Huber, Bernhard A.; Pavlek, Martina; Komnenov, Marjan
Revision of the spider genus Stygopholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae), endemic to the Balkan Peninsula
Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH.
Figs 145–152. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 145–146. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 147– 148. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro ((ZFMK Ar 22196)). 149– 150. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Golubinja pećina, Montenegro (CMK). 151–152. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG).
Figs 153–156. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia in dorsal views; dorsal sclerotized arcs tilted towards the back. 153. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 154. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 155. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 156. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynal plate; v = ʻvalve’; va = ventral arc.
Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm.
Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus.
Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text).
Figs 19–22. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)), female from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 19–20. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 21–22. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, showing epigynal measure F. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm.
Figs 6–11. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 6–8. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 9–11. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm.
Figs 23–26. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); epigyna, ventral views. 23. Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 24. Biokovo, Kukor, Croatia (CBSS (Ar 3367)). 25. Studenci (grotte), Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG); arrows point at distinctive internal sclerites. 26. Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22192)). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 168. Known distribution of the ‘northern clade’ ofStygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932. Pale blue and pale orange marks denote specimens that are assigned tentatively to the respective species. Abbreviations: Alb = Albania; BaH = Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cro = Croatia; Mon = Montenegro.