Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 17. Microdipoena elsae (Mysmenidae), male right palp, inverted images: A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view; D, retroventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 38. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; prosoma: A, B, male; C–H, female; A–C, lateral view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, mouthparts, ventral view; G, right palp, detail of palpal tip; H, distal promargin of right chelicera.
Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 91. Minanapis palena (Anapidae), prosoma: A–D, G, female; E, F, H, male. A, C, E, lateral view; B, F, lateral– frontal view; D, ventral view; G, detail of lateral prosoma; H, ocular area, frontal view.
Figure 95. Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), male. A–D, left palp; A, ventral–retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, detail of palpal patella and tibia. E, right leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. F–I, right leg I; F, claws, distal view; G, same, prolateral view; H, metatarsus, dorsal view; I, detail of tarsal organ.
Figure 102. Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, dorsal–proximal view; C, detail of dorsal tibia and patella; D, detail of apical palp, ventral view; E, same, prolateral view; F, same, retrolateral–distal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 81. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), male left palp: A, retrolateral view; B, ventral view; C, ventral–distal view; D, prolateral view; E, distal view; F, bulb, detail from panel B. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 98. Tasmanapis strahan (Anapidae). A, female; B–E, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, anterior view; B–D, left palp; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal-proximal view; D, distal view; E, right palp, retrolateral view (image not inverted). See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 71. Acrobleps hygrophilus (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolaterodorsal view; E, dorsal view; F, retrolateral view; G, detail of tibial structures, detail from panel D; H, detail of patellar apophyses, retrolateral view, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 106. Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), male paralectotype, right palp, inverted: A, apical view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral–dorsal view; F, detail of palpal tibia and tip of conductor; G, detail of dorsal–apical view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 110. Synaphris saphrynis (Synaphridae), male paratype. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral–apical view; B, apical view; C, retrolateral view; D, dorsal–proximal view; E, prolateral–proximal view. F, digested abdomen, detail of posterior respiratory atrium and tracheae; G, epiandrous spigots. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depict- ed: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm.
Figure 2. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae): A, D–F, female; B, C, G, H, male. A, B, carapace, lateral view; C, carapace, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, detail of female palpal tibia; F, detail of mouthparts; G, abdomen, ventral view; H, same detail of pedicel area.
Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm.
Figure 19. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae). A, B, D–F, male; C, female. A, prosoma, frontal view; B, C, same, lateral view; D, same, ventral view, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, detail of tip of left chelicera; F, posterior median spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 142. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmeninae and Trogloneta. A, B, Microdipoena nyungwe; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, Trogloneta granulum, female, ventral view. D, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, female, lateral view, inverted. E, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) mootae, female holotype, dorsal view. F, Mysmena (= Calomyspoena) santacruzi, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, Mysmena (= Itapua) tembei; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, Mysmeniola spinifera, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, Brasilionata arborense, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus.
Figure 15. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, C, F, G, female; B, D, E, H, I, male. A, B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, prosoma, posterior view; F, ocular area, detail from panel C; G–I, mouthparts, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; G, distal promargin of left chelicera; H, distal promargin of right chelicera; I, distal right chelicera.
Figure 14. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae): A, B, D, male left palp; C, E, female. A, dorsal view; B, same, prolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; C, epigynum, ventral view; D, same as B, dorsal view; E, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 41. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp. A, prolateral–ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 31. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; A–D, male left palp; E–G, female. A, detail of proximal palp, prolateral basal expansion and paracymbium, retroventral view; B, detail of dorsal–retrolateral tip of cymbium; C, same, prolateral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, cheliceral bases, frontal view; F, abdomen, lateral view; G, abdomen, lateral view, detail of scapus and spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 86. Crassanapis chilensis (Anapidae), male: A, prosoma, frontal–lateral view; B, labrum, lateral view; C, booklung cover; D, abdominal cuticle; E, carapace lateral depression. F, H, right palp, inverted; G, I, left palp. F, ventral view; G, ventral–proximal view; H, detail of patella and median apophysis; I, detail of median apophysis, conductor, and tip of embolus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 44. Mysmena-MYSM-018-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Mahajanga, Madagascar: A, female epigynal area and scapus, ventral–posterior view; B–D, male left palp; B, prolateral view; C, detail of embolus and pars pendula, retrolateral– ventral view; D, cymbial distal tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 92. Minanapis palena (Anapidae): A–E, male left palp; A, retrolateral–ventral view; B, prolateral view; C, conductor and distal embolus, detail from panel A; D, same, detail from panel B; E, detail of tip of embolus. F, female digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system, and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 127. Schematic drawing of the trajectory of the spermatic duct on male left palp, in prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 138. Anapidae male left palp, cleared. A, Crassanapis chilensis, dorsal view; B, same, ventral view, same scale as in panel A; C, Elanapis aisen, ventral view; D, Comaroma simoni, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel D; F, Minanapis casablanca, retrolateral view; G, Anapisona kethleyi, retrolateral view; H, Tasmanapis strahan, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 139. Male left palp, cleared.A, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), retrolateral view; B, Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotype, retrolateral view; C, Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), ventral view; D, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), prolateral view, same scale as A; E, Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 24. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), abdomen: A–D, female; E–G, male. A, epigastric furrow, epigynal area and spiracular openings, posterior–ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynal area; C, pedicel area and booklung covers; D, epiandrous spigots, detail from figure F; E, posterior respiratory spiracle and colulus, ventral view; F, pedicel area, booklung covers and epiandrous spigots.
Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view.
Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 12. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A, B, male; C–H, female. A, left palp, dorsal–retrolateral view; B, abdomen, detail of epiandrous spigots; C, digested abdomen, detail of spermathecae; D, epigynum, ventral view; E, same, detail of copulatory openings; F, G, right leg I; F, claws; G, tarsus–metatarsus junction; H, left leg IV, claws. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 5. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A, B, D–F, female; C, male. A, B, epigynum; A, ventral view; B, lateral view. C, abdomen, ventral view; D–F, digested abdomen; D, detail of vulva; E, posterior respiratory system; F, detail of internal posterior tracheae on spiracular area. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 29. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina. A–C, E, F, female; D, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of left spermatheca; B, same, detail of posterior tracheal system; C, epigynal area and scapus; D, left femur I, retrolateral view; E, left tibia IV, prolateral view; F, left metatarsus IV, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 136. Anapidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Acrobleps hygrophilus, ventral view; B, Anapisona kethleyi, dorsal view; C, Crassanapis chilensis, dorsal view, arrow to broken inserted embolus; D, Minanapis palena, dorsal view; E, Elanapis aisen, dorsal view; F, Tasmanapis strahan, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 56. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae): A, B, E–G, male; C, D, female. A, left patella III, dorsal view; B, left leg II, claws; C, abdomen, epigynal area, ventral view; D, same, colulus, posterior respiratory spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; E, epiandrous spigots; F, left tarsus I, dorsal view; G, mouthparts, ventral view.
Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot.
Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 68. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, left tarsus I, prolateral view; B, left metatarsus I, prolateral view; C, abdomen, detail of colulus, posterior spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; D, left tibia III, prolateral view.
Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view.
Figure 65. A, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda (Mysmenidae), female syntype, left posterior lateral spinneret. B–H, Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae). B, female left leg I; C–F, male left leg I; G, H, female left leg IV. B, femur, patella and tibia; C, metatarsus, dorsal view; D, tarsus, prolateral view; E, proximal metatarsal cuticular pattern, dorsal view; F, claws, prolateral view; G, tarsus, retrolateral view; H, metatarsus, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 143. Composite images of Mysmeninae species. A–C, Mysmena tasmaniae; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), female, lateral view. N, Mysmena leichhardti, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 144. Composite images of Mysmenidae species and outgroups. A, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), male, lateral view. B, Phricotelus stelliger (Araneoidea), female, type, lateral view. C, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae), male holotype, dorsal view. D–F, Leucauge venusta (Tetragnathidae); D, male, lateral view; E, female, lateral view; F, female, dorsal view. G–J, Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae); G, male, lateral view; H, male, ventral view; I, female, dorsal view; J, female, lateral view. K, Elanapis aisen (Anapidae), male, ventral view; L, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C, K, 0.5 mm; D–J, 1 mm.
Figure 3. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), legs: A, B, male; C–F, female; A, left leg I, prolateral view, tibia–metatarsus junction bearing clasping spines; B, detail of metatarsal clasping spine; C, right leg I, femur, ventral surface; D, left leg IV, tarsus, prolateral view; E, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of claws; F, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of tarsal organ.
Figure 8. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; male right leg I: A, metatarsus, dorsal view; B, same, detail of clasping spine; C, same prolateral view; D, tibia, ventral view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same prolateral view.
Figure 26. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), left legs: A, C, D, G, male; B, E, F, female. A, tarsus I, prolateral view; B, claws I, retrolateral view; C, leg I, tibia–metatarsal junction, prolateral view; D, metatarsus I, dorsal view; E, leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; F, tarsus IV, prolateral view; G, tibia IV, prolateral view.
Figure 54. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view. C–G, left leg I; C, tibia and metatarsus, prolateral view; D, metatarsal clasping spine, dorsal view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same, detail of tarsal organ; G, tarsus, prolateral view. H, femur, prolateral–ventral view.
Figure 57. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), left legs I: A–E, female; F–J, male. A, femur, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view; C, same, detail of stridulatory area; D, same, detail from panel C; E, femoral projection, detail from panel A; F, dorsal view; G, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; H, metatarsal clasping spines; I, same, detail of strongest clasping spine; J, tibial clasping spines.
Figure 62. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–D, female; E–H, male left leg I. A, right palpal tibia, dorsal view; B, right maxilla; C, labrum; D, right chelicera, distal view. E, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; F, same, detail of tibial clasping spine; G, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; H, tarsal organ. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 39. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; abdomen and left legs: A, C, male; B, D–J, female. A, abdomen, ventral view; B, booklung cover; C, leg I, tarsal organ, retrolateral view; D, femur I, retrolateral view; E, metatarsus I, retrolateral view; F, femur IV, retrolateral view; G, tibia IV, retrolateral view; H, tarsus I, retrolateral view; I, tarsus IV, retrolateral view; J, leg IV, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view.
Figure 21. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae), legs: A, D, F–I, male; B, C, E, female. A, left leg I, detail of femoral spot; B, right leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction; C, right femur II, dorsal view; D, left patella I, dorsal view; E, right femur II, prolateral view; F, left tibia I, prolateral view; G, right metatarsus III, dorsal view; H, right femur II, ventral view; I, right leg III, metatarsal trichobothrium.
Figure 48. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male: A, epiandrous spigots; B, cheliceral teeth and fang; C, D, right tibia I, detail of ventral paired setae with protruded bases, prolateral view; E, right tibia I, ventral view; F, right tarsus I, detail of tarsal organ, retrolateral view; G, right leg IV, claws.
Figure 73. Anapisona kethleyi (Anapidae), left legs: A, male; B–F, female. A, tibia I, ventral view; B, leg I, tarsal organ, dorsal view; C, same, claws, prolateral view; D, leg IV, metatarsus–tarsus junction; E, tibia IV, retrolateral view; F, same, prolateral view.
Figure 83. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), male left legs: A, tibia I, retrolateral; B, metatarsus I, retrolateral; C, metatarsus, tarsus IV, prolateral; D, patella, tibia I, prolaterodorsal; E, leg I, tarsal organ; F, leg IV, claws, prolateral.
Figure 101. Tasmanapis strahan (Anapidae): A, B, D, female; C, E–H, male. A, sternum, detail of sternal edge. B–H, left legs; B, leg IV, tarsal organ; C, patella–tibia IV, retrolateral view; D, patella–tibia I, prolateral view; leg I, tarsal organ; F, metatarsus I, prolateral view; G, leg IV, claws, retrolateral view; H, clasping spurs, detail from panel F.
Figure 7. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; prosoma: A, C, E–J, female; B, D, male. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, anteroventral view; F, same, detail of cheliceral fangs and promarginal teeth; G, same, detail of cheliceral denticles; H, detail of promarginal teeth; I, cheliceral fang and surrounding setae; J, cheliceral retromargin. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 108. Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotypes, prosoma: A–E, female; F–H, male. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, mouthparts and palp, lateral view; D, same, lateral–ventral view; E, same, ventral–frontal view; F, detail of maxilla and labium; G, prosoma, lateral view; H, same, detail of mouthparts.
Figure 118. SYMP-006-AUST (Symphytognathidae), from Queensland, Australia, prosoma: A, C, female; B, D–F, male. A, B, lateral view; C, mouthparts, ventral view; D, same, lateral view, detail from panel B; E, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth; F, sternum and labium, ventral view.
Figure 122. Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), from Western Australia, Australia, male: A, cheliceral fangs and teeth, frontal view; B, same, lateral view; C, left palp, retrolateral–ventral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, posterior median spinnerets; F, right posterior lateral spinneret; G, left leg I, claws, prolateral view; H, left leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 25. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, male; B–F, female. A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, cheliceral bases, frontal view; E, distal chelicerae; F, labrum.
Figure 35. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae): A, E, F, male; B–D, female; A, B, ocular area, frontal view; C, prosoma, ventral view; D, same, detail of anterior sternum and labium; E, abdomen, pedicel area and epigastric furrow; F, epiandrous spigots.
Figure 46. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A, C, D, F, G, female; B, E, male. A, prosoma, ventral view; B, same, frontal view; C, labrum, lateral view; D, ocular area, frontal view; E, same, lateral view; F, cheliceral bases, frontal view; G, right leg I, tarsal organ and tarsus–metatarsus junction.
Figure 121. Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), from Western Australia, Australia, male prosoma: A, frontal view; B, lateral–frontal view; C, ventral view; D, chelicerae, ventral view, detail from panel A; E, detail anterior prosoma, lateral view; F, carapace lateral depression, detail from panel B; G, labium–sternum junction, detail from panel C; H, maxillae, ventral view.