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@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix dwc: <http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/> .
@prefix dwcFP: <http://filteredpush.org/ontologies/oa/dwcFP#> .
@prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> .
@prefix trt: <http://plazi.org/vocab/treatment#> .
@prefix xlink: <http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/> .
<http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8371571B72D321EFE46FE64BE862868>
cito:cites <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710661>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710665>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710663>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655> ;
dc:creator "Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Solís-Marín, Francisco A.; Lessios, Harilaos" ;
dc:title "Isostichopus maculatus subsp. maculatus" ;
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trt:augmentsTaxonConcept <http://taxon-concept.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus_maculatus_Greeff_1882> ;
trt:citesTaxonName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_badionotus>, <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_undetermined> ;
trt:deprecates <http://taxon-concept.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus_maculatus_Greeff_1882> ;
trt:publishedIn <http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641> ;
a trt:Treatment .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641>
bibo:endPage "96" ;
bibo:issue "1" ;
bibo:journal "European Journal of Taxonomy" ;
bibo:pubDate "2024-08-30" ;
bibo:startPage "1" ;
bibo:volume "949" ;
dc:creator "Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Solís-Marín, Francisco A.; Lessios, Harilaos" ;
dc:date "2024" ;
dc:title "Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus" ;
fabio:hasPart <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710661>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710665>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710663>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655> ;
a fabio:JournalArticle .
<http://taxon-concept.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus_maculatus_Greeff_1882>
dwc:authority "(Greeff, 1882)" ;
dwc:baseAuthorityName "Greeff" ;
dwc:baseAuthorityYear "1882" ;
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "subSpecies" ;
dwc:scientificNameAuthorship "(Greeff, 1882)" ;
dwc:species "maculatus" ;
dwc:subSpecies "maculatus" ;
trt:hasTaxonName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus_maculatus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonConcept .
<http://taxon-concept.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus_maculatus_Greeff_1882>
dwc:authority "Greeff, 1882: 158", "Greeff, 1882" ;
dwc:authorityName "Greeff" ;
dwc:authorityPageNumber "158" ;
dwc:authorityYear "1882" ;
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Stichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:scientificNameAuthorship "Greeff, 1882" ;
dwc:species "maculatus" ;
rdfs:seeAlso <https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/> ;
trt:hasTaxonName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus_maculatus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonConcept .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus_maculatus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "subSpecies" ;
dwc:species "maculatus" ;
dwc:subSpecies "maculatus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_maculatus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:species "maculatus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "genus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopodidae> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopodidae>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "family" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Synallactida> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
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dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "order" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Holothuroidea> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
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dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "class" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Echinodermata> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
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dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "phylum" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia>
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:rank "kingdom" ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus_maculatus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Stichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:species "maculatus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Stichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "genus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Stichopodidae> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_badionotus>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:species "badionotus" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus_undetermined>
dwc:class "Holothuroidea" ;
dwc:family "Stichopodidae" ;
dwc:genus "Isostichopus" ;
dwc:kingdom "Animalia" ;
dwc:order "Synallactida" ;
dwc:phylum "Echinodermata" ;
dwc:rank "species" ;
dwc:species "undetermined" ;
trt:hasParentName <http://taxon-name.plazi.org/id/Animalia/Isostichopus> ;
a dwcFP:TaxonName .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182>
dc:description "Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188>
dc:description "Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649>
dc:description "Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710661>
dc:description "Fig. 12. A. Neotype of Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) from English Bay, Ascension Island (USNM E16150, 105 mm long, contracted). B. Neoparatype of I. maculatus maculatus from Southwest Bay, Ascension Island (USNM E16151, 125 mm). C–D. Neoparatype ossicles showing tables from dorsal papillae (C) and dorsal body wall (D). E. Holotype of Stichopus assimilis Bell, 1882 (ZOO 1873.7.29.1). F–G. Ossicles of S. assimilis holotype from dorsal papillae (F) and dorsal body wall (G). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A–B, E = 20 mm; C–D, F–G = 100 µm." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13710661/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710665>
dc:description "Fig. 14. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, F, I, Q, T. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern from Cape Verde (A, B–C, F, I), São Tomé (Q) and Ascension Island (T). D–E, G–H, J–L, O–P (top), R–S. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern from Cape Verde (D–E, G, H, J–K), Dakar, Senegal (UF 16295) (L), Liberia (N dorsal and ventral view, O except left specimen), Nigeria (P top specimens), São Tomé (R), Libreville, Gabon (S). M, O (left), P (bottom). Specimens with “Dark green and light papillae” pattern from Sierra Leone (M), Liberia (O-left specimen) and Nigeria (P bottom specimen). Photos: A–K, M, S–T by P. Wirtz; L by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection; N–O by T. Collison; P by fishermen NN; Q-R by N. Vasco Rodrigues." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13710665/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647>
dc:description "Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png> ;
a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659>
dc:description "Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." ;
fabio:hasRepresentation <https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png> ;
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dc:description "Fig. 13. Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) ossicles (neotype USNM E16150, 105 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, modified maculatus tables, regular Isostichopus tables, perforated plates, and large, curved rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ½ of the round plate) from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Spinous irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. F. Bifurcated spinous rod in the respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from the intestine. H. Simple rods from the gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." ;
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dc:creator "Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Solís-Marín, Francisco A.; Lessios, Harilaos" ;
dc:title "Isostichopus macroparentheses" ;
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bibo:endPage "96" ;
bibo:issue "1" ;
bibo:journal "European Journal of Taxonomy" ;
bibo:pubDate "2024-08-30" ;
bibo:startPage "1" ;
bibo:volume "949" ;
dc:creator "Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Solís-Marín, Francisco A.; Lessios, Harilaos" ;
dc:date "2024" ;
dc:title "Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus" ;
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dwc:authority "(Clark, 1922)" ;
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dc:description "Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." ;
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a fabio:Figure .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657>
dc:description "Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." ;
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<http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691>
dc:description "Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." ;
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dc:description "Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "HOL-1214" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "ICML-UNAM 5.88.2" ;
dwc:eventDate "2011-03-17" ;
dwc:locality "Isla Lobos" ;
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dwc:verbatimLongitude "-97.23116" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "ICML-UNAM 5.88.3" ;
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dwc:verbatimElevation "2" ;
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dwc:verbatimLongitude "-97.225" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "ICML-UNAM 5.88.0" ;
dwc:eventDate "1995-07-01" ;
dwc:locality "CARIBBEAN SEA" ;
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dwc:verbatimElevation "2" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "ICML-UNAM 11053" ;
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dwc:locality "Akumal Bay" ;
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dwc:verbatimElevation "3" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "E40833" ;
dwc:collectionCode "USNM" ;
dwc:eventDate "1990-07-17" ;
dwc:locality "Rod Bay" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "E47524" ;
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dwc:verbatimLongitude "-87.31426" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "E4391" ;
dwc:collectionCode "USNM" ;
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dwc:verbatimElevation "3" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "E22322" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "USNM 1283366" ;
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dwc:locality "English Harbor" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "UF20352" ;
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dwc:recordedBy "M. Carpenter" ;
dwc:verbatimElevation "2" ;
dwc:verbatimLatitude "16.80295" ;
dwc:verbatimLongitude "-88.08145" ;
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dwc:catalogNumber "USNM 1021529" ;
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