Huber, Bernhard A.; Pavlek, Martina; Komnenov, Marjan
Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvil 1940
Revision of the spider genus Stygopholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae), endemic to the Balkan Peninsula
Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH.
Figs 6–11. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 6–8. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 9–11. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figs 145–152. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 145–146. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 147– 148. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro ((ZFMK Ar 22196)). 149– 150. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Golubinja pećina, Montenegro (CMK). 151–152. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG).
Figs 153–156. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia in dorsal views; dorsal sclerotized arcs tilted towards the back. 153. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 154. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 155. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 156. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynal plate; v = ʻvalve’; va = ventral arc.
Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text).
Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus.
Figs 51–54. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), female from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 51– 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53–54. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm.
Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm.
Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm.
Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 168. Known distribution of the ‘northern clade’ ofStygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932. Pale blue and pale orange marks denote specimens that are assigned tentatively to the respective species. Abbreviations: Alb = Albania; BaH = Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cro = Croatia; Mon = Montenegro.