The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera
FIGURE 2. Pupae in unusual habitats, preservation and relative sizes. A. Forcipomyia pupae, Rancho Grande, Venezuela; photo by Steve Marshall. B. Forcipomyia pupae under bark of log of Pinus sylvestris, Poland; photo by Marek W. Kozlowski. C. Pupae of Mallochohelea sp. on emergent plants at edge of Bolean Lk., 6 km NE Falkland, British Columbia. D. Palpomyia sp. showing mounting technique on pin, 8 km E. Sicamous, British Columbia. E. Permanent slide mount of dissected adult and pupal exuviae of Mallochohelea albibasis. F. Pupal exuviae, from left to right, of Baeodasymyia michaeli, Culicoides denticulatus and Sphaeromias longipennis showing size differences within the family. Total length of Baeodasymyia michaeli = 1.2 mm, of Sphaeromias = 7.3 mm.
FIGURE 12. Habitus. A. Pellucidomyia leei, male, in dorsal view (from Debenham 1970). B. Dibezzia prominens, sex unknown, in dorsal view (form Mayer 1934c). C. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in dorsal view (from Szadziewski & Dominiak, 2007, modified). D. Mallochohelea munda, male, in ventral view (from Szadziewski et al. 1997). E. Sphaeromias fasciata, sex unknown, in dorsal view (from Mayer 1934a). F. Bezzia glabra, female, in ventral view (from Thomsen 1937). G. Palpomyia sp., male, in dorsal view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). H. Paryphoconus oliveirai, female, in ventral view (modified from Ronderos et al. 2007).
FIGURE 17. Anterior portion of heads. A. Jenkinshelea sp., in ventral view (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). B. Mallochohelea caudellii., in ventral view. C. Sphaeromias longipennis, in ventral view. D. Bezzia sp., in ventral view (6 km E Salmon Arm, BC, Canada). E. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada), in ventral view. F. Phaenobezzia sp., in ventral view (from Skulsuza, South Africa).
FIGURE 22. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Sphaeromias longipennis (from Wirth & Grogan 1979). B. Amerohelea sordidipes (from Lane et al. 1955). C. Bezzia mollis (from Mayer 1934c). D. Bezzia roldani (from Spinelli & Wirth 1989). E. Bezzia brevicornis (from Spinelli 1983a). F. Clastrieromyia dycei (from Spinelli & Grogan 1986). G. Pachyhelea pachymera (from Spinelli 1983a). H. Palpomyia lineata (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). I. Palpomyia belkini (from Grogan & Wirth 1979, modified). J. Palpomyia flaviceps (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). K. Phaenobezzia opaca (from Wirth & Grogan 1982). L. Paryphoconus oliveirai (from Ronderos et al. 2007).
FIGURE 28. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Leehelea hispida. B. Sphaeromias longipennis. C. Xenohelea galatea. D. Bezzia nobilis. E. Clastrieromyia dycei. F. Pachyhelea pachymera. G. Palpomyia subasper. H. Phaenobezzia opaca. I. Paryphoconus grandis.
FIGURE 31. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces; anteromedial setae. A. Homohelea delanoe. B. Leehelea hispida. C. Sphaeromias longipennis. D. Xenohelea galatea. E. Bezzia nobilis. F. Clastrieromyia dycei. G. Pachyhelea pachymera. H. Palpomyia jonesi. I. Phaenobezzia mashonensis. J. Paryphoconus oliveirai. K. Echinohelea lanei, partial lateral view (distorted slide specimen). L. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsal view. M. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsolateral view. N. Probezzia seminigra, dorsal view of left side.
FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa).
FIGURE 41. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Bezzia nobilis. B. Clastrieromyia dycei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Pachyhelea pachymera. D. Palpomyia occidentalis. E. Phaenobezzia opaca. F. Paryphoconus oliveirai (reconstructed from distorted specimen).
FIGURE 46. Respiratory organs, most in dorsal view, Figs. 46G. in lateral view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Homohelea albitudinis (from de Meillon & Wirth 1981). B. Homohelea delanoe (from de Meillon & Wirth 1981). C. Leehelea wasselli (from Elson-Harris 1987). D. Leehelea hispida (from Elson-Harris 1987). E. Sphaeromias longipennis (from Wirth & Grogan 1979). F. Xenohelea galatea. G. Amerohelea sordidipes (from Lane et al. 1955). H. Bezzia glabra (from Wirth 1983b). I. Bezzia obelisca (from Wirth 1983a). J. Bezzia dorsasetula (from Wirth 1983a). K. Bezzia turkmenica (from Glukhova 1979b). L. Clastrieromyia dycei (from Spinelli & Grogan 1986). M. Pachyhelea pachymera (from Spinelli 1983a). N. Palpomyia lineata (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). O. Palpomyia jonesi (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). P. Palpomyia belkini (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). Q. Palpomyia rufa (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). R. Palpomyia flaviceps (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). S. Phaenobezzia opaca (from Wirth & Grogan 1982). T. Paryphoconus oliveirai (from Ronderos et al. 2007).
FIGURE 54. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Palpomyia jonesi. B. Phaenobezzia opaca. C. Paryphoconus oliveirai.
FIGURE 70. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Clastrieromyia dycei. B. Pachyhelea pachymera. C. Palpomyia jonesi.
FIGURE 71. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Palpomyia occidentalis. B. Phaenobezzia opaca. C. Paryphoconus oliveirai.
FIGURE 78. Abdominal segments 9. A. Palpomyia lineata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). B. Palpomyia lineata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). C. Palpomyia jonesi, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979. D. Palpomyia jonesi, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). E. Palpomyia belkini, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). F. Palpomyia belkini, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). G. Palpomyia rufa, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). H. Palpomyia flaviceps, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). I. Phaenobezzia vacunae, male, in ventral view (from Haeselbarth 1965). J. Phaenobezzia mashonensis, male, in ventral view (from Haeselbarth 1965). K. Phaenobezzia opaca, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1982). L. Paryphoconus oliveirai, female, in dorsal view (from Ronderos et al. 2007).
FIGURE 69. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Sphaeromias longipennis. B. Xenohelea galatea. C. Bezzia nobilis.
FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia.
FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada).