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dc:creator "John R. Horner; Mark B. Goodwin; Nathan Myhrvold" ;
dc:title "Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" ;
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bibo:endPage "9" ;
bibo:journal "PLoS ONE" ;
bibo:numero "2" ;
bibo:pubDate "2011-02-09" ;
bibo:series "e 16574" ;
bibo:startPage "1" ;
bibo:volume "6" ;
dc:creator "John R. Horner; Mark B. Goodwin; Nathan Myhrvold" ;
dc:date "2011" ;
dc:title "Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA" ;
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dwc:authorityName "Osborn" ;
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dwc:class "Reptilia" ;
dwc:family "Tyrannosauridae" ;
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dwc:order "Dinosauria" ;
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dwc:order "Dinosauria" ;
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dc:description "Figure 1. Index map of the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation along Ft. Peck Lake in northeastern Montanaı USA. Contiguous outcrops are traceable over an area of about 1000 square km adjacent to Fort Peck Lake shown in blue. Dark orange represents the lower Hell Creek Formation and light orange represents the middle and upper Hell Creek Formation. The enlarged view of the study area is indicated by the rectangle in the northeast quarter of the map of Montana. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g001" ;
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dc:description "Figure 2. Stratigraphic divisions of the Hell Creek Formation with stratigraphic details of the upper third (U3) and lower third (L3) sequences referenced in the text and the associated pie chart showing dinosaur abundance. Pie charts I IV reflect the relative abundance of dinosaur genera based on skeletons (charts I and IV) and individual bones (charts II and III). Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common as Edmontosaurus in the lower Hell Creek Formation. Individual bones of Tyrannosaurus and Edmontosaurus are found approximately in the same order of magnitude within the lag deposits. Key: Pie chart I, dinosaur skeletons in the upper Hell Creek Formation (U3); Pie chart II, dinosaur bones from the Doldrums lag deposit at the base of the Apex Sandstone (AS); Pie chart III, dinosaur bones from the 3B-1 lag deposit at the base of the Jen-rex Sand; and Pie chart IV, dinosaur skeletons from the lower Hell Creek Formation (L3). Abbreviations: L3lBS, lower basal sandstone; L3.mBS, middle basal sandstone; L3.uBS, upper basal sandstone; L3.lMS, lower mudstone; L3.mMS, middle mudstone; L3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.AS, Apex sandstone; U3.ibMS, interbedded mudstone; U3.10mS, 10 meter sandstone; U3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.CZ, coal zone. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g002" ;
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<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3744922>
dc:description "Figure 3. Tyrannosaurus (MOR 1125ı B-rex) teeth from the lower jaw of this medium-sized skeleton illustrate the extreme range in overall tooth size within one individual. A. A smaller posterior tooth from position #14 from the front of the jaw. B. A larger tooth from position #4 in the same jaw. This demonstrates why shed dinosaur teeth are not a reliable indicator of relative skeletal size and ontogenetic age. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g003" ;
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<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3744924>
dc:description "Figure 4. Pie chart of the time averaged census for largebodied dinosaurs from the entire Hell Creek Formation in the study area. Triceratops is the most common dinosaur at 40% (n = 72); Tyrannosaurus is second at 24% (n = 44); Edmontosaurus is third at 20% (n = 36) followed by Thescelosaurus at 8% (n = 15)ı Ornithomimus at 5% (n = 9)ı and Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus at 1% (n = 2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g004" ;
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