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dc:creator "Honsberger, David N.; Magnacca, Karl N.; Lorenzo-Elarco, J. Hauoli; Wright, Mark G." ;
dc:title "Prorops umiehu Honsberger, Lorenzo-Elarco & Magnacca 2024, sp. nov." ;
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bibo:journal "Journal of Hymenoptera Research" ;
bibo:pubDate "2024-11-25" ;
bibo:startPage "1221" ;
bibo:volume "97" ;
dc:creator "Honsberger, David N.; Magnacca, Karl N.; Lorenzo-Elarco, J. Hauoli; Wright, Mark G." ;
dc:date "2024" ;
dc:title "Life history of two new species of Prorops (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) ectoparasitic on adult Hypothenemus eruditus beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Hawaii" ;
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dwc:authority "Honsberger, Lorenzo-Elarco & Magnacca" ;
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dwc:authorityYear "2024" ;
dwc:class "Insecta" ;
dwc:family "Bethylidae" ;
dwc:genus "Prorops" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Hymenoptera" ;
dwc:phylum "Arthropoda" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:scientificNameAuthorship "Honsberger, Lorenzo-Elarco & Magnacca, 2024" ;
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dc:description "Figure 4. Prorops umiehu sp. nov. holotype ♀ (a d) and allotype ♂ (e g) a, e side view b, f head c, g anterior view of head d dorsal view. Scale bars: 500 μm (a, b, d, e); 250 μm (c, f, g)." ;
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dc:description "Figure 5. Prorops umiehu sp. nov. a fore wing ♀ b hind wing ♀ c anterior view of head ♀ (paratype) d dorsal view ♀ (paratype) e antenna ♀ f proleg ♀ g mesoleg ♀ h metaleg ♀ i male genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 250 μm (c); 500 μm (d)." ;
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dc:description "Figure 1. Prorops umiehu sp. nov. head (paratype) showing morphometric measurements. Acronyms explained in text. Scale bar (upper left): 100 μm." ;
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dc:description "Figure 9. Development of P. umiehu on H. eruditus. The beetle was parasitized by a P. umiehu adult female entered into the observation chamber described in the text containing H. eruditus beetles on a piece of D. regia pod with channels cut into it with a knife. The parasitized beetle was then moved into a small hole carved into a wood substrate and covered with a piece of glass slide cover to mediate humidity and to create an enclosed environment to facilitate construction of a pupal cocoon by the prepupa. Time elapsed after presence of an egg was first observed on the beetle are noted in the photographs. The emerged adult is the allotype." ;
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dc:description "Figure 6. Hypothenemus eruditus beetles paralyzed and parasitized by P. maya or P. umiehu in T. orientalis branches. All photographs are of naturally occurring situations, taken while peeling bark from branches found in a forested region of Mānoa Valley on Oahu (21.3288 ° N, 157.7930 ° W, 154 m). Some beetles, such as each of the three in (a), are clearly parasitized with a P. maya or P. umiehu larva feeding through the membranous region of the beetle ventrally between the pro- and mesothorax, the posterior of the larva wrapped around the beetle. All larvae of P. maya and P. umiehu found in this study were observed to feed in this way. Prorops pupae, empty pupal cocoons, and more developing larvae are also visible in (b, c, d). Eggs of a thrips species that may scavenge on the remains can also be seen placed on top of beetles in (d). All beetles in these pictures were not moving, either paralyzed or killed presumably by P. maya or P. umiehu. Note that, in contrast to Fig. 8, these photographs are all of H. eruditus beetles in unconfined, wide chambers, and thus the development and construction of a pupal cocoon by wasp prepupae does not typically split the beetle into two pieces, and parasitoid pupae are located adjacent to or near the host beetle. It is unknown which of the developing parasitoids in these photographs correspond to which species of Prorops, as immatures collected from these branches yielded both P. maya and P. umiehu." ;
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dc:description "Figure 8. Typical placement of pupae when development occurs in a narrow tunnel environment. The parasitoid larva feeds on the adult beetle through the ventral membranous region between the pro- and the mesothorax. The growth of the larva and its subsequent construction of a pupal chamber forces these two sections of the beetle apart, and pupating larvae are typically found concealed between them. In these pictures, the white material near or around the parasitoid immature is what remains of the pupal cocoon it had constructed after the tunnel was broken open by peeling apart the plant material. Photographs are of naturally occurring situations, taken of plant material collected outdoors a, b Prorops sp. prepupa (a) and pupa (b) between two halves of an H. eruditus beetle in an H. eruditus tunnel in a T. orientalis branch collected from Mānoa Valley on Oahu; c: Prorops umiehu pupa in a D. regia pod from a tree on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. Note the position of the pupal cocoon relative to the beetle in (c), not the larva itself which was moved as the pod was peeled apart. Such placement was more common in T. orientalis branches where scolytid tunnel systems were often more linear, but atypical in D. regia pods possibly due to the less linear and more confused organization of beetle feeding in these pods, but in (c) developed in this way due to the topography in the certain section where the beetle was parasitized." ;
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dc:description "Figure 7. Prorops umiehu developing immatures. Photographs are of naturally occuring situations, taken while dissecting plant material collected from field environments a P. umiehu larva on H. eruditus from D. regia pods collected from the campus of UH Mānoa b pupating P. umiehu having completed its larval stage on H. eruditus in D. regia pods from UH Mānoa c, d P. umiehu larvae on H. eruditus from D. regia from UH Mānoa e macadamia husk from Waimānalo, Oahu with its inner layer peeled, showing pupating P. umiehu having developed on the H. seriatus adults next to them." ;
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dc:description "Figure 10. Aspects of the behavior of P. maya in laboratory observation chambers. The apparatus is the same as in Fig. 11 a except using bark peeled from T. orientalis branches with channels cut into it with a knife. Beetles are all H. eruditus. a, b stinging c chewing behavior on adult beetle, it was unclear if (c) was host feeding or the eventually abandoned preparation of an oviposition site or both d host feeding on a larva e turning around, reversing the orientation of its body in the tight space of a tunnel. These actions are also shown in Video 1: https://vimeo.com/688211081." ;
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dc:description "Figure 11. Stinging and chewing behavior of P. umiehu in laboratory observation chambers a the observation chamber used in this study with a piece of D. regia pod tissue having been naturally infested by H. eruditus sandwiched between the aluminum and plexiglass b, c P. umiehu stinging H. eruditus adult females d profile view of a P. umiehu female next to H. eruditus, showing the groove formed between the snout dorsally and the mandibles ventrally which acts as a mechanism for holding the edge of the prothoracic sclerite of its host e the wasp grasps the abdomen of the beetle with its legs and pushes forward on the sclerite with this structure to expose the membranous region between the pro- and mesothorax of the beetle, while maintaining use of the mandibles for chewing on the stretched membrane. This was observed, as in (e), for the purposes of host feeding on adults having previously been stung and paralyzed, and was also observed during preparation for oviposition (shown in Fig. 12) f host feeding on an H. eruditus pupa previously stung and paralyzed. These actions are also shown in Video 2: https://vimeo.com/691136279." ;
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dc:description "Figure 12. Oviposition by P. umiehu on H. eruditus in a laboratory observation chamber. The apparatus in which this occurred is the same as that pictured in Fig. 11 a a H. eruditus beetle approximately 30 minutes subsequent to oviposition, showing the newly laid egg between the beetles pro-and mesothorax b, c use of the groove between the snout and mandibles in P. umiehu to push forward on the prothoracic sclerite of the beetle while chewing on the exposed and tensioned membrane, in preparation for oviposition d the wasp then placed the apex of its metasoma between the pro- and mesothorax, into the crevice that remained open as a result of the chewing as in (b) and (c), and maintained that position for approximately 10 minutes e the wasp slowly draws her metasoma across the crevice while the egg exits f the host, wasp, and egg subsequent to completion of oviposition. These actions are also shown in Video 3: https://vimeo.com/688588477." ;
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dc:description "Figure 13. Defense by Hypothenemus sp. male against a stinging attempt by P. umiehu. The identity of the beetle is unknown, but is not H. eruditus a position immediately prior to contact of stinger. Note that the beetle is in a relaxed state, with the gap between the pro- and mesothorax slightly open b The beetle quickly clamps down after contact, trapping the apex of the metasoma of P. umiehu, and maintains that position for approximately 3.5 minutes, during which time the wasp was not visibly agitated but was unable to extricate itself. The beetle appeared to remain healthy and active in the subsequent hours, seemingly unaffected by the stinging attempt. These actions are also shown in Video 4: https://vimeo.com/688212175." ;
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