; Crane, P. R." box="[317,493,1515,1539]" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" pagination="16" refId="ref76933" refString="Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R., Crane, P. R. (2004): Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101: 16 565 - 16 570. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0407174101" type="journal article" year="2004">Friis et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE10F7BF3BC237CCA1B3DEE5BB1A52" author="Sender, L. M. &amp; Doyle, J. A. &amp; Upchurch, G. R. &amp; Diez, J. B." box="[505,707,1515,1539]" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" pagination="1313 - 1346" refId="ref82721" refString="Sender, L. M., Doyle, J. A., Upchurch, G. R., Villanue- va-Amadoz, U., Diez, J. B. (2018): Leaf and inflores- cence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unex- pected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain. - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17: 1313 - 1346. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2018.1528999" type="journal article" year="2018">Sender et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The pollen wall of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F1685BF3BC237CC79B039E6131A72" authorityName="E. M. FRIIS, K. R. PEDERSEN et P. R. CRANE" authorityYear="2004" box="[289,363,1548,1571]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Mayoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CC79B039E6131A72" box="[289,363,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa</emphasis>
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is unlike that of superficially similar ephedroid grains.
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A single grain of 
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<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CC38B078E54D1A35" box="[352,565,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa portugallica</emphasis>
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was reported from the Casal do Borracho palynoflora collected close the Torres Vedras mesofossil site, apparently in the same part of the Almargem Formation (Mendes et al. 2018), but otherwise 
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<emphasis id="B94BB114BF3BC237CDD9B0F8E7B31AB5" box="[129,203,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Mayoa</emphasis>
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has not been reported from other mesofossil floras in 
<collectingCountry id="F3282D96BF3BC237CDD9B0D8E7A31B54" box="[129,219,1773,1797]" name="Portugal" pageId="52" pageNumber="205">Portugal</collectingCountry>
or elsewhere.
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