Cupello, Mario; Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.
A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)
Figure 5. Updated distribution of the six species of Gromphas.
Figure 6. Phylogeny of Gromphas. Above: Cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationship of the species of Gromphas and the evolution of their characters. Black circles indicate uncontroverted synapormorphies; white circles with black margin, controverted synapomorphies; red circles, ambiguous uncontroverted synapomorphies; and white circles with red margin, ambiguous controverted synapomorphies. Below: Support values given for each clade are decay index (above branch) and bootstrap (below branch).
Figure 8. Lateral view of male protibia, ornamentation of ventral carina. (A) Gromphas inermis: a row of tubercles (indicated by red arrow), a synapomorphy of clade B of Gromphas. (B) Oruscatus davus: a single large tooth. (C) Bolbites onitoides: a large central tooth with minor lateral teeth.
Figure 1. Gromphas jardim sp. nov. (A–D) Holotype. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view. (C) Aedeagus. From left to right, dorsal, lateral and ventral views. (D) Labels. (E) Female paratype from Bolivia. (F) Dorsal view of head (holotype). (G) Frontal view of cephalic projection (male paratype).
Figure 3. Lateral view of pronotum. (A) Gromphas jardim sp. nov. (B) Gromphas amazonica. Note that the granulation extends much more posteriorly in G. jardim, reaching the pronotal posterior margin, than in G. amazonica, wherein the granulation is absent or rudimentary in posterolateral region after lateral fossa.
Figure 4. Male paratype of Gromphas jardim sp. nov. and its labels (braces ‘{’ joining two sides of a same label). We believe that the French zoologist and explorer Alcide d’Orbigny was the collector of this specimen in 1832 (see the text).
Figure 7. Metepisterna. (A) Gromphas jardim sp. nov.: gromphas is unique among the Phanaeini by not showing any trace of a metepisternal tab (MTab) covering the epipleural margin, a synapomorphy of this genus. (B) Oruscatus davus: Both species of Oruscatus have a small but evident MTab (indicated by red arrow). (C) Bolbites onitoides: The MTab of Bolbites is strongly developed and the dorsal margin of metepisternum is highly curved. This is the same form seen in the rest of Phanaeina and is a synapomorphy of this taxon. (D) Dichotomius fissus (Harold, 1867): MTab in a non-Phanaeini. This structure is present also in a series of other Coprini, as well as in at least some Oniticellini and Onitini.
Figure 2. Protibia of Gromphas jardim sp. nov. (A, B) Male protibia: (A) Ventral view, (B) Dorsal view. Red arrow indicates apical tubercle modified in a tapered spur. (C) Female protibia. Note that the apical tuft of setae is much denser and longer in male than in female.
Gran Chaco & Yacuiba & Mann & Hamel & Herzog
Pocone & Rodovia Transpantaneira & Mario Cupello
Carlos Bruch & Hermann Burmeister & Westwood & Gory