@prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix bibo: . @prefix cito: . @prefix dc: . @prefix dwc: . @prefix dwcFP: . @prefix fabio: . @prefix trt: . @prefix xlink: . cito:cites , , , , , , , ; dc:creator "Snively, Eric; Anthony P. Russell" ; dc:title "Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" ; dwc:basisOfRecord , , , , , , , , , , , ; trt:augmentsTaxonConcept ; trt:publishedIn ; a trt:Treatment . bibo:endPage "227" ; bibo:journal "Journal of Morphology" ; bibo:startPage "215" ; bibo:volume "255" ; dc:creator "Snively, Eric; Anthony P. Russell" ; dc:date "2003" ; dc:title "Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function" ; fabio:hasPart , , , , , , , ; a fabio:JournalArticle . dwc:authorityName "Osborn" ; dwc:authorityYear "1905" ; dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:family "Tyrannosauridae" ; dwc:genus "Tyrannosaurus" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:order "Dinosauria" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "species" ; dwc:scientificNameAuthorship "Osborn, 1905" ; dwc:species "rex" ; trt:hasTaxonName ; a dwcFP:TaxonConcept . dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:family "Tyrannosauridae" ; dwc:genus "Tyrannosaurus" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:order "Dinosauria" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "species" ; dwc:species "rex" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:family "Tyrannosauridae" ; dwc:genus "Tyrannosaurus" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:order "Dinosauria" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "genus" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:family "Tyrannosauridae" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:order "Dinosauria" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "family" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:order "Dinosauria" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "order" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:class "Reptilia" ; dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "class" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:phylum "Chordata" ; dwc:rank "phylum" ; trt:hasParentName ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ; dwc:rank "kingdom" ; a dwcFP:TaxonName . dc:description "Fig. 2. Freedom of intermeta- tarsal movement determined in cast left metatarsus of Tyranno- saurus rex (LACM 7244/23844: cast TMP 82.50.7). a: Depiction of experimental setup. The metatar- sus was wrapped in bungy cords to simulate a mechanism of elastic articulation. Larger cords than those employed in the manipula- tions shown for clarity. b: Arrows show general type of motion. MT II (left) slides in one plane, while MT IV (right) translates along an arc. MT IV was incorrectly re- stored proximally, but this has no effect on the interpretation of dis- tal movement." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 5. Step sequence of Gorgosau- rus libratus metatarsus in lateral view, showing forces acting on bones and lig- aments during linear locomotion. Sil- houettes depict the tyrannosaurid at appropriate locomotory stages. Vector sizes represent relative magnitude of forces; yellow, resultants of compres- sive force on bone; red, muscle forc- es; green, tensile forces on liga- ments. Compressive loading on MT III stretches stiff ligament fibers ori- ented along the long axis of the metatarsus. The ligaments transmit this force to MT II, which is pulled dorsomedially. MT II thus transmits its own compressive loadings, and those of MT III, across the mesotar- sal joint. MT IV also transfers load- ings from MT III, but is omitted here for clarity. a: Prior to footfall, liga- ments suspend metatarsus and toes; flexor muscles draw toes forward. b– e: Differential forces on metatar- sal III and outer metatarsals stretch intermetatarsal ligaments, which return elastic strain energy. For clarity, displacement of MT III is exaggerated and articulating bones and bending components are omit- ted. e’: MT II (left element) and MT III (right element), from a left meta- tarsus of Tyrannosaurus rex (LACM 7244/23844: cast TMP 82.50.7). Green indicates ligament scars on MT II below and MT III above, slop- ing away from the plane of the fig- ure. The portion of either bone that lies anterior to the other in a given region is rendered transparent." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 4. Osteological correlates on metatarsi of tyrannosaurids and Allosaurus fragilis. Gray-filled tracings show the shape and size of correlates; arrows and correlate designations from Table 2 indicate the corresponding metatarsal for each scar. For clarity, correlates are mapped onto articulated specimens, with scar locations marked. Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus correlates are shown on an articulated right metatarsus of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1), with MT III recessed to show distal correlates on outer metatarsals. Correlates for the Tyrannosauurs and Allosaurus specimens are mapped onto left articulated metatarsi (MOR 555 and ROM specimen, respectively). a: Albertosaurus sarcophagus MOR 657: left. b: Daspletosaurus torosus MOR 590: right. c: Tyrannosaurus rex MOR 555: right. d: Allosaurus fragilis MOR 693: left." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 3. Freedom of intermetatarsal movement of right Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus (TMP 94.12.602), as determined through CT reconstructions. a: Proximal view near ankle. Proximal expansion of MT III at the exposed cross section is outlined in white. Anterior and posterior projections of the outer metatarsals constrained this portion of MT III from anteroposterior rotation. This partially clasped morphology functioned as a pivot point, enabling ligament-damped displacement of the distal third metatarsal. b: Distal view, with metatarsals cross sectioned 70% of their length from their proximal end. Arrows show a sliding motion possible between MT II and MT III, and a slight rotational motion between MT IV and MT III." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 6. CT reconstructions of right Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus, showing tensile keystone model of stance phase kinematics. Vector sizes represent relative magnitudes of force. a: Corresponds to Figure 5b. When the foot pads beneath the metatarsals come into full contact with the substrate, the longer central metatarsal III (MT III) is displaced dorsally (white arrow) by ground-reaction forces greater than those on MT II and MT IV (yellow arrows). This force differential imposes tension on intermetatarsal ligaments (green arrows). b: Corresponds to Figure 5c. Ligaments draw outer metatarsals towards each other (white arrows), as elastic strain energy stored in the ligaments is returned." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 7. Torsional loading transfer within the Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus (right: TMP 94.12.602). Arrows reflect force directions, but not relative force or displacement magnitudes. a: Torsion (white arrows) translated into compression impinging on adjacent metatarsal. b: Anterior components (white) offset from compressional translation would cause anterolaterally directed tension on intermetatarsal ligaments (gray)." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 8. Comparison of loading regimes on bones and ligaments of the equid carpus and tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus. Tyrannosaurid intermetatarsal ligaments are analogous in position and function with the interosseous ligaments of the horse carpus. a: Anterior view of left horse carpus, showing wedge-like articulations between carpals and dorsal ligaments (dl) connecting them. Modified from Sisson and Grossman (1953). b: Diagrammatic midfrontal section through horse carpus shows stretching (white arrow) of deep interosseous ligaments upon compressive loadings (black arrows) of the wrist. Inset shows how compression on the radius (R) and third carpal (C3) causes the wedge-like dorsal surface of C3 to laterally displace the radial and intermediate carpals (Cr and Ci). A portion of the compressive force is translated into tensile loading (white arrows) on the interosseous ligament between Cr and Ci. Modified from Sisson and Grossman (1953). c: A plurality of ground-reaction loadings (black arrows) is imposed on the tyrannosaurid MT III, the central element in this diagram. Loading differentials between MT III and MT II and MT IV, respectively, cause tensile stresses on intermetatarsal ligaments (white arrows)." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dc:description "Fig. 1. The tyrannosaurid metatarsus. a: Left arctometatarsus of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 86.64.1) in anterior view. MT II and MT IV are displaced to show articular surfaces with MT III. b: Left MT III of Gorgosaurus libratus (MOR 657) in posterior view. For explanation of features, see text." ; fabio:hasRepresentation ; a fabio:Figure . dwc:catalogNumber "LACM 7244/23844 (cast TMP 82.50.7)" ; dwc:collectionCode "LACM" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399309" ; trt:httpUri ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399301" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "UCMP V80094-137539" ; dwc:collectionCode "UCMP" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399308" ; trt:httpUri ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399307" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "LACM 23844" ; dwc:collectionCode "LACM" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399304" ; trt:httpUri ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "LACM 23844" ; dwc:collectionCode "LACM" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399302" ; trt:httpUri ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399306" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399310" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399311" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399303" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "MOR 555" ; dwc:collectionCode "MOR" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399312" ; a dwc:MaterialCitation . dwc:catalogNumber "LACM 23844" ; dwc:collectionCode "LACM" ; trt:gbifOccurrenceId "3396399305" ; trt:httpUri ; a dwc:MaterialCitation .